Table 1:: 2π ω ∞ n=−∞ n jnω t n 1 T T −jnω t

f (t), period T = 2o
P
jno t
n= Fn e
ao
2
n=1
co
2
Form
n=1 cn
Fn =
Exponential
an cos (no t) + bn sin (no t)
Coecients
Trigonometric
cos (no t + n )
Compact for real
Table 1:
f (t)
1
T
f (t)ejno t dt
an = Fn + Fn
bn = j (Fn Fn )
cn = 2 |Fn |
n = Fn
Fourier series forms.
Name:
Condition:
Property:
Scaling
Addition
Time shift
Derivative
Constant K
f (t) Fn , g(t) Gn , . . .
Delay to
Continuous f (t)
Real f (t)
f (t) = f (t)
f (t) = f (t)
K f (t) K Fn
f (t) + f (t) + . . . Fn + Gn + . . .
f (t to ) Fn ejno to
df
dt jno Fn
Fn = Fn
P
ao
f (t) = 2 + n=1 an cos (no t)
P
f (t) = n=1 bn sin (no t)
P
2
2
P T1 T |f (t)| dt = n= |Fn |
Hermitian
Even function
Odd function
Average power
Table 2:
Fourier series properties
Name:
Condition:
Property:
Amplitude scaling
Addition
Hermitian
Even
f (t) F (), constant K

f (t) F (), g(t) G(),
Real f (t) F ()
Real and even f (t)
Real and odd f (t)
f (t) F ()
f (t) F () , real s
Kf (t) KF ()
f (t) + g(t) + F () + G() +
F () = F ()
Real and even F ()
Imaginary and odd F ()
F (t) 2f ()
1
f (st) |s|
F ( s )
f (t) F ()
f (t) F ()
f (t) F ()
Dierentiable f (t) F ()
f (t) F ()
f (t) F (), g(t) G()
f (t) F (), g(t) G()
Real f (t)
f (t) F ()
f (t to ) F ()ejto
f (t)ejo t F ( o )
f (t) cos(o t) 12 F ( o ) + 12 F ( + o )
df
dt jF ()
d
F ()
jtf (t) d
f (t) g(t) F ()G()
1
f (t)g(t) 2
F () G()
1
f (t) = 2 0 2|F ()| cos(t + F ())d
1
W |f (t)|2 dt = 2
|F ()|2 d
Odd
Symmetry
Time scaling
Time shift
Frequency shift
10
Modulation
11
Time derivative
12
Freq derivative
13
Time convolution
14
Freq convolution
15
Compact form
16
Parseval, Energy W
Table 3:
Important properties of the Fourier transform.
f (t) F ()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
at
1
a+j , a > 0
1
,a>0
eat u(t) aj
2a
a|t|
e
a2 +2 , a > 0
a2
a||
,a>0
a2 +t2 ae
1
at
te u(t) (a+j)
2, a > 0
n!
n at
t e u(t) (a+j)n+1 , a > 0
t
rect( ) sinc(
2 )
sinc(W t)
W rect( 2W )
4( t ) 2 sinc2 (
4 )
2 Wt
2
sinc (
2 ) W 4( 2W )
o
eat sin(o t)u(t) (a+j)
2 + 2 , a >
o
a+j
at
e
cos(o t)u(t) (a+j)2 +2 , a >
o
2 2
t2
2
2
2
Table 4:
u(t)
14
(t) 1
15
1 2()
16
18
(t to ) ejto
ejo t 2( o )
cos(o t) [( o ) + ( + o )]
19
sin(o t) j[( + o ) ( o )]
20
2 [( o ) + ( + o )] + o2 2
o
sin(o t)u(t) j 2 [( + o ) ( o )] + 2
2
o
2
sgn(t)
j
1
u(t) () + j
P
P
2
2
n= (t nT ) T
n= ( n T )
P
P
1
2
n= f (t)(t nT )
n= T F ( n T )
17
21
22
23
24
25
cos(o t)u(t)
2e
Important Fourier transform pairs.
The left-hand column includes only energy signals
while the right-hand column includes power signals and distributions.
f (t)
Name
Commutative
Distributive
Associative
Shift
Derivative
Reversal
Start-point
Property
h(t) f (t) = f (t) h(t)
f (t) (g(t) + h(t)) = f (t) g(t) + f (t) h(t)
f (t) (g(t) h(t)) = (f (t) g(t)) h(t)
h(t) f (t) = y(t) h(t t0 ) f (t) = h(t) f (t t0 ) = y(t t0 )
d
d
d
h(t) f (t) = y(t) ( dt
h(t)) f (t) = h(t) ( dt
f (t)) = dt
y(t)
f (t) h(t) = y(t) h(t) f (t) = y(t)
If h(t) = 0 for t < tsh and f (t) = 0 for t < tsf
then y(t) = h(t) f (t) = 0 for t < tsy = tsh + tsf .
If h(t) = 0 for t > teh and f (t) = 0 for t > tef
then y(t) = h(t) f (t) = 0 for t > tey = teh + tef .
h(t) f (t) = y(t) Ty = Th + Tf
where T h , T f , and T y denote the widths of h(t), f (t), and y(t).
End-point
Width
Table 5: Convolution properties.

Name
Convolution
Sifting
Sampling
Symmetry
Scaling
Area
Denite integral
Unit-step derivative
Derivative
Fourier transform
Impulse properties
(t) f (t) = f (t)
(t)f
(t)dt
= f (0) and
(
b
f (0) if a < 0 < b
(t)f (t)dt =
a
0,
otherwise
f (t)(t) = f (0)(t)
(t) = (t)
1
(at) = |a|
(t), a 6= 0
(t)dt = 1
(
b
1
(t)dt =
a
0,
t
and
Shifted-impulse properties
(t t0 ) f (t) = f (t t0 )
(t
t0 )f (t)dt = f (t0 ) and
(
b
f (t0 ) if a < t0 < b
(t t0 )f (t)dt =
a
0,
otherwise
f (t)(t t0 ) = f (t0 )(t t0 )

(t0 t) = (t t0 )
1
(a(t t0 )) = |a|
(t t0 ), a 6= 0
(t t0 )dt = 1 and
(
b
1 if a < t0 < b
(t t0 )dt =
a
0, otherwise
t
( t0 )d = u(t t0 )
d
dt u(t t0 ) = (t t0 )
d
d
( dt (t t0 )) f (t) = dt
f (t t0 )
jt0
(t t0 ) e
a<0<b
otherwise
if
( )d = u(t)
= (t)
d
d
( dt (t)) f (t) = dt
f (t)
(t) 1
d
dt u(t)
(t)
1
t
Graphical symbol
Table 6:
Properties of the impulse and shifted impulse.
(t- t0)
t0
1
(t) 1
7
(t) s
2
e u(t)
8
u(t)
3
te u(t)
9
tu(t)
4
t e u(t)
10
t u(t)
5
cos( t)u(t)
11
sin( t)u(t)
6 e cos( t)u(t)
12 e sin( t)u(t)
Table 7: Laplace transforms pairs h(t) H(s)

involving frequently encountered causal signals
, , and stand for arbitrary real constants, n for non-negative integers, and p denotes for an
arbitrary complex constant.
0
pt
pt
n pt
1
s
1
s2
n!
sn+1
o
s2 +o2
d
(s+)2 +d2
Name:
1 Multiplication
2
Addition
3 Time scaling
4* Time delay
5 Frequency shift
6
1
sp
1
(sp)2
n!
(sp)n+1
s
s2 +o2
s+
(s+)2 +d2
Time derivative
Condition:
f (t) F (s), constant K
f (t) F (s), g(t) G(s)
f (t) F (s) , real a > 0

f (t) F (s), t 0
o
f (t) F (s)
Dierentiable
f (t) F (s)
7
8
9*
10
11
12
13*
14
15
Property:
Kf (t) K F (s)
f (t) + g(t) + F (s) + G(s)

+
1 s
f (at) a F ( a )
f (t to ) F (s)esto
f (t)eso t F (s so )
f 0 (t) sF (s) f (0 )
00
f (t) s2 F (s) sf (0 ) f 0 (0 )
f (n) (t) sn F (s) f (n1) (0 )

t
1
0 f ( )d s F (s)
d
tf (t) ds
F (s)
F (s)
h(t) f (t) H(s)
1
f (t)g(t) 2j
F (s) G(s)
s
|F (s)| =
Time integration
f (t) F (s)
Freq. derivative
f (t) F (s)
, f (t) F (s)
Time convolution h(t) H(s)
Freq. convolution f (t) F(s), g(t) G(s)

Poles
f (t) F (s)
Values of such that
Portion of s plane to the right
ROC
f (t) F (s)
of rightmost pole 6=
F () = F (j) if and only if
Fourier transform
f (t) F (s)
ROC includes s = j
Final value
Poles of sF (s) in LHP
f () = lim
sF (s)
sF (s)
Initial value
Existence of the limit
f (0 ) = lim
Table 8: Important properties of the
Laplace transform. Properties marked by * in the
rst column hold only for causal signals.
s0
one-sided

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f (t), period T = 2o

an cos (no t) + bn sin (no t)

Compact for real

Fourier series forms.

Fourier series properties

f (t) F (), constant K

Important properties of the Fourier transform.

Important Fourier transform pairs.

The left-hand column includes only energy signals

while the right-hand column includes power signals and distributions.

Table 5: Convolution properties.

t0 )f (t)dt = f (t0 ) and

f (t)(t t0 ) = f (t0 )(t t0 )

Properties of the impulse and shifted impulse.

Table 7: Laplace transforms pairs h(t) H(s)

f (t) F (s), g(t) G(s)

f (t) F (s) , real a > 0

f (t) + g(t) + F (s) + G(s)

f (n) (t) sn F (s) f (n1) (0 )

Freq. convolution f (t) F(s), g(t) G(s)

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The left-hand column includes only energy signals

while the right-hand column includes power signals and distributions.