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Stat Symbols

This document defines common statistical symbols used in formulas and their meanings. It includes symbols for distributions, measures of central tendency and dispersion, hypothesis testing, correlation, and more. Many symbols represent parameters of distributions or statistical measures like the mean, variance, and standard deviation. Formulas are provided for how symbols are calculated from sample or population data.

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171 views

Stat Symbols

This document defines common statistical symbols used in formulas and their meanings. It includes symbols for distributions, measures of central tendency and dispersion, hypothesis testing, correlation, and more. Many symbols represent parameters of distributions or statistical measures like the mean, variance, and standard deviation. Formulas are provided for how symbols are calculated from sample or population data.

Uploaded by

janmalexx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alphabetical Statistical Symbols:

Symbol

Text
Equivalent

Y- intercept of least
square regression line
Slope of least
squares regression
line

B (n, p)

Binomial
distribution with
parameters n and
p

c
n

Meaning

n-c-r
r

n, r

Cov (X, Y)

n-c-r

Covariance
between X and Y

Formula

Link to Glossary
(if appropriate)

a = y b x , for line y = a + bx

Regression: y on x

( x x)( y y)
b=
( x x)

Regression: y on x

for line y = a + bx

Discrete probability
If X follows B (n, p) then,
n
distribution for the
P (X = r) = C r p r (1 p) nr ,
probability of number
of successes in n
Where, 0 < p <1,
independent random
r = 0,1,2, ...n
trials under the
identical conditions.
Confidence level
c P( z c Normal(0,1) z c )
Combinations
n!
n
, where n r

C
r
(number of
r!(n r )!
combinations of n
objects taken r at a
time)
Combinations
n!
C n,r r!(n r )! , where n r
(number of
combinations of n
objects taken r at a
time)
Covariance between
Cov (X) =E [(X-E (X))(Y- E (Y)]
X&Y

Binomial Distribution

Confidence interval

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Symbol

Text
Equivalent

Meaning

Formula

CV

Coefficient of
variation

CV=

df
E

Degree(s) of freedom
Maximal error
tolerance

E zc

E (f (x))

Expected value of
f (x)

f
F

S tan dard Deviation


.
Arithmatic mean

for large samples.

E (f (x)) =
Frequency
F-distribution
variable

Link to Glossary
(if appropriate)

f ( x) P( x )

f = number of times score.

12
F=

n1

where n1 and n2

2
2

F-distribution,
Hypothesis testing for
are the equality of 2
variances.

n2
corresponding degrees of freedom.
F (x) or F x

Distribution function

f (x) or f x

Probability mass
function

Depends on the distribution.


f x 0 & f x dx = 1.
The null hypothesis is the hypothesis Testing of hypothesis
about the population parameter.
An alternate hypothesis is constructed in Testing of hypothesis
such a way that it is the one to be
accepted when the null hypothesis must
be rejected.
Measures of central
IQR = Q - Q
3
1
tendency.

Fx

f x dx

H0

H-naught

Null hypothesis.

H1

H-one

Alternate hypothesis.

IQR

Interquartile range

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Symbol
MS

Text
Equivalent
M-S

n
N

Meaning
Mean square
MS=

p-hat

Sample size.
Population size
Permutation (number
of ways to arrange in
order n distinct
objects taking them r
at a time)
Permutation (number
of ways to arrange in
order n distinct
objects taking them r
at a time)
Sample proportion

P (A | B)

Probability of A
given B

Conditional
probability

P (x)

Probability of x

Probability of x

n, r

Pr

p-value

n-p-r

n-p-r

Formula

The attained level of


significance.

Probability of not
happening of the
event

SS
df

Link to Glossary
(if appropriate)
Analysis of variance
(ANOVA)

n = number of units in a sample.


N = Number of units in the population.
n!
Pn,r (n r )! , where n r

Pr

n!
, where n r
(n r )!

Binomial distribution
number of success
.
number of trials
P( A B)
P (A | B) =
P( B)
No.of favorable outcomes
P (x) =
Total no.of outcomes
P value is the smallest level of
significance for which the observed
sample statistic tells us to reject the null
hypothesis.
q=1p
p

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Symbol

Text
Equivalent

Q-one

Q-two
2

Meaning
First quartile

Q-three

Second quartile
Or Median
Third quartile
Sample Correlation
coefficient

r-square

R2

r-square

= Median of the lower half of the Measures of central


tendency
data that is data below median.
of central
Q2 = Central value of an ordered data. Measures
tendency
of central
Q3 = Median of the upper half of the Measures
tendency
data that is data above the median.
Co var iance ( X , Y )
r
[ SD( X )] * [ SD(Y )]

Coefficient of
determination
Multiple correlation
coefficient
Sample standard
deviation

2
r (Correlatio n coefficien t)

R2 1

S e2

S-square

s-e- square

Sample variance

Error variance

mean square error


S y2

(x x)

for ungrouped data.

n 1

f (x x)
f 1
(x x)

for grouped data.

