DIGITAL SIMULATION LAB - II

REPORT

Exp 1: STATIC ANALYSIS OF A COLUMN

DIGITAL SIMULATION-II LAB[Type text] Page 0

Aim: To do static analysis on a given column

Procedure:
Preferences

> structural

Pre-processor >

element type > Add/Edit/Delete>Add>

Select beam then 2D Elastic 3, Ok
Real constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add >
Select BEAM 3, Ok
Give set No as 1.
I =83.33, A=100, h=10 Ok
Material props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic

>
EXY = 2e5,
PRXY = 0.3, Ok then close
Modelling > create > Keypoints > In Active CS >
0, 0, 0, Apply
0, 100, 0, ok

Modelling > Create > Lines > Lines >Straight Lines >
Join all the keypoints in order
Meshing > Mesh Attributes > Picked Lines >
Pick the all line Ok

Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines >
Leave the No of Divisions column blank (not zero or
anything else)
Give the Element Edge Length as 5
Meshing > Mesh > Lines >
Pick all the lines, Ok

Main menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Size and Shape >
Tick in the box against Display of Element (on)
Main menu > Plots > Multi Plots
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Keypoints >
Select the first point, Ok
Select all degrees of freedom, Ok
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on key points
Select the 2nd key point, Ok
Select FY and give the value as -1000, Ok
Solution > solve > Current LS > Ok
General Postproc > Plot results > Deformed shape > Def + Undef edge
Click Ok
General Postproc > Element Table > define Elem Table > Add >
From the first list in the window select By Sequence No,
From the second list select SMISC 2, Apply
Similarly select SMISC 6, SMISC 8, SMISC 12, Ok, Close
Plot results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res >
Select SMICS 2 & SMISC 8 for SFD, Ok
Select SMISC 6 & SMISC 12 for BMD, Ok
Result:1

NODAL SOLUTION
SEP

STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
UY
(AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX =.005
SMN =-.005

MN

5 2010
14:22:56

Y
MX Z
-.005

09-05 column

-.004444

-.003889

-.003333

-.002778

X
-.002222

-.001667

-.001111

-.556E-03

NODAL SOLUTION
SEP 5 2010
14:24:25

STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
SZ
(AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX =.005

Y
MX Z X
MN

09-05 column

NODAL SOLUTION
SEP 5 2010
14:24:47

STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
SEQV
(AVG)
DMX =.005
SMN =10
SMX =10

Y
MX Z X
MN

09-05 column

1
1

NODAL SOLUTION
SEP 5 2010
14:23:49

STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
SY
(AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX =.005

09-05 column

NODAL SOLUTION
SEP 5 2010
14:23:34

STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
SX
(AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX =.005
SMN =-10
SMX =-10

MX Z X
MN

MX Z X
MN

09-05 column

EXP 2: TWO DIMENSIONAL STATIC LINEAR ANALYSIS OF A

CANTILEVER BEAM

AIM:- To Determine the stresses acting on a cantilever beam with a point load of -10000 N
acting at one of its ends and perpendicular to the axis of the beam.
Length of the beam = 2m = 2000mm
Depth of the beam = 10 cm = 100mm
Width of the beam = 50mm
Cross sectional area = width * depth = 5000 mm2
Moment of Inertia about Z axis = Izz = (depth*width*3)/12
PROCEDURE
PRE PROCESSING
STEP 1: From the Main menu select preferences
Select structural and press OK
STEP 2: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Element type Add / edit/Delete Add BEAM 2D Elastic 3
Real constants Add Geometric Properties Area = 5000, Izz = 1250, Height =
50
Material properties material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX = 2e5;
PRXY = 0.3
STEP 3: From the main menu select Pre-processor Modelling

Create the key points in the Workspace

Create Key points In active CS
X
Y

0
0

2000
0

Click APPLY to all the points and for the last point click OK

Create LINES using the Key points

Create Lines Straight Line Click on Key points to generate lines

STEP 4: Meshing the Geometry

From the main menu select Meshing
Meshing Size controls Manual size Lines All lines Number of element
divisions = 20 Click OK
Meshing Mesh Lines pick all

SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

STEP 5: From the ANSYS main menu open Solution
Solution Analysis type New analysis Static
STEP 6: Defining loads at the Key points
Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On key points
Left end ALL DOF arrested
Solution Define loads Apply Structural Force/moment On key Points
Right end Apply a load of Fy = -1000N
STEP 7: Solving the system
Solution Solve Current LS
POSTPROCESSING: VIEWING THE RESULTS
1. Deformation
From the main menu select General post processing
General post processing Plot Results Deformed Shape
Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the
undeformed object

1. Nodal solution

From the Utility menu select PLOT

PLOT Results Contour plot Nodal solution DOF solution Y component of
displacement OK

