Chapter-I

CROP DESCRIPTION

1.1 Origin of rice

1.1.1 Oryza Sativa, it is believed, is associated with wet, humid climate, though it is not a tropical plant.
It is probably a descendent of wild grass that was most likely cultivated in the foothills of the far Eastern
Himalayas. Another school of thought believes that the rice plant may have originated in southern India,
then spread to the north of the country and then onwards to China. It then arrived in Korea, the Philippines
(about 2000 B. C.) and then Japan and Indonesia (about 1000 B. C.). When Alexander the Great invaded
India in 327 B. C., it is believed that he took rice back to Greece. Arab travelers took it to Egypt, Morocco
and Spain and that is how it travelled all across Europe. Portugal and Netherlands took rice to their
colonies in West Africa and then it travelled to America through the Columbian Exchange of natural
resources. But as is traditionally known, rice is a slow starter and this is also true to the fact that it took
close to two centuries after the voyages of Columbus for rice to take root in the Americas. Thereafter the
journey of rice continues with the Moors taking it to Spain in 700 A. D. and then the Spanish brought rice
to South America at the beginning of 17th century.
1.1.2 The journey of rice around the world has been slow, but once it took root it stayed and became
a major agriculture and economic product for the people. In the Indian subcontinent more than a quarter
of the cultivated land is given to rice (20011-12). It is a very essential part of the daily meal in the
southern and eastern parts of India. In the northern and central parts of the subcontinent, where wheat is
frequently eaten, rice holds its own and is cooked daily as well as on festivals and special occasions.
1.2 History of Rice in India:
1.2.1 India is an important centre of rice cultivation. The rice is cultivated on the largest areas in India.
Historians believe that while the indica variety of rice was first domesticated in the area covering the
foothills of the Eastern Himalayas (i.e. north-eastern India), stretching through Burma, Thailand, Laos,
Vietnam and Southern China, the japonica variety was domesticated from wild rice in southern China
which was introduced to India. Perennial wild rice still grow in Assam and Nepal. It seems to have
appeared around 1400 BC in southern India after its domestication in the northern plains. It then spread to
all the fertiled alluvial plains watered by rivers. Some says that the word rice is derived from the Tamil
word arisi.
1

1.2.2 Rice is first mentioned in the Yajur Veda (c. 1500-800 BC) and then is frequently referred to in
Sanskrit texts. In India there is a saying that grains of rice should be like two brothers, close but not stuck
together. Rice is often directly associated with prosperity and fertility; hence there is the custom of
throwing rice at newlyweds. In India, rice is always the first food offered to the babies when they start
eating solids or to husband by his new bride, to ensure they will have children.
1.2.3 Key points

Paddy grains found during excavation at Hastinapur (India) around 1000-750 B.C. considered as
an oldest sample in the world.

Southwest Himalayas has various types and varieties and indicated probable centre of origin.

De Condolle (1886) and Watt (1862) mentioned south India is the centre of rice origin.

Vavillov suggested that India and Myanmar should be regarded as the centre of origin of
cultivated rice.

According to D. Chatterjee (1948), there are altogether 24 species of genus Oryza of which 21
are wild and two viz., Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima are cultivated. Oryza sativa is grown in
all rice growing areas, but Oryza glaberrima is confined to the West Africa only. Thus it indicates
that there might have been two centres of origin of our cultivated rice; South-eastern Asia (India,
Myanmar and Thailand) and West Africa.

1.2 Importance of Rice:

1.2.1 Rice has shaped the culture, diets and economic of thousand of millions of peoples. For more than
half of the humanity rice is life. Considering its importance position, the United Nation designated year
2004 as the International Year of rice. Importance of rice are as follows:
a. Rice is an important staple food crop for more than 60 per cent of the world people. In 2008, more
than 430 million metric tons of rice were consumed worldwide, according to the USDA.
b. Ready to eat products eg. popped and puffed rice, instant or rice flakes, canned rice and fermented
products are produced
c. Rice straw is used as cattle feed, used for thatching roof and in cottage industry for preparation of
hats, mats, ropes, sound absorbing , straw board and used as litter material.
d. Rice husk is used as animal feed, for paper making and as fuel source.

e. Rice bran is used in cattle and poultry feed, defatted bran, which is rich in protein, can
be used in the preparation of biscuits and as cattle feed.
f. Rice bran oil is used in soap industry. Refined oil can be used as a cooling medium like cotton
seed oil / corn oil. Rice bran wax, a byproduct of rice bran oil is used in industries.
1.3 Scientific Name:
1.3.1 The two major rice varieties grown world wide today are Oryza sativa indica and Oryza sativa
japonica. The two cultivated rice species, Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud., belong to a species
group called Oryza sativa complex together with the five wild taxa, O. rufipogon (sensu lato), O.
longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glumaepatula Steud., and O. meridionalis Ng.
Among these taxa, only O. rufipogon produces fertile F1 hybrids with O. sativa and therefore these two
species are considered to belong to a single biological species. Together with all circumstantial evidence,
this suggests that O. rufipogon is the ancestor of O. sativa. Similarly, it leaves no doubt that O. barthii is
the ancestor of African rice O. glaberrima.
1.3.2 Habit and distribution of different species of rice :

Species

Habit

Distribution

Oryza sativa

Annual, cultivated

South and South-east Asia

O. nivara

Annual, wild

South and South-east Asia

O. rufipogon

Perennial, wild

Tropical Asia, Australia

O. glaberrima

Annual, cultivated

Trpical west Africa

O. barthii

Annual, wild

Sub-Saharan Africa

O. longistaminata

Perennial, wild

Tropical west Africa

O. glumaepatula

Parennial, wild

Tropical west Africa

O. meridionalis

Wild

Tropical Australia

O. officinalis

Perinnial, wild

South and South-east Asia

O. minuta

Perennial , wild

The Philippines

O. rhizomatis

Wild

Sri Lanka

O. eichingeri

Wild

Sri Lanka, Tropical Africa

O. punctata

Wild

Tropical Africa

O.latifolia

Wild

Central and South America

O. alta

Wild

Central and South America

O. grandiglumis

Wild

South America

O. australiensis

Wild

Tropical Australia

O. granulata

Wild

Tropical Asia
3

O. meyeriana

Wild

South-east Asia

O. longiglumis

Wild

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

O. ridleyi

Wild

South-east Asia, Papua New Guinea

O. schlechteri

Wild

Papua New Guinea

O. brachyantha

Wild

Tropical Africa

P. coarctata

Perennial, wild

South Asia

1.4 Botanical Description:

The rice plant is a member of Poaceae (old Gramineae) family. The common cultivated rice plant is
an annual which usually grows to a height of a half meter or two meters but there are certain varieties that
grow much taller (6-9 metres). Some deep water rice varieties grow with the gradual rise of the flood
water level. Rice plant can be divided into main two parts namely root system and shoot system:
1.4.1 Root system:
When a rice grain germinates in a well drained, upland soil the sheath (coleorhizae) emerges. If it
germinates in submerged low lands, coleoptile emerges ahead of the coleorhizae. The primary,
embryonic roots (radicle) comes out through the coleorhiza shortly after it appears. This is
followed by two or more secondary roots, all of which develop lateral roots. The embryonic roots
later die and are replaced by secondary adventitious roots produced from the underground nodes
of the culm.
1.4.2. Shoot System:
Collectively applies to all plant part visible above the ground level. It is mainly composed of
culms, leaves and inflorescence (panicle).
i.

Culm: The culm or stem is made up of a series of nodes and internodes. The rice culms are
usually hollows except at the nodes. Each node bears a leaf and a bud. Under favorable
conditions buds near ground level grow into tillers. The primary tillers give rise to secondary
tillers which give rise to tertiary tillers.

ii.

Leaves: The leaves of rice are sessile in nature. They are borne at an angle, on the culm in two
ranks along the stem, one at each node. The leaf blade is attached to the node by the leaf
sheath. The rice leaf is similar to that of wheat, but is usually distinguished from it by the
length of the ligule. In the rice, ligule is very prominent, usually more than one centimeter. The
leaf number is more on a primary tiller than on the secondry and tertiary tillers.

iii.

Panicle: The rice inflorescence known as panicle is a group of spikelets borne on the
uppermost node of the culm. The primary panicle branch is divided into secondary and
sometimes tertiary branches. These bear the spikelet.
4

iv.

Spikelet: The individual spikelet consists of two outer glumes. All the parts found above the
outer glumes are collectively called floret. It consists of a hard covering the two sections of
which are known as lemma and palea (the glumes) and the complete flower is between them.
The lemma and palea together are known as the hull. The rice flower contains six
functioning stamens (male organ) and a pistil (female organ). At the base of the flower are two
transparent structures known as lodicules. Rice is a self pollinated crop. When rice flower
becomes ready to bloom, the lodicules become turgid and push the lemma and palea apart, thus
allowing the stamens to emerge outside the open floret. Rupturing of the anthers then leads to
the shedding of pollen grains. After the pollen grains are shed on stigma the lemma and palea
close.

1.4.3 Grain (Caryopsis): Rice grain develops after pollination and fertilization are completed. The grain
is tightly enclosed by the lemma and palea. The dehulled rice grain is known as brown rice as
brownish pericarp covers it. The pericarp is the outermost layer which envelopes the caryopsis and
is removed when rice is milled and polished. The embryo lies at the ventral side of the spikelet
next to the lemma. Adjacent to the embryo is a dot like structure the hilum. The embryo contains
the plumule and radicle. The plumule is enclosed by a sheath known as coleoptile and the radicle
by the coleorhizae.
1.5 Nutritional value of Rice:
1.5.1 Rice is a nutritional staple food which provides instant energy as its most important component is
carbohydrate (starch). On the other hand, rice is poor in nitrogenous substances with average composition
of these substances being only 8per cent and fat content or lipids only negligible, i.e., 1per cent and due to
this reason it is considered as a complete food for eating. Rice flour is rich in starch and is used for
making various food materials. It is also used in some instances by brewers to make alcoholic malt.
Likewise, rice straw mixed with other materials is used to produce porcelain, glass and pottery. Rice is
also used in manufacturing of paper pulp and livestock bedding.
1.5.2 The variability of composition and characteristics of rice is really broad and depends on variety and
environmental conditions under which the crop is grown. In husked rice, protein content ranges in
between 7per cent to 12per cent. The use of nitrogen fertilizers increases the percentage content of some
amino acids.
1.5.3 The comparative nutritional value of cereals in the table 1 showed difference in nutritional content of
rice bran and raw rice. The brown rice is rich in some vitamins, especially B1 or thiamine (0.34 mg), B2
5

or riboflavin (0.05 mg), niacin or nicotinic acid (4.7 mg). In contrast, the white rice is poor in vitamins
(0.09 mg of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 0.03 mg and 1.4 mg of niacin) and minerals as they are found mostly
in the outer layers of the grain, which are removed by polishing process, or "bleaching" whereas parboiled
rice is rich in these vitamins as a result of their particular process.
Table 1: Nutritional value of cereals per 100 grams
Cereals

Protein

Fat

CHO

Minerals

Calcium

Fiber

Energy

(gm)

(gm)

(gm)

(gm)

(mg)

(gm)

(K cal)

11.8

1.6

71.2

1.5

41

1.2

346

12.1

1.7

69.4

2.7

48

1.9

341

Rice bran

13.5

16.2

48.4

6.6

67

4.3

393

Rice (raw)

6.8

0.5

78.2

0.6

10

0.2

345

Rice

8.5

0.6

77.4

0.9

10

0.2

349

Maida

11

0.9

73.9

0.6

23

0.3

348

Bajra

11.6

5.0

67.5

2.3

42

1.2

361

Jowar

10.4

1.9

72.6

1.6

25

1.6

349

Ragi

7.3

1.3

72.0

2.7

344

2.6

328

Wheat
whole
Wheat
flour

(par boiled)

1.5.4 Cooking procedures can reduce the richness of vitamins and minerals in rice, and in fact, cooking is
usually done with water which is then neglected and much of these nutrients dissolve in water and get
wasted. Rice is strongly recommended in preparing specific diets against stomach and intestinal disease
processes as well as feeding the infants and old people due to its good digestible character.
1.6 Medicinal Value:
1.6.1 The immense diversity of rice germplasm is a rich source for many rice based products and is also
used for treating many health related maladies such as indigestion, diabetes, arthritis, paralysis, epilepsy
and give strength to pregnant and lactating mothers. Ancient Ayurvedic literature testify the medicinal
and curative properties of different types of rice grown in India. Medicinal rice varieties like Kanthi
Banko (Chhattisgarh), Meher, Saraiphul & Danwar (Orissa), Atikaya & Kari Bhatta (Karnataka), are very

common in India. Few varieties cultivated in restricted pockets of Kerala for their medical properties e.g.
Chennellu, Kunjinellu, Erumakkari & Karuthachembavu etc.
1.7 Rice Growing Region in India:
1.7.1 Rice is grown under so diverse soil and climatic conditions that it is said that there is hardly
any type of soil in which it cannot be grown including alkaline and acidic soils. Rice crop has also
got wide physical adaptability. Therefore, it is grown from below sea-level (Kuttanad area of
Kerala) upto an elevation of 2000 metres in Jammu & Kashmir, hills of Uttaranchal, Himachal
Pradesh and North-Eastern Hills (NEH) areas. The rice growing areas in the country can be
broadly grouped into five regions as discussed below :
i.

North-Eastern Region:This region comprises of Assam and North eastern states. In Assam rice is
grown in the basin of Brahmnaputra river. This region receives very heavy rainfall and rice is
grown under rain fed condition.

ii.

Eastern Region This region comprises of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. In this region rice is grown in the basins of Ganga
and Mahanadi rivers and has the highest intensity of rice cultivation in the country. This region
receives heavy rainfall and rice is grown mainly under rain fed conditions.

iii.

Northern Region: This region comprises of Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand,
Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. The region experiences low winter temperature and
single crop of rice from May-July to September-December is grown.

iv.

Western Region: This region comprises of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. Rice is largely
grown under rain fed condition during June-August to October - December.

v.

Southern Region: This region comprises of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Rice is mainly grown in deltaic tracts of Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery rivers and the non-deltaic
rain fed area of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Rice is grown under irrigated condition in deltaic
tracts.

Chapter -2
Comparative Analysis:
2.1. Rice is one of the most important food crop of India. Major share of rice is cultivated during Kharif
season. A small share of rice is grown in rabi /summer season with assured irrigation. Indian rice
production largely depends on monsoon rains and only 59 per cent rice area has assured irrigation.
The area during 1st plan was 30.68 m ha and it hah reached to 43.64 million hectare during 11th
plan which is nearly 42.2 per cent of 1st plan . The rice production has registered a appreciable
increase from 25.03 m tonnes during 1st plan to 97.05 tonnes during 11th plan, which is nearly 4 times
over the 1st plan. The yield was 816 kg/ha during 1st plan and increased to 2224 kg/ha during 11th plan.
Rice production shows a steady upward trend

during 2005-06 to 2008-09. Production declined

during 2009-10 due to severe drought, but it reached to 95.98 m tonnes in 2010-11 and further the
highest record of 105.31 million tonnes in 2011-12.
2.2 Sate wise Area, Production and Yield of Rice during 2007-08 to 2011-12
AAreainlakhhectares,
PProductioninlakhtonnes,
YYieldinkg/ha.

Sl No STATES
1

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

2007-08

2008-09

39.84

43.87

133.24

2010-11

2011-12

34.41

47.51

40.96

142.41

105.38

144.18

128.95

3344

3246

3062

3035

3146

23.24

24.842

24.958

25.704

25.37

33.19

40.085

43.358

47.366

45.163

1428

1614

1737

1843

1780

35.726

34.96

32.137

28.325

33.24

44.181

55.903

35.993

31.02

71.626

1237

1599

1120

1095

2155

2009-10

Sl No STATES
4

Chhattisgarh

Gujarat

Haryana

Jammu & Kashmir

Jharkhand

Karnataka

2007-08

2008-09

37.524

37.34

54.266

2010-11

2011-12

36.707

37.025

37.738

43.918

41.104

61.59

60.284

1446

1176

1120

1663

1597

7.59

7.47

6.79

8.08

8.36

14.74

13.03

12.92

14.966

17.9

1942

1744

1903

1852

2141

10.75

12.10

12.05

12.45

12.35

36.13

32.98

36.25

34.72

37.59

3361

2726

3008

2789

3044

2.632

2.576

2.599

2.613

2.626

5.613

5.631

4.974

5.077

5.447

2133

2186

1914

1943

2074

16.537

16.836

9.95

7.203

14.69

33.364

34.202

15.384

11.1

31.306

2018

2031

1546

1541

2131

14.16

15.14

14.87

15.4

14.16

37.17

38.02

36.91

41.88

39.55

2625

2511

2482

2719

2793

2009-10

Sl No STATES
10

11

12

13

14

15

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharastra

Odisha

Punjab

Rajasthan

2007-08

2008-09

2.288

2.343

2.34

5.285

5.903

5.983

5.228

5.69

2310

2519

2557

2452

2733

15.589

16.823

14.457

16.029

16.62

14.619

15.597

12.606

17.721

22.273

938

927

872

1106

1340

15.74

15.22

14.70

15.18

15.41

29.96

22.84

21.83

26.96

28.41

1903

1501

1485

1776

1841

44.518

44.547

43.651

42.257

440.045

75.407

68.127

69.175

68.277

58.07

1694

1529

1585

1616

1450

26.10

27.35

28.02

28.31

28.18

104.89

110.00

112.36

108.37

105.42

4019

4022

4010

3828

3741

1.278

1.334

1.507

1.311

1.343

2.596

2.411

2.283

2.655

2.534

2031

1807

1515

2025

1887

10

2009-10

2010-11
2.132

2011-12
2.082

Sl No STATES
16

17

18

19

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Uttrakhand

West Bengal

2007-08

2008-09

17.892

19.318

50.402

2010-11

2011-12

18.455

19.057

19.038

51.827

56.652

57.924

74.587

2817

2683

3070

3040

3918

57.09

60.34

51.867

56.57

59.47

117.80

130.97

108.071

119.92

140.22

2063

2171

2084

2120

2358

2.89

2.96

2.94

2.90

2.8

5.93

5.82

6.08

5.504

5.94

2052

1966

2068

1901

2121

57.197

59.357

56.301

49.442

54.337

2009-10

146.058

20

Others

All India

147.195

150.372

143.407

130.459

2573

2533

2547

2639

2688

10.56

10.65

10.48

11.13

11.132

20.95

21.78

20.21

24.88

24.908

439.144

455.374

419.185

428.625

440.068

966.929

991.824

890.931

959.797 1053.122

2202

2178

2125

11

2239

2393

2.3Country wise Area, Production and Yield of Total Rice during 2005 to 2009
AAreainlakhhectares,
PProductioninlakhtonnes,
YYieldinkg/ha.
Sl
No
Country
2005
2006
2007
2008
1

India

China

Bangladesh

Indonisa

Thialand

Vietnam

430.00

437.00

437.7

440.0

418.50

1290.0

1365.10

1445.7

1482.6

1337

3000

3124

3303

3370

3195

293

293.8

291.791

294.93

298.82

1842.5

1840.7

1873.97

1933.54

1966.81

6289

6265

6422

6556

6582

110

112

107.32

117.41

113.54

400.54

437.29

430.57

469.05

477.24

3641

3904

4012

3995

4203

118.01

114

121.476

123.09

128.84

539.84

544

571.57

602.51

643.99

4575

4772

4705

4895

4998

102

100.73

106.689

102.48

109.63

270

292.69

320.99

304.67

314.62

2647

2906

3009

2973

2870

73.4

73.24

72.01

74.14

74.4

363.41

358.27

358.68

387.25

388.95

4951

4892

4981

5223

5228

12

2009

Sl
No
7

Country
Myanmar

Philippines

Pakistan

10 Japan

11 Brazil

12 Egypt

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

60

72

82.0

82.00

80

220

252

326.1

305.00

326.82

3667

3500

3977

3720

4085

41.15

41.6

42.729

44.6

45.32

148

153.27

162.4

168.16

162.664

3597

3684

3801

3770

3589

25

25.72

25.15

29.63

28.83

73.51

81.37

83.03

104.28

103.245

2940

3164

3301

3519

3581

16.8

16.88

16.73

17.00

16.24

109.89

106.95

108.93

110.29

105.925

6541

6336

6511

6488

6522

39.36

29.75

28.909

28.62

28.72

131.41

115.05

110.61

121.00

126.518

3339

3867

3826

4228

4405

6.5

6.13

6.684

7.45

7.5

62

65

68.77

72.53

75.0

9538

10604

10289

9736

10000

13

Sl
No

Country

13 U.S.A

14 Russian Fed.

15 Others

Total

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

13.53

11.42

11.121

12.04

12.5575

100.12

87.87

89.99

92.4

99.722

7400

7694

8092

7674

7941

1.25

1.56

1.57

1.6

1.775

4.9

6.86

7.09

7.38

9.13

3920

4397

4516

4613

5144

205.12

207.41

206.239

214.56

218.33

90.39

639.64

637.51

689.47

714.774

1535.12

1543.24

1558.12

1589.55

1583.00

5646.55

6346.06

6595.910

6850.13

6852.41

3678

4112

4233

4309

4329

Source : Agricultural Statistics at a glance,2012

14

Chapter 4
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT:
4.1In India rice is grown under widely varying conditions of altitude and climate. Rice cultivation in India
extends from 8 to35N latitude and from sea level to as high as 3000 meters. Rice crop needs a hot and
humid climate. It is best suited to regions which have high humidity, prolonged sunshine and an assured
supply of water. The average temperature required throughout the life period of the crop ranges from 21 to
37 C. Maximum temp which the crop can tolerate 400C to 42 0C.
4.2 Temperature at different stage:
Minimum temperature for sprouting is100C at the time of tillering, the crop requires a high
temperature than for growth. Minimum temperature for flowering range from 22-230C.Temperature
requirement for blooming is in the range of 26.5to 29.5 C. Minimum temperature for grain formation
from 20-210C at the time of ripening the temperature should be between 20-25C. Photo periodically, rice
is a short- day plant. However, there are varieties which are non-sensitive to photoperiodic condition.
4.3 Potential Impacts of Temperature on Rice Production:
Temperature greatly influences not only the growth duration, but also the growth pattern and the
rice crops. The temperature sum, range, distribution pattern, and diurnal changes, or a combination of
these may be highly correlated with grain yields. Rice plant has nine growth stages with its three distinct
growth phases and every stage has an optimum temperature range for its proper development. Duration of
the critical temperature, have a great impact on physiological status of the plant. Extreme temperature,
whether low or high, cause injury to the rice plant. High temperatures are a constraint to rice production
and cause a significant yield reduction. When temperatures exceed the optimal for biological process,
crops often respond negatively with a steep decline in net growth and yield. Critical temperature for the
development of rice plant at different growth stages is given in table 4.a
Table 4.a : Critical temperature for the development of rice plant at different growth stages

Low

Critical temperature (0C)

High

Optimum

16-19
12
16
7-12
9-16
15
15-20
22
12-18

45
35
35
45
33
--30
35-36
.>30

18-40
25-30
25-28
31
25-31
----30-33
19-20

Growth stages
Germination
Seedling emergence
Rooting
Leaf elongation
Tillering
Initiation of panicle primordial
Panicle differentiation
Anthesis
Ripening

15

4.4 Impact of temperature on rice production:

With the likely growth of worlds population towards 10 billion by 2050, the demand for rice will
grow faster than for other crops. There are already many challenges to achieving higher productivity of
rice. In the future, the new challenges will include climate change and its consequences. The expected
climate change includes the rise in the global average surface air temperature. At the end of the 21st
century, the increases in surface air temperature will probably be around 1.4-5.8 C, relative to the
temperatures of 1980-1999, and with an increase in variability around this mean. Most of the rice is
currently cultivated in regions where temperatures are above the optimal for growth (28/22 C). Any
further increase in mean temperature or episodes of high temperatures during sensitive stages may reduce
rice yields drastically. In tropical environments, high temperature is already one of the major
environmental stresses limiting rice productivity, with relatively higher temperatures causing reductions in
grain weight and quality. Developing high temperature stress tolerant rice cultivars has become a proposed
alternative, but requires a thorough understanding of genetics, biochemical, and physiological processes
for identifying and selecting traits, and enhancing tolerance mechanisms in rice cultivars. The effects of
high temperature stress on the continuous of soil-rice plant-atmosphere for different ecologies (with or
without submerged conditions) also need detailed investigations. Most agronomic interventions for the
management of high temperature stress aim at early sowing of rice cultivars or selection of early maturing
cultivars to avoid high temperatures during grain filling. But these measures may not be adequate as high
temperature stress events are becoming more frequent and severe in the future climate. There are
considerable risks for rice production, stemming from high temperature stress but benefits from the
mitigation or adaptation options through progress in rice research may sustain the production systems of
rice in the future warmer world.
4.5 Important growing ecology of rice:
Rice farming is practiced in several agro ecological zones in India. No other country in the world has
such diversity in rice ecosystems than India. Because cultivation is so widespread, development of four
distinct types of ecosystems has occurred in India, such as:

Irrigated Rice Eco System Rainfed

Upland Rice Eco System

Rainfed Lowland Rice Eco System

Flood Prone Rice Eco System

16

Irrigated Rice Eco System: Irrigated ecosystems are the primary type found in East Asia. Irrigated
ecosystems provide 75per cent of global rice production. In India, the total area under irrigated rice is
about 22.00 million hectares, which accounts about 49.5per cent of the total area under rice crop in the
country. Rice is grown under irrigated conditions in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu
& Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat.Irrigated
rice is grown in bunded (embanked), paddy fields.
Rainfed Upland Rice Eco System: Upland zones are found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In India,
the total area under upland rain fed rice in the country is about 6.00 million hectares, which
accounts13.5per cent of the total area under rice crop in the country. Upland rice areas lies in eastern zone
comprising of Assam, Bihar, Eastern M.P., Orissa, Eastern U.P., West Bengal and North-Eastern Hill
region. Upland rice fields are generally dry, unbunded, and directly seeded. Land utilized in upland rice
production can be low lying, drought-prone, rolling, or steep sloping.
Rainfed Lowland Rice Eco System: Rainfed low-land rice is grown in such areas as East India,
Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand, and is 25per cent of total rice area used worldwide. In
India, low land rice area is about 14.4 million hectares, which accounts 32.4 per cent of the total area
under rice crop in the country. Production is variable because of the lack of technology used in rice
production. Rainfed lowland farmers are typically challenged by poor soil quality, drought/flood
conditions, and erratic yields
Flood Prone Rice Eco System: Flood-prone ecosystems are prevalent in South and Southeast Asia, and
are characterized by periods of extreme flooding and drought. Yields are low and variable. Flooding
occurs during the wet season from June to November, and rice varieties are chosen for their level of
tolerance to submersion.

17

Chapter 5
Basmati and its export
Basmati Rice means the rice varieties possessing aroma and gives pleasant flavour after cooking. In India
Basmati rice is characterized by extra long, superfine slender grains having a length to breadth ratio of
more than 3.5, sweet taste, soft texture, delicate curvature and an extra elongation with least breadth-wise
swelling on cooking. The Basmati rice is also stated to be the Pearl of Rice. These superfine best quality
of Basmati rice are most preferred specially for Biryani and Pulao preparation on special occasion and
also meant for high premium value in the national and international market.
5.3 Grain characteristic of Basmati and non basmati Rice

Sl No.

Characteristics

Basmati

Basmati

(in-mm)

(Paraboiled)

Non Basmati
(Parmal
-PR-106)

Average Length of uncooked rice

7.3

7.5

7.0

Average breadth of uncooked rice

1.9

1.9

2.1

Average L/B ratio of uncooked rice

3.8

3.9

3.3

Average length of cooked rice

8.9

8.9

5.6

Average breadth of cooked rice

2.2

2.2

3.1

5.4 General Characteristics and Specifications of Rice

Type of Rice

Grade

Basmati

Superior
& above
A
B
Terricot
PR 106
IR8

Non Basmati

Purity
Level
90%
(Avg.)
85%
75%
100%
100%
100%

Grain

Broken

7mm

less than
1%
6-7mm less than 1%
5-7mm less than 1%

18

14%

Foreign
Matter
Nil

Red Streak & Wary

Grains
less than 1%

14%
14%
14%
14%
14%

Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil

less than 1%
less than 1%
less than 1%
less than 1%
less than 1%

Moisture

5.5 Traditional Area

Basmati rice is mostly grown in the traditional areas of north and north western part of Indian subcontinent for many centuries. The super-fine best quality of Basmati rice is produced on either side of
Indus valley in India. Its different varieties are mostly cultivated in the districts of Karnal, Panipat,
Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Amritsar, Fatehgarh, Gurudaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Ropar and
Sangrur in Punjab; Kangra, Solan, Una, Mandi and Sirmour in Himachal Pradesh; Bundi in Rajasthan and
in several districts of Uttar Pradesh. Some important districts of Uttar Pradesh are Saharanpur, Muzaffar
Nagar, Piliphit, Bareily, Bijnour, Moradabad, Jyotibaphule Nagar, Rampur, Raibareily, Sitapur and
Udham Singh Nagar; Haridwar and Dehradoon in Uttaranchal. Also, Basmati rice is grown to limited
extent in Jammu and Kashmir.
5.6 .Varieties:
The important varieties of Basmati rice as notified under the seeds Act, 1966 are Basmati 386 ,
Basmati 217 , Ranbir Basmati , Karnal Local/ Taraori Basmati, Basmati 370, Type-3 (Dehradooni
Basmati), Pusa Basmati-1, Pusa Basmati 1121, Punjab Basmati-1, Haryana Basmati- 1, Ranbir Basmati
(IET-11348),Kasturi and Mahi Sugandha.
5.7. Export of rice:
5.7.1 Basmati Rice India is exporting Basmati Rice to various countries in the world. A total quantity of
7.087 lakh tones of basmati rice was exported to different countries from India during 2002-03. However,
the export increased to 31.781 lakh tonnes during 2011-12, registering an increase 348 per cent during the
last 10 years . The export increased during 2010-11 to 2011-12 and a total quantity from 23.706 to 31.781
lakh tones. The basmati rice registering a increase of 34 per cent over the export. The export of basmati
rice from 2004-05 to 2007-08 was almost static with slight increase or decrease over the years.
The export earnings from basmati rice decreased during 2006-07 over previous year. Thus, export
earnings decreased by 8.22 per cent during 2006-07 as compared to 2005-06. During 2002-03 export
earning from the export of basmati rice was

Rs. 2054.47 crores, which increased significantly to

Rs.15449.60 crores during 2011-12, registering an increase of 650.54 per cent over 2002-03.
5.7.2 Non-Basmati Rice: India is also exporting substantial quantity of non-basmati rice to various
countries in the world. However, the export of non-basmati rice has been fluctuating year to year due to
Govt. policy. The export of non-basmati rice from India during 2002-03 was 42.59 lakh tonnes, the export
rose to 52.86 lakh tones during 2007-08 and it came down to 1.006 lakh tones during 2010-11 in the last
19