S e2

n 1
f (x x)2

f 1

Measures of
dispersion

s2

Link to Glossary
(if appropriate)

Formula

for ungrouped data.

Measures of
dispersion

for grouped data

sum of squares of residuals


.
n

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Symbol

Text
Equivalent

SD

Meaning
Sample standard
deviation

Formula

(x x)

Bowleys coefficient
of skewness

skb

Pearsons coefficient
of skewness

skp

Sum of Squares

SS x

for ungrouped data.

n 1

f (x x)
f 1

s
skb =

for grouped data.

(Q3 Q2) (Q2 Q1)

skp =

Link to Glossary
(if appropriate)

(Q3 Q1)

Mean Mode
S tan dard Deviation

Measures of skew
ness
Measures of skew
ness

SS x ( x x) 2 for ungrouped data.


SS x f ( x x) 2 for grouped data.

Students t variable.

tc

Var (X)
X

t critical

The critical value for


a confidence level c.

Variance of X

Variance of X
Independent variable
or explanatory
variable in regression
analysis

Normal (0,1)
n

t-distribution

2
n

t c =Number such that the area under the Testing of hypothesis


t distribution for a given number of
degrees of freedom falling between
t c and t c is equal to c.
Var (X) = E (X- ) 2
Eg. In the study of, yield obtained & the
irrigation level, independent variable is,
X= Irrigation level.

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Symbol
x

Text
Equivalent
x-bar

Meaning

Formula

Arithmetic mean or
Average of X scores.

x
y

Z-score

zc

z critical

Dependent variable
or response variable
in regression analysis
Standard normal
variable
(Normal variable
with mean = 0 & SD
= 1)
The critical value for
a confidence level c.

x
n

fx
f

for ungrouped data.

Link to Glossary
(if appropriate)
Measures of central
tendency

for grouped data.

Eg. In the study of, yield obtained & the


irrigation level, dependent variable is,
Y= Yield obtained.
Standard normal
x
, where X follows
z
distribution

Normal ( , ).

z c = Number such that the area under Testing of hypothesis


the standard normal curve falling
Confidence interval
between z c and z c is equal to c.

Greek Statistical Symbols:


Symbol

Text
Equivalent
Alpha

Meaning
Type I error or
Level of Significance.

Formula
= P [Rejecting the null hypothesis |

Link to Glossary (if


appropriate)
Hypothesis Testing

Null hypothesis is true].


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Symbol

Text
Equivalent

Meaning

Beta

Type II error or
Power of the test.

Epsilon

Error Term in
regression/statistics; more
generally used to denote
an arbitrarily small
positive number

Chi-square

Chi-square distribution

Chi-square

Chi-square distribution

Gamma-n

Gamma function

Lambda

Mu

Parameter used for


Poisson distribution
Arithmetic mean or
Average of the
population.

(n)

Formula
= P [Accepting the null hypothesis |
Null hypothesis is False].
y = 0+ 1 *x +

= Sum of n independent Standard Chi-square distribution.


normal variables
Goodness of fit test
(O E ) 2
where O is the
2
E
observed frequency and E is the
expected frequency.
Or
(n 1) s 2
2
(?)

2
2

Mu-r

th

r central moment

'r

Hypothesis Testing
Regression

(n)

Mu-r-dash

rth Raw moment

Rho

Population correlation
coefficient

= (n-1) !

= Mean of Poisson distribution

Poisson distribution

x
N

= E (x) =

Link to Glossary (if


appropriate)

xP(x)

= E [(X- )r]

Measures of central tendency.

'r = E (Xr)
Covariance ( X , Y )

SD( X ) * SD(Y )

Measures of central tendency.

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Symbol

Text
Equivalent

Meaning

Sigma

Summation

Sigma

Population Standard
Deviation

Formula

x = Sum of x scores.
(x )

Sigma square Population variance

Measures of dispersion

Link to Glossary (if


appropriate)

E[( x ) 2 ]

(x )

( x ) P( x )
2

Measures of dispersion

Mathematical Statistical Symbols:


Symbol

Text
Equivalent

Meaning

Factorial

Complement

Product of all integers up


to the given number
not

Union

or

Intersection

And

Formula

Link to Glossary
(if appropriate)

n! = n (n-1) (n-2) .. 1.
0! = 1
c

For example: A is not A


For example:(A B) is happening of
either event A or event B
For example: (A B) is happening of
both event A and event B

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