EXP 3: BUCKLING OF A PLATE

AIM:- To Determine the stresses acting on a plate which has a thickness of 10 mm and a
width of 100 mm
PREPROCESSING
STEP 1: From the Main menu select preferences
Select structural and press OK
STEP 2: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Element type Add / edit/Delete Add Link 2D spar 1
Real constants Add Geometric Properties Area = 3250
Material properties material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX = 2e5;
PRXY = 0.3; Density = 2700
STEP 3: : Modelling - From the main menu select Pre-processor
Modelling Create Areas Rectangle by center and corner width = 100 and
Height = 10
Modelling operate extrude area By XYZ offset
Pick all, x=0, y=0, z=100, Ok
STEP 4: Meshing the geometry - From the main menu select Preprocessor
Meshing > Size Controls > smart size > Basics >
Change the size level to 10( coarse), OK
Meshing > Mesh > Volume > free
Pick all
STEP 5: From the ANSYS main menu open Solution
Solution Analysis type New analysis Modal
Solution Analysis type Analysis option No of nodes to extract =5 , Ok
Solution Define Loads Apply displacement on line
Select the front and last line, Ok
Select UY, Ok
STEP 6: Solving the system
Solution Solve Current LS

POSTPROCESSING: VIEWING THE RESULTS

1. Deformation
General Postproc > Read results > first set
General Postproc > Plot results > Deformed shape > Def + Undef edge
Click Ok
Repeat it 4 more times for all nodes.
Results: The natural frequency at nodes

Node1:
Node2:
Node3:
Node4:
Node5:

166.82
173.031
235.562
85.343
191.502
1

SEP

STEP=1
SUB =4
FREQ=85.343
DMX =4.653

DISPLACEMENT
SEP 5 2010
15:02:57

STEP=1
SUB =5
FREQ=191.502
DMX =5.121

DISPLACEMENT
5 2010
15:02:39

Y
Z

Y
Z

09-05 plate

09-05 plate

DISPLACEMENT
SEP 5 2010
15:02:01

STEP=1
SUB =3
DMX =3.491

Y
Z

09-05 plate

EXP 4: 2-D STATIC LINEAR ANALYSIS OF A TRUSS STRUCTURE

AIM:- To Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system
shown below (E = 200GPa, A = 3250mm2).
PREPROCESSING
STEP 1: From the Main menu select preferences
Select structural and press OK
STEP 2: From the main menu select Preprocessor
Element type Add / edit/Delete Add Link 2D spar 1
Real constants Add Geometric Properties Area = 3250
Material properties material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX = 2e5;
PRXY = 0.3
STEP 3: From the main menu select Pre-processor Modelling

Create the key points in the Workspace

Pre-processor Modelling Create Key points In active CS
X
y

0
0

1800
3118

3600
0

5400
3118

7200
0

9000
0

10800
3118

3600
6236

7200
6236

Click APPLY to all the points and for the last point click OK

Create LINES using the Key points

Pre-processor Modelling Create Lines Straight Line Click on Key
points to generate lines

STEP 4: Meshing the Geometry

From the main menu select Meshing
Meshing Size controls Manual size Lines All lines Number of element
divisions = 1 Click OK
Meshing Mesh Lines pick all
STEP 5: From the ANSYS main menu open Solution
Solution Analysis type New analysis Static
STEP 6: Defining loads at the Key points
Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On key points
Left end ALL DOF arrested
Right end deselect ALL DOF and select UY
Solution Define loads Apply Structural Force/moment On key Points

Key point 1 Fy = -28000

Key point 2 Fy = -21000
Key point 3 Fy = -28000
Key point 4 Fy = -36000
STEP 6: Solving the system
Solution Solve Current LS
POSTPROCESSING
1. Reaction forces
From the main menu select General post processing
General post processing List results Reaction Solution
Select ALL STRUC FORCE F and click OK

2. Deformation
From the main menu select General post processing
General post processing Plot Results Deformed Shape
Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed
object.

3. DEFLECTION
From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results Contour Plot Nodal
Solution.
Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' in the window. Leave the other selections as the
default values. Click 'OK'.
From the Utility Menu select Plot Controls Style Contours Uniform
Contours...

EXP 5: ANALYSIS OF A THIN WALLED BEAM

AIM:- To Calculate the reaction frequencies in the thin walled beam as shown in the figure.
PREPROCESSING
STEP 1: From the Main menu select preferences
Select structural and press OK
STEP 2: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Element type Add / edit/Delete Add Solid 10 node 92
Material properties material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX = 2e5;
PRXY = 0.3; Density = 7650
STEP 3: From the main menu select Pre-processor

Create the key points in the Workspace

Pre-processor Modelling Create Key points In active CS
X
y

0
0

10
0

10
1

1
1

1
9

10
9

10
10

0
10

Click APPLY to all the points and for the last point click OK

Create LINES using the Key points

Pre-processor Modelling Create Lines Straight Line Click on Key

points to generate lines

Pre-processor Modelling Create Areas Arbitrary By lines Pick all
Pre-processor Modelling Operate Extrude Areas Along Normal Z =
50 Ok

STEP 4: From the main menu select Pre-processor

Pre-processor Meshing Size Control Smart Size
Preprocessor Meshing Volume Free mesh
STEP 5: From the ANSYS main menu open Solution
Solution Analysis type New analysis Modal Analysis
Solution Analysis type Analysis Options In the window that appeared
Number of modes to extract = 5
STEP 6: Solution Define Loads

Apply constraints arrest all DOF on one side

STEP 7: Solving the system
Solution Solve Current LS
POSTPROCESSING:
Maximum deformation and frequency obtained in five modes
Mode 1:

Mode 2:

Mode 3:

Mode 4:

Mode5:

Frequency obtained :

0.002127

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.002127

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.0071

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.007881

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.008833

Deflection Maximum

0.9565e-03

0.9565e-03

0.00114

0.0854e-03

0.001085

From this modal analysis we conclude that in mode 5 the frequency is high which
results sinusoidal wave which indicates failure so the design change is preferred.

EXP 5: ANALYSIS OF A NOSECONE

AIM:- To calculate the external loads acting on a nose cone.

PREPROCESSING STEP 1: From the Main menu select Preferences

Select structural and press OK
STEP 2: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Element type Add / edit/Delete Add Solid 10 node 92

Material properties material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic

EX = 2e5;
PRXY = 0.3; Density = 2700
STEP 3: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Modelling Create Keypoints In Active CS
Create the following key points in the work plane
X
y

0
0.1

X
y

0.9
0.91

0.1
0.11

0.2
0.14

0.3
0.19

0.4
0.26

0.5
0.35

0.6
0.46

0.7
0.59

0.8
0.74

Modelling Create Lines Splines Through KPs

Select all the key points and OK
Modelling Copy Lines
Select the spline and give the Y direction increment as 0.02
Modelling Create Lines Straight line Select the corners of the 2 splines
and create a region bounded by four lines
Modelling Create Areas Arbitrary By lines Select the 4 lines and
Create the Area
STEP 4: Create the axis line and the volume
Modelling Create Keypoints
X
y

0
0.93

0.9
0.93

Modelling Create Lines Straight line Select the above two keypoints and
OK
Modelling Operate Extrude Areas Along lines Select the area First and
the keypoints of the Axis line later and OK
The Volume is created

STEP 5: Meshing the Geometry

Preprocessor Meshing Size controls Basic 10 coarse
Preprocessor Meshing Mesh Areas Free mesh the external area
SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING
STEP 6: From the ANSYS main menu open Solution
Solution Analysis type New analysis Static Analysis
STEP 7: Solution Define Loads
Apply Structural Displacement On areas Pick areas on the end which has
larger diameter and arrest all DOF
Apply Structural Pressure Apply some external pressure on the Outer surface
of the model == 10000
STEP 8: Solving the system
Solution Solve Current LS
POSTPROCESSING: VIEWING THE RESULTS
From the main menu select the general post processing
General post processing Plot results Deformed shape
General post processing Contour plot Nodal solution DOF Solution X
displacement

EXP 6: ANALYSIS OF A FUSELAGE

AIM:- To Calculate the deformation of the aluminum fuselage section under the application
of internal loads.
PREPROCESSING
STEP 1: From the Main menu select preferences
Select structural and press OK

STEP 2: From the main menu select Pre-processor

Element type Add / edit/Delete Add Solid 10 node 92
Material properties material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX = 2e5;
PRXY = 0.3; Density = 2700
STEP 3: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Pre-processor modelling Create Areas Circle Annulus
WP x = 0 ; WP y = 0; Rad 1 = 25; Rad -2 = 23 OK
Pre-processor Modelling Create Circle Solid
WP x = 0; X = 22.5; Y = 0 Radius = 1.5
Apply
WP x = 0; X = -22.5; Y = 0 Radius = 1.5
Apply
WP x = 0; X =0; Y = 22.5; Radius = 1.5
Apply
WP x = 0; X = 0; Y = -22.5 Radius = 1.5
OK
Pre-processor Modelling Operate Booleans Add Areas Pick all OK
Pre-processor Modelling Operate Extrude Areas By XYZ offset
X= 0; Y=0; Z = 50
STEP 4: Meshing the Geometry
Pre-processor Meshing Size controls Basic 10 coarse
Pre-processor Meshing Mesh Volumes Free mesh
SOLUTION PHASE:
STEP 5: From the ANSYS main menu open Solution
Solution Analysis type New analysis Modal Analysis
STEP 6: Solution Define Loads
Apply constraints arrest all DOF on one side
STEP 7: Solving the system
Solution Solve Current LS

POSTPROCESSING: VIEWING THE RESULTS

Maximum deformation and frequency obtained in five modes
Mode 1:

Mode 2:

Mode 3:

Mode 4:

Mode5:

Frequency obtained :

0.005844

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.006063

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.008271

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.008285

Deflection Maximum

Frequency obtained :

0.010321

Deflection Maximum

0.226e-03

0.234e-03

0.259e-03

0.259e-03

0.187e-03

From this modal analysis we conclude that in mode 5 the frequency is high.

EXP 7: ANALYSIS OF NOZZLE

AIM:- To Calculate the deformation of the Nozzle section under the application of internal
loads.
PREPROCESSING - DEFINING THE PROBLEM
STEP 1: From the Main menu select preferences
Select structural and press OK
STEP 2: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Element type Add / edit/Delete Add Solid 10 node 92
Material properties material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX = 2e5;
PRXY = 0.3; Density = 7500
STEP 3: From the main menu select Pre-processor
Pre-processor modelling Create keypoints
With formula 0.1+X2 we get locus points of the contour.
Pre-processor Modelling Create line spline
Select all the points in a order and click ok to get smooth contour of the nozzle.
Pre-processor Operate Booleans Copy
Select the spline and enter the y distance to copy the spline.
Join two splines at the end by joining the end keypoints.
Pre-processor Modelling Create areas by lines.
Select all the lines to create the areas.
Pre-processor modelling Create keypoints
Wp- 0,1 and Wp 1,1
Pre-processor Modelling Create line St line
Select two key points.
Pre-processor Modelling Operate Extrude areas about axis
Select the line which is created by (0,1) and (1,1) key points
Area will be revolved about 1800.
Pre-processor Modelling Operate reflect Volumes.
Select the volume created and select the line to reflect.
Nozzle will be created as single entity.
STEP 4: Meshing the Geometry
Pre-processor Meshing Size controls Basic 10 coarse
Pre-processor Meshing Mesh Volumes Free mesh
STEP 5: From the ANSYS main menu open Solution

Solution Analysis type New analysis Static Analysis

STEP 6: Solution Define Loads
Apply constraints arrest all DOF on one side of the nozzle.
STEP 7: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Pressure
Select internal areas of nozzle.
STEP 8: Solving the system
Solution Solve Current LS
STEP 9: General post processing Plot Results Deformed Shape
Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed
object.
Stresses in X, Y. Z and Von misses stresses

EXP 8: MATLAB CODE FOR BEAM ANALYSIS

% Simple algorithm to calculate the deflection, bending
moment, shear force in a cantilever beam.
% load = loading distribution
% Example,
% 1.Uniform loading of 10 N/m: load=repmat(10,1,1001), l=20,
dl=0.02
% 2.Point loading with P=400 N, load=[repmat(0,1,999) 10000
10000], l=20, dl=0.02
% length(load)=(l/dl)
function deflection=beam_deflection(load,ei,l,dl)
load=input('enter load values');

ei=input('enter ei');
l=input('enter length of beam');
dl=input('enter deflection of beam');
if length(load)~=(l/dl+1)
error('Check inputs')
end
y=0:dl:l;
m=sum((y.*load))*dl;
v=sum(load)*dl;
u_4=load/ei;
u_3=v/ei;
for i=2:length(load)
u_3(i)=u_3(i-1)-u_4(i-1)*dl;
end
u_2=m/ei;
for i=2:length(load)
u_2(i)=u_2(i-1)-u_3(i-1)*dl;
end
u_1=0;
for i=2:length(load)
u_1(i)=u_1(i-1)+u_2(i-1)*dl;
end
u=0;
for i=2:length(load)
u(i)=u(i-1)+u_1(i-1)*dl;
end
deflection=u;
plot(y,u_2*ei)
hold on
plot(y,u_3*ei,'r')
legend('bending moment','shear force')
xlabel('length along the beam')
ylabel(' bending moment and shear force (SI units)')
grid
hold off
figure,plot(y,u,'r')
xlabel('length along the beam')
ylabel('deflection')
grid
title('Deflection')
enter
enter
enter
enter

load valuesrepmat(10,1,101)
ei2
length of beam2
deflection of beam0.02

ans =
Columns 1 through 11

0.0590

0.0040
0.0120
0.0239
0.1087
0.1388
0.1723

0.0820

0.0396

Columns 12 through 22
0.2091
0.2493
0.2926
0.3390
0.3885
0.4964
0.5546
0.6156
0.6794
0.7457

0.4410

Columns 23 through 33
0.8147
0.8861
0.9600
1.0363
1.1149
1.2788
1.3640
1.4513
1.5406
1.6318

1.1957

Columns 34 through 44
1.7250
1.8200
1.9169
2.0154
2.1157
2.3210
2.4260
2.5325
2.6404
2.7497

2.2175

Columns 45 through 55
2.8603
2.9722
3.0854
3.1998
3.3153
3.5496
3.6683
3.7879
3.9086
4.0301

3.4319

Columns 56 through 66
4.1525
4.2757
4.3996
4.5244
4.6498
4.9027
5.0301
5.1580
5.2865
5.4155

4.7759

Columns 67 through 77
5.5450
5.6749
5.8053
5.9360
6.0671
6.3304
6.4624
6.5948
6.7273
6.8601

6.1986

Columns 78 through 88
6.9931
7.1263
7.2597
7.3931
7.5267
7.7942
7.9281
8.0620
8.1960
8.3300

7.6604

Columns 89 through 99
8.4640
8.5980
8.7320
8.8659
8.9999
9.2677
9.4015
9.5353
9.6690
9.8026
Columns 100 through 101
9.9361

10.0696

9.1338

EXP 9: MATLAB CODE FOR PLATE BENDING ANALYSIS

% Static Analysis of plate
% Problem : To find the maximum bedning of plate when uniform
transverse
% pressure is applied.
% Two Boundary conditions are used, simply supported and
clamped
% Variable descriptions

