Scribd
Upload
121 views

Locomotion & Movement

The document summarizes locomotion and the muscular, skeletal, and joint systems of the human body. It describes three types of muscle movement - amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular - as well as three types of muscle - skeletal, visceral, and cardiac. It explains the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and outlines the steps of muscle contraction and relaxation. It also provides details about the bones that make up the human skeletal system, including the vertebral column, ribs, bones of the forelimbs and hind limbs, and joints. Finally, it lists several muscular and skeletal disorders.

Uploaded by

Donesh Varshney
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
121 views

Locomotion & Movement

The document summarizes locomotion and the muscular, skeletal, and joint systems of the human body. It describes three types of muscle movement - amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular - as well as three types of muscle - skeletal, visceral, and cardiac. It explains the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and outlines the steps of muscle contraction and relaxation. It also provides details about the bones that make up the human skeletal system, including the vertebral column, ribs, bones of the forelimbs and hind limbs, and joints. Finally, it lists several muscular and skeletal disorders.

Uploaded by

Donesh Varshney
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

20.

Locomotion and Movement


Locomotion
Locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another in search of food, shelter,
mating, etc.
The cells of human body exhibit amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular types of movements.
Amoeboid movement Example: leucocytes present in the blood
Ciliary movement Example: passage of ova through fallopian tube
Muscular movement Example: movement of limbs, jaws, and tongue
Muscle
Based on location, muscles are of three types;
Skeletal muscles/striated muscles Voluntary in nature
Visceral muscles/smooth muscles Involuntary in nature
Cardiac muscles Involuntary in nature
Myofibril is one of the several contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fibre.
Sarcomere is a part of myofibril.
Sarcomere composed of two contractile proteins:
Actin Thin filament and called I band
Myosin Thick filament and called A band
Z line bisects the centre of each I band.
The functional unit of contraction between two successive Z lines is known as sarcomere.

Troponin and tropomyosin are complex regulatory proteins that form a part of an actin
filament.
Troponin is attached to protein tropomyosin and masks the active binding sites for myosin
on resting actin filament.

Each myosin filament is made up of many monomeric protein called meromyosins.


Meromyosin is made up of light meromyosin and heavy meromyosin. They help in cross
bridge formation.
Sliding filament theory
It states that during the process of muscle contraction, the thin filaments slide over the thick
filaments.
During muscle contraction:
The distance between adjacent Z-lines decreases.
I band gets reduced while A band retains its original length.
H-zone gets reduced.
The size of sarcomere decreases.
Steps of muscle contraction and relaxation:
Release of acetylcholine
Generation of action potential
Release of Ca2+ ions into sarcoplasm
Binding of Ca2+ with troponin
Unmasking of binding active site for myosin
Cross bridge formation
Muscle contraction
Breaking of cross bridge
Concentration of Ca2+ decreases
Masking of actin filament by troponin
Muscle relaxation
Based on myoglobin, two types of muscle fibres are present:
(i)
Red muscle fibres contain an abundance of myoglobin. Lots of mitochondria are
present in red muscle fibres.

(ii)

White muscle fibres contain less amount of myoglobin. Less number of


mitochondria is present in white muscle fibres.

Skeletal system
Human skeletal system is made up of 206 bones.

Vertebral column forms the axis of skeleton.


It comprises a series of 26 vertebrae.
Vertebral formula - Bones of vertebral column starting from skull is C7T12L5S1Co1.
Atlas (articulate with occipital condyles) and Axis are the 1st and 2nd vertebrae respectively.
Sternum is a flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax.
Ribs (12 pairs) are flat bones attached dorsally to vertebral column and ventrally to
sternum.
True ribs Upper seven pairs
False ribs 8th, 9th, and 10th pair; as they are not attached to the sternum directly
Floating ribs 11th and 12th (last two pairs); as they are not attached ventrally
Bones of forelimbs (in both for limbs)
Humerus -2
Radius and ulna -4
Carpals (wrist bone) - 16
Metacarpals (palm bones) - 10
Phalanges (Digits) - 28

Bones of hind limbs (in both for limbs)


Femur 2
Tibia and fibula 4
Tarsals (ankle bones) - 14
Metatarsals - 10
Phalanges - 28
Patella (knee cap) - 2

Pectoral and pelvic girdle helps in articulation of forelimbs and hind limbs with axial
skeleton.

Joints
Fibrous Do not allow any movement
Example: between cranial bones
Cartilaginous joints Bones joint together with the help of cartilage
Example: joint between adjacent vertebrae
Synovial joint Have fluid-filled synovial cavity
It is of five types:
Ball and socket joint Example: between humerus and pectoral girdle, femur and
acetabulum
Hinge joint Example: knee joint
Pivot joint Example: between atlas and axis
Gliding joint Example: between carpals
Saddle joint Example: between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
Disorders
Myasthenia gravis Autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction
Muscular dystrophy Genetic disorder that leads to weakening of skeletal muscles
Tetany Associated with painful and involuntary contraction due to low calcium ions in
body fluids
Arthritis Degenerative joint disease that occurs due to inflammation of joints
Osteoporosis Abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting into fragile porous bone
Gout Accumulation of uric acid crystal that leads to inflammation of joints

Contribute to this Revision Note:


If you find anything of importance missing from this note, email it to us at revision-notes@meritnation.com, and well
add it to this note under your name!

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy