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    Notes For 110.311 - Complex Analysis: 1 Power Series and Analytic Functions

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    Joe Bloe
    1. Power series can represent analytic functions within their disk of convergence. Laurent series generalize this to allow representation of functions outside and on the boundary of the disk. 2. Examples show calculating integrals using Taylor series, finding Maclaurin series, and representing functions as Laurent series in different annuli. Laurent series allow writing functions not analytic at the center of expansion. 3. Key points are the relationship between analytic functions and power series representation, and the generalization of Laurent series to functions not analytically representable by Taylor series alone.

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    Notes For 110.311 - Complex Analysis: 1 Power Series and Analytic Functions

    Uploaded by

    Joe Bloe
    28 views3 pages
    1. Power series can represent analytic functions within their disk of convergence. Laurent series generalize this to allow representation of functions outside and on the boundary of the disk. 2. Examples show calculating integrals using Taylor series, finding Maclaurin series, and representing functions as Laurent series in different annuli. Laurent series allow writing functions not analytic at the center of expansion. 3. Key points are the relationship between analytic functions and power series representation, and the generalization of Laurent series to functions not analytically representable by Taylor series alone.

    Original Description:

    Lecture 19.

    Original Title

    110_311_lecture_19

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    1. Power series can represent analytic functions within their disk of convergence. Laurent series generalize this to allow representation of functions outside and on the boundary of the disk. 2. Examples show calculating integrals using Taylor series, finding Maclaurin series, and representing functions as Laurent series in different annuli. Laurent series allow writing functions not analytic at the center of expansion. 3. Key points are the relationship between analytic functions and power series representation, and the generalization of Laurent series to functions not analytically representable by Taylor series alone.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    28 views3 pages

    Notes For 110.311 - Complex Analysis: 1 Power Series and Analytic Functions

    Uploaded by

    Joe Bloe
    1. Power series can represent analytic functions within their disk of convergence. Laurent series generalize this to allow representation of functions outside and on the boundary of the disk. 2. Examples show calculating integrals using Taylor series, finding Maclaurin series, and representing functions as Laurent series in different annuli. Laurent series allow writing functions not analytic at the center of expansion. 3. Key points are the relationship between analytic functions and power series representation, and the generalization of Laurent series to functions not analytically representable by Taylor series alone.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Notes for 110.

    311 Complex Analysis


    19th Lecture
    17 November 2015
    Abstract
    In this lecture we review the relationship between power series and analytic functions as well as introduce
    Laurent series.

    Power Series and Analytic Functions

    Summarizing what has been covered thus far,


    1. Given a function fP
    (z) that is analytic in a neighborhood around z = a, one acquires a power series

    (the Taylor series) j=0 cj (z a)j that coincides with f (z) in the disk of convergence.
    P
    2. Given a power series j=0 cj (z a)j on acquires an analytic function f (z) that coincides with the
    series in the disk of convergence.
    The relation between the function and the series is the Taylor series coefficient term
    Example 1:
    P
    Let f (z) = k=0
    1. Justify that
    2. Find

    (1+i)k
    k+1 (z

    3)k .

    (f (z))2
    |z3|= 12 (z3)2

    (f (z))2
    |z3|= 21 (z3)2

    f (j) (a)
    j! .

    dz is well defined

    dz

    Solutions:
    1. From the example in the last lecture, we know that the series converges within |z 3| <
    2

    1 ;
    2

    in

    (z))
    particular, it converges to an analytic function in the disk. Then (f
    (z3)2 is an analytic function within
    1
    1
    1
    1
    |z 3| < 2 except for z = 3. As 2 < 2 , the circle |z 3| = 2 is found in this domain, so he integral
    is well defined.

    
    R
    (f (z))2
    1!
    2 0
    2. 2i |z3|= 1 (z3)2 dz = f (z) , so
    2

    z=3

    Z
    |z3|= 12


    2
    
    (f (z))
    2 0
    dz = 2i f (z)
    (z 3)2
    z=3
    = 2i 2f (3) f 0 (3)
    = 2i 2c0 c1 ,

    where c0 = 1, c1 =

    1+i
    2

    are the first two coefficients of the Taylor series, so


    Z
    |z3|= 12

    (f (z))
    dz = 2i(1 + i).
    (z 3)2

    Example 2:
    Rz
    Find the Maclaurin series of 0 w sin w dw.
    We know that
    sin w = w

    w3
    w5
    +
    + ...,
    3!
    5!

    so
    w sin w = w2
    Since

    Rz

    w2 k
    0 (2k1)!

    dw =

    1
    2k+1

    w2k+1
    (2k1)!

    X
    k=1

    w2k+1
    (2k+1)(2k1)! ,

    w4
    w6
    +
    + ....
    3!
    5!

    one finds

    w2k+1
    w3
    w5
    w7
    =

    +
    + ....
    (2k + 1)(2k 1)!
    3
    5 3! 7 5!

    Laurent Series

    P
    P
    A Laurent series is a generalization of the Taylor series j=0 cj (z a)j to j= cj (z a)j . The reason
    for doing so is to write f (z) as a series around z = a even if
    f (z) is not analytic at z = a
    in a domain other than a disk (i.e. domains other than |z a| < R).
    We present a theorem without proof:
    Theorem 1. If f (z) is analytic in an annulus r < |z a| < R, it can be written as
    the annulus.
    Example 2:
    Find the Laurent series for

    j
    j= cj (z a)

    within

    1
    z

    From the theorem above, we have r = 0, R = ; f (z) is analytic within 0 < |z| < (i.e. |z| =
    6 0). Thus the
    Laurent series is already written for us: its the series for z1 .
    Example 3:
    Find the Laurent series of

    1
    1z .

    For |z| < 1 the function is analytic, and its Taylor series is
    |z| > 1, and we can write

    1
    1z

    1
    
    1
    1 1
    =
    z 1 z1
     j
    1X 1
    =
    z j=0 z

    X  1 j+1
    =

    ,
    z
    j=0

    1
    =
    1z
    z

    which is the Laurent series for

    1
    1z .

    Example 4:
    Find the Laurent series of

    for |z 3| > 2.

    1
    1z

    1
    z

    j=0

    z j . The function is also analytic for

    We can rewrite

    1
    1z

    as

    1
    2(z3) ,

    and
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    =
    2 (z 3)
    z 3 1 2
    z3

    1
    =
    z3

    
    X
    j=0

    2
    z3

    j
    ,

    which is the Laurent series for this function.


    Example 5:
    Find the Laurent series of sin z1 .
    The function is analytic everywhere except for z = 0, so for |z| > 0, we find the Laurent series to be
    sin

    1
    1
    1
    1
    +
    + .
    =
    z
    z
    3! z 3
    5! z 5

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