%
ke = element stiffness matrix
%
kb = element stiffness matrix for bending
%
ks = element stiffness matrix for shear
%
f = element force vector
%
stiffness = system stiffness matrix
%
force = system vector
%
displacement = system nodal displacement vector
%
coordinates = coordinate values of each node
%
nodes = nodal connectivity of each element
%
index = a vector containing system dofs associated with
each element
%
pointb = matrix containing sampling points for bending
term
%
weightb = matrix containing weighting coefficients for
bending term
%
points = matrix containing sampling points for shear term
%
weights = matrix containing weighting coefficients for
shear term
%
bcdof = a vector containing dofs associated with boundary
conditions
%
bcval = a vector containing boundary condition values
associated with
%
the dofs in 'bcdof'
%
B_pb = matrix for kinematic equation for bending
%
D_pb = matrix for material property for bending
%
B_ps = matrix for kinematic equation for shear
%
D_ps = matrix for material property for shear
clear
clc
%
disp('Please wait Programme is under Run')
% Input data
load coordinates.dat ;
% Input data for nodal connectivity for each element
load nodes.dat ;
nel = length(nodes) ;
% number of elements
nnel=4;
% number of nodes per element
ndof=3;
% number of dofs per node
nnode = length(coordinates) ;% total number of nodes in system
sdof=nnode*ndof;
% total system dofs
edof=nnel*ndof;
% degrees of freedom per element
% Geometrical and material properties of plate
a = 1 ;
% Length of the plate (along
X-axes)
b = 1 ;
% Length of the plate (along
Y-axes)
E = 10920;
% elastic modulus
nu = 0.3;
% Poisson's ratio
t = 0.1 ;
% plate thickness
I = t^3/12 ;
%

PlotMesh(coordinates,nodes)
% Order of Gauss Quadrature
nglb=2;
% 2x2 Gauss-Legendre quadrature
for bending
ngls=1;
% 1x1 Gauss-Legendre quadrature
for shear
% Initialization of matrices and vectors
force = zeros(sdof,1) ;
% System Force Vector
stiffness=zeros(sdof,sdof);
% system stiffness matrix
index=zeros(edof,1);
% index vector
B_pb=zeros(3,edof);
% kinematic matrix for bending
B_ps=zeros(2,edof);
% kinematic matrix for shear
% Transverse uniform pressure on plate
P = -1.*10^0 ;
%Computation of element matrices and vectors and their
% For bending stiffness
[pointb,weightb]=GaussQuadrature('second');
% sampling
points & weights
D_pb= I*E/(1-nu*nu)*[1 nu 0; nu 1 0; 0 0 (1-nu)/2];
% bending material property
%
% For shear stiffness
%
[points,weights] = GaussQuadrature('first');
% sampling
points & weights
G = 0.5*E/(1.0+nu);
% shear modulus
shcof = 5/6;
% shear correction factor
D_ps=G*shcof*t*[1 0; 0 1];
% shear material property
for iel=1:nel
% loop for the total number of elements
for i=1:nnel
node(i)=nodes(iel,i); %extract connected node for (iel)-th
element
xx(i)=coordinates(node(i),1);
% extract x value of the node
yy(i)=coordinates(node(i),2);
% extract y value of the node
end
ke = zeros(edof,edof);
% initialization of
element stiffness matrix
kb = zeros(edof,edof);
% initialization of
bending matrix
ks = zeros(edof,edof);
% initialization of shear matrix
f = zeros(edof,1) ;
% initialization of force vector
% Numerical integration for bending term
for intx=1:nglb
xi=pointb(intx,1);
% sampling point in x-axis
wtx=weightb(intx,1);
% weight in x-axis
for inty=1:nglb
eta=pointb(inty,2);
% sampling point in y-axis
wty=weightb(inty,2) ;
% weight in y-axis
[shape,dhdr,dhds]=Shapefunctions(xi,eta);
% compute shape functions and derivatives at sampling point

[detjacobian,invjacobian]=Jacobian(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xx,yy); %
compute Jacobian
[dhdx,dhdy]=ShapefunctionDerivatives(nnel,dhdr,dhds,invjacobia
n);
% derivatives w.r.t. physical coordinate
B_pb=PlateBending(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
% bending kinematic
matrix
% compute bending element matrix
kb=kb+B_pb'*D_pb*B_pb*wtx*wty*detjacobian;
end
end
% end of numerical integration loop
for bending term
% numerical integration for shear term
for intx=1:ngls
xi=points(intx,1);
% sampling point in x-axis
wtx=weights(intx,1);
% weight in x-axis
for inty=1:ngls
eta=points(inty,2);
% sampling point in yaxis
wty=weights(inty,2) ;
% weight in y-axis
[shape,dhdr,dhds]=Shapefunctions(xi,eta);
% compute shape functions and derivatives at sampling
point
[detjacobian,invjacobian]=Jacobian(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xx,yy);
compute Jacobian

[dhdx,dhdy]=ShapefunctionDerivatives(nnel,dhdr,dhds,invjacobia
n);
% derivatives w.r.t. physical coordinate
fe = Force(nnel,shape,P) ;
% Force vector
B_ps=PlateShear(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape);
% shear
kinematic matrix
% compute shear element matrix
ks=ks+B_ps'*D_ps*B_ps*wtx*wty*detjacobian;
f = f+fe*wtx*wty*detjacobian ;
end
end
% end of numerical integration loop
for shear term
% compute element matrix
ke = kb+ks ;
index=elementdof(node,nnel,ndof);% extract system dofs
associated with element

[stiffness,force]=assemble(stiffness,force,ke,f,index);
% assemble element stiffness and
force matrices
end
% Boundary conditions
typeBC = 'ss-ss-ss-ss' ;
% Boundary Condition type
% typeBC = 'c-c-c-c'
;
bcdof = BoundaryCondition(typeBC,coordinates) ;
bcval = zeros(1,length(bcdof)) ;
[stiffness,force] = constraints(stiffness,force,bcdof,bcval);
% Solution
displacement = stiffness\force ;
% Output of displacements
[w,titax,titay] = mytable(nnode,displacement,sdof) ;
% Deformed Shape
x = coordinates(:,1) ;
y = coordinates(:,2) ;
f3 = figure ;
set(f3,'name','Postprocessing','numbertitle','off') ;
plot3(x,y,w,'.') ;
title('plate deformation') ;
% Maximum transverse displacement
format long
D1 = E*t^3/12/(1-nu^2) ;
minw = min(w)*D1/(P*a^4)
% Contour Plots
PlotFieldonMesh(coordinates,nodes,w)
title('Profile of UZ/w on plate')
PlotFieldonDefoMesh(coordinates,nodes,w,w)
title('Profile of UZ on deformed Mesh') ;

RESULTS:

EXP 10: SIMULATION OF AIRCRAFT MOTION LONGITUDINAL AND

LATERAL DYNAMICS
AIM:-To simulate the motion of an aircraft in longitudinal motion.
THEORY:-The acceleration due to gravity of a non -spherical, axisymmetric planet can be
obtained according tothe equation:

by taking the gradient of the gravitational potential,

Where,

with respect to the position vector, r = rir+ rias follows:

Where,

The unit vectors irand idenote the radial and southward directions in the
local horizon frameattached to the test mass. Due to a nonzero transverse gravity component,
g, the direction of g differs from the radial direction, while its radial component, gr, is
smaller in magnitude compared to that predicted by a spherical gravity model. These
deviations are quite important in applications such as the flight of an atmospheric entry
vehicle, and the long-range navigation of airplanes and missiles. For example, by ignoring the
non - spherical gravity, one may commit an error of several hundred kilometres in an entry
trajectory from a low earth orbit.
ALGORITHM: For simulating the longitudinal motion of an aircraft, firstly a gravity .mfile must be
executed which calculates the acceleration due to gravity .
The m.file is executed in matlab.
After the execution, inputs are to be given in the command window, like the values of
radius of earth, latitude, gc, gnorth.
Based on the above values given matlab gives the six degrees of freedom of motion
values which are required for simulating the aircrafts longitudinal motion.
PROGRAM:function [gc,gnorth]=gravity(r,lat)
phi=pi/2-lat;
mu=3.986004e14;%mu=GMe
Re=6378.135e3;
J2=1.08263e-3;
J3=2.532153e-7;
J4=1.6109876e-7;
gc=mu*(1-1.5*J2*(3*cos(phi)^2-1)*(Re/r)^2-2*J3*cos(phi)*(5*cos(phi)^2- 3)*(Re/r)^3(5/8)*J4*(35*cos(phi)^4-30*cos(phi)^2+3)*(Re/r)^4)/r^2;
gnorth=-3*mu*sin(phi)*cos(phi)*(Re/r)*(Re/r)*(J2+0.5*J3*(5*cos(phi)^2-1)*(Re/r)/cos(phi)
+(5/6)*J4*(7*cos(phi)^2-1)*(Re/r)^2)/r^2;
RESULTS:>>r= 6378135+2000

>>r = 6380135
>>lat=45*pi/180
>>0.7854
>>[gc, gnorth] = gravity (r, lat)
>>gc = 9.7842
>>gnorth = -0.0159
ATMOSPHERE .m FILE:function Y = atmosphere(h, vel, CL)
%(c) 2005 AshishTewari
R = 287; %sea-level gas constant for air (J/kg.K)
go = 9.806; %sea level acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2)
Na = 6.0220978e23; %Avogadros number
sigma = 3.65e-10; %collision diameter (m) for air
S = 110.4; %Sutherlands temperature (K)
Mo = 28.964; %sea level molecular weight (g/mole)
To = 288.15; %sea level temperature (K)
Po = 1.01325e5; %sea level pressure (N/m^2)

re = 6378.14e3; %earths mean radius (m)

Beta = 1.458e-6; %Sutherlands constant (kg/m.s.K^0.5)
gamma = 1.405; %sea level specific-heat ratio
B = 2/re; layers = 21; Z = 1e3*[0.00; 11.0191; 20.0631; 32.1619; 47.3501; 51.4125;
71.8020; 86.00; 100.00; 110.00; 120.00; 150.00; 160.00; 170.00; 190.00; 230.00; 300.00;
400.00; 500.00; 600.00; 700.00; 2000.00];
T = [To; 216.65; 216.65; 228.65; 270.65; 270.65; 214.65; 186.946; 210.65; 260.65; 360.65;
960.65; 1110.60; 1210.65; 1350.65; 1550.65; 1830.65; 2160.65; 2420.65; 2590.65; 2700.00;
2700.0];
M = [Mo; 28.964; 28.964; 28.964; 28.964; 28.964; 28.962; 28.962; 28.880; 28.560; 28.070;
26.920; 26.660; 26.500; 25.850; 24.690; 22.660; 19.940; 17.940; 16.840; 16.170; 16.17];
LR = [-6.5e-3; 0; 1e-3; 2.8e-3; 0; -2.8e-3; -2e-3; 1.693e-3; 5.00e-3; 1e-2; 2e-2; 1.5e-2; 1e-2;
7e-3; 5e-3; 4e-3; 3.3e-3; 2.6e-3; 1.7e-3; 1.1e-3; 0];
rho0 = Po/(R*To); P(1) = Po; T(1) = To; rho(1) = rho0; for i = 1:layers
if ~(LR(i) == 0)
C1 = 1 + B*( T(i)/LR(i) - Z(i) );
C2 = C1*go/(R*LR(i));
C3 = T(i+1)/T(i);
C4 = C3^(-C2);
C5 = exp( go*B*(Z(i+1)-Z(i))/(R*LR(i)) );
P(i + 1) = P(i)*C4*C5;
C7 = C2 + 1;
rho(i + 1) = rho(i)*C5*C3^(-C7);
else
C8 = -go*(Z(i+1)-Z(i))*(1 - B*(Z(i + 1) + Z(i))/2)/(R*T(i));
P(i+1) = P(i)*exp(C8); rho(i+1) = rho(i)*exp(C8);
end
end for i = 1:21
if h < Z(i+1)
if ~(LR(i)== 0)
C1 = 1 + B*( T(i)/LR(i) - Z(i) );
TM = T(i) + LR(i)*(h - Z(i));
C2 = C1*go/(R*LR(i));
C3 = TM/T(i);
C4 = C3^(-C2);
C5 = exp( B*go*(h - Z(i))/(R*LR(i)) );
PR = P(i)*C4*C5; %Static Pressure (N/m^2)
C7 = C2 + 1;
rhoE = C5*rho(i)*C3^(-C7); %Density (kg/m^3)
else
TM = T(i);
C8 = -go*(h - Z(i))*(1 - (h + Z(i))*B/2)/(R*T(i));
PR = P(i)*exp(C8); %Static Pressure (N/m^2)
rhoE = rho(i)*exp(C8); %Density (kg/m^3)
end
MOL = M(i) + ( M(i+1)-M(i) )*( h - Z(i) )/( Z(i+1) - Z(i) );
TM=MOL*TM/Mo;%KineticTemperatureasound = sqrt(gamma*R*TM); % Speed of Sound
(m/s)
MU = Beta*TM^1.5/(TM + S); % Dynamic Viscosity Coeff. (N.s/m^2)
KT = 2.64638e-3*TM^1.5/(TM + 245.4*10^(-12/TM));

Vm = sqrt(8*R*TM/pi); m = MOL*1e-3/Na; n = rhoE/m;

F = sqrt(2)*pi*n*sigma^2*Vm;
L = Vm/F; % Mean free-path (m)
Mach = vel/asound; % Mach Number
T0 = TM*(1 + (gamma - 1)*Mach^2/2);
MU0 = Beta*T0^1.5/(T0 + S);
RE0 = rhoE*vel*CL/MU0;
RE = rhoE*vel*CL/MU; % Reynolds Number
Kn = L/CL; % Knudsen Number
Kno = 1.25*sqrt(gamma)*Mach/RE0;
%flow regime parameter
ifKn>= 10
d = 1; % free-molecule flow
elseifKn<= 0.01
d = 2; % continuum flow
else
d = 3; % transition flow
end
Y = [TM; rhoE; Mach; Kn; asound; d; PR; MU; RE; KT];
return;
end
end
RESULTS:>> h=2000
>>vel=330
>> CL=0.001
>> y=atmosphere (h, vel, CL)
>>y = 1.0e+004 *
0.0275
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0333
0.0002
7.9499
0.0000
1.9248
0.0000
PITCH UP.mFILE:>> x=[2000 0 0.01 0 0 0.7854]
>>x = 1.0e+003 *
2.0000 0 0.0000 0 0 0.0008
>> t = [0 5 10 15 20 25]
>>t = 0 5 10 15 20 25
>> y = pitchup (t, x)
>> y = 1.0e+007 * -0.0000
-0.0000
-1.7397
0
0.0000

EXP 11: SATELLITE ATTITUDE DYNAMICS

AIM:-To simulate the torque free rotation values of axisymmetric and asymmetric spacecraft.
THEORY:ASYMETRIC SPACECRAFT:

when a small disturbance, x(0), y(0), is applied. At a subsequent time, the angular
velocity components can be expressed as z = n +_, and x, y. Since a small disturbance
has been applied, we can treat _, x, y as small quantities and solve Eulers equations. If the
solution indicates that _, x, y grow with time in an unbounded fashion, it will be evident
that our assumption of small deviations remaining small is false, and we are dealing with an
unstable equilibrium. Otherwise, we have a stable equilibrium. Hence, with the assumption of
small deviation from equilibrium, we can write the approximate, linearized Euler equations.

Attitude thrusters can be used for controlling the attitude of a spin-stabilized,

axisymmetric spacecraft, which involvesmulti-axis rotation (precession). If the spin rate is
constant (z = n), the governing differential equations describing precession, Eq., are linear,
thus enabling the use of time-optimal, bangbang, open-loop control in the same manner as the
single-axis rotation.
PROGRAM:.m File
functionxdot=spacerotation(t,x)
%program for torque-free rotational dynamics and Euler 3-1-3 kinematics
%of rigid spacecraft
%x(1)=omega_x, x(2)=omega_y, x(3)=omega_z (angular velocity in rad/s)
%x(4)=psi, x(5)=theta, x(6)=phi (rad)
%(c) 2006 AshishTewari
J1=4000; J2=7500; J3=8500; %principal moments of inertia (kg.m^2)
xdot(1,1)=x(2)*x(3)*(J2-J3)/J1;
xdot(2,1)=x(1)*x(3)*(J3-J1)/J2;
xdot(3,1)=x(1)*x(2)*(J1-J2)/J3;
xdot(4,1)=(sin(x(6))*x(1)+cos(x(6))*x(2))/sin(x(5));
xdot(5,1)=cos(x(6))*x(1)-sin(x(6))*x(2);

xdot(6,1)=x(3)-(sin(x(6))*cos(x(5))*x(1)+cos(x(6))*cos(x(5))*x(2))/sin(x(5));
RESULT:>> [t,x]=ode45(@spacerotation,[0 40],[0.1 -0.2 0.5 0 0.5*pi 0]);
>> subplot(121),plot(t,x(:,1:3)*180/pi),hold on,.
>>subplot(122),plot(t,x(:,4:6)*180/pi)%time evolution of motion variables

PLOTS:-

EXP 12: SPACE THRUST

%program for rotational dynamics and Euler 3-1-3 kinematics

%of rigid, axisymmetric, spin-stabilized spacecraft
%due to torque pulses about oy principal axis
%x(1)=omega_x, x(2)=omega_y (angular velocity in rad/s)
%x(3)=psi, x(4)=phi (rad)
%u = impulsive torque about oy axis (N-m)
%(c) 2006 AshishTewari
J1=1500; J3=500; %principal moments of inertia (kg.m^2)
thd2=acos(J3/(J1-J3))
T=0.01;
n=1; %rad/s
%thd2=atan(umax*T/(n*J3))
Ts=pi/abs(n*(1-J3/J1))
x=[];
x(1,1)=0;
x(2,1)=J3*n*tan(thd2)/J1;
x(3,1)=0;x(4,1)=0;
[t1,x1]=ode45(@spacesymm,[0 Ts],x);
N=size(t1,1);
x(1,1)=0;
x(2,1)=0;
x(3,1)=x1(N,3);x(4,1)=x1(N,4);
[t2,x2]=ode45(@spacesymm,[Ts+T Ts+T+1.5],x);
t=[t1;t2];x=[x1;x2];
dtr=pi/180;
plot(t,x(:,1:2)/dtr,t,sqrt(x(:,1).*x(:,1)+x(:,2).*x(:,2))/dtr),...
xlabel('Time (s)'),ylabel('Precession angular velocity (deg./s)')
figure
plot(t,x(:,3)/dtr,t,x(:,4)/dtr),xlabel('Time (s)'),...
ylabel('Precession angle, \psi, inertial spin angle, \phi (deg.)')
SPACESYMMETRIC.m File:functionxdot=spacesymm(t,x)
%program for rotational dynamics and Euler 3-1-3 kinematics
%of rigid, axisymmetric, spin-stabilized spacecraft
%x(1)=omega_x, x(2)=omega_y (angular velocity in rad/s)
%x(3)=psi, x(4)=phi (rad)
%(c) 2006 AshishTewari
J1=1500; J3=500; %principal moments of inertia (kg.m^2)
n=1; %rad/s
%umax=1000;%torque magnitude
%T=0.01;%impulse duration
%thd2=atan(umax*T/(n*J3));%nutation angle
thd2=acos(J3/(J1-J3));
xdot(1,1)=x(2)*n*(J1-J3)/J1;%Eulers eqn.(1)
xdot(2,1)=x(1)*n*(J3-J1)/J1;%Eulers eqn.(2)
xdot(3,1)=(sin(x(4))*x(1)+cos(x(4))*
xdot(4,1)=n*(1-J3/J1); %inertial spin rate