nine years. The increase in export of non basmati rice during 2011-12 was 39.977 lakh tones. The export
declined from 2002-03 to 2011-12 and decrease was 6.14%.
During 2002-03, export earning from the export of non-basmati rice was Rs. 3772.77 crores and it
increased to Rs.7410.03 crores during 2007-08 registering the increase of 96.40% over the year 2002-03.
The export earning during 2009-10 & 2010-11 were Rs. 365.3 crores & Rs. 231.29 crores respectively.
The earning of non-basmati rice was the lowest during the year 2010-11 in last nine years. During 201112, export earning of non-basmati rice was Rs. 8659.126 crores the registering the increase the earning of
129.52% over the year 2002-03.
India has exported total Rice (Basmati and Non-Basmati rice) to various countries in the world. A total
quantity of rice 71.759 lakh tones was exported to different countries from India and export earning from
the export of total rice (Basmati and Non-Basmati) was Rs.24108.72 crores during 2011-12.
Thailand was the worlds leading exporter of basmati and non-basmati rices for decades. However,
due to farmers support price policy locally called pledging price, Thai importers have fallen during 2012.
It is estimated that Thailand due to this change in policy has lost 50% of its customers During 2012, it is
estimated that India exported 10 million tones of rice both basmati and non-basmati rice which is the
largest in the world Vietnam 7.2 million tones and Thailand 6.5 million tones.

20

2.5ExportofBasmatiandNonBasmatiRiceduring199192to201011
Quantityinthousandtonnes
ValueRsincore

Year

Basmati
Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

1991-92

266.53

499.18

411.94

256.41

678.47

755.59

1992-93

324.79

800.64

255.62

174.96

580.41

975.60

1993.94

527.23

1061.26

565.19

225.46

1092.42

1286.72

1994-95

442.13

865.32

448.5

340.47

890.63

1205.79

1995-96

373.31

850.67

5040.7

3717.41

5414.01

4568.08

1996-97

523.16

1247.64

1989.04

1924.72

2512.20

3172.36

1997-98

593.32

1685.62

1795.74

1985.38

2389.06

3671.00

1998-99

597.79

1876.91

4365.89

4403.85

4963.68

6280.76

1999-2000

638.38

1780.34

1257.79

1345.58

1896.17

3125.92

2000-01

849.02

2154.94

682.27

777.26

1531.29

2932.20

2001-02

667.07

1842.77

1541.49

1331.37

2208.56

3174.14

2002-03

708.79

2058.47

4259.08

3772.77

4967.87

5831.24

2003-04

771.49

1993.05

2640.57

2174.94

3412.06

4167.99

2004-05

1163.00

2823.9

3615.1

3945.02

4778.10

6768.92

2005-06

1166.57

3043.1

2921.6

3178.17

4088.17

6221.27

2006-07

1045.73

2792.81

3702.22

4243.1

4747.95

7035.91

2007-08

1183.36

4344.58

5286.08

7410.03

6469.44

11754.61

2008-09

1556.41

9477.03

931.89

1687.37

2488.3

11164.40

2009-10

2016.87

10889.46

139.54

365.3

2156.41

11254.76

2010-11 (P)

2186.45

10581.51

96.08

220.25

2282.53

10801.76

Source : Agricultural Statistics at a glance

P= Provisional

21

Total

Non Basmati

CHAPTER- 6
Genetic Potential
6.1 Biotechnology plays an important role in the field of agriculture. Biotechnology in modern parlance
especially with regard to plants and crops means under standing genetic nuances at the DNA level which
is a kind of genetic engineering. Crops are bred by pollination, cross pollination and molecular techniques.
Molecular techniques genetically modify the crops. Rice is the first food crop which has genome sequence
readily available, and so from a biotech point of view it is possible to identify the genes in rice that are
responsible for productivity, environmental adaptation and resistance to stress.
In the 1980s, tissue culture techniques were adopted for producing better rice varieties. Then Agro
bacterium tumefactions was used to implant foreign DNA in rice plants, which helped not only in
improving the genetic make-up of different varieties of rice, but also helped to study the molecular
biology of rice.
6.2. There are several ways to alter presently existing rice varieties. Now, marker-assisted methods can be
used to select the wanted genes within a species or in transgenic alien genes can be used to get particular
traits. Before molecular markers came on the scene, the evaluation of genetic factors associated with
dominant traits was done using biometrical methods. The advantage with rice is that, since rice whole
genome sequence is readily available it can be used to identify genes that are responsible for significant
phenotypic variation.
6.3- Super rice Scientists at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines have developed"
Super Rice" a high-yielding rice of the future which increases harvests by 25 percent. It is far less bushy
as each plant consists of only 10 stems or so in comparison with 20 to 25 of the traditional rice plant.
Besides that, a single super rice plant can produce 2,500 grains of rice compared to 1,500 grains from
conventional plant.
6.4 Herbicide Tolerance Rice
Repeated use of herbicides in rice fields often leads to the growth of herbicide resistant weeds.
There are hundreds of these weeds and especially Oryza rufipogon and Echinochloa crus-galli cause the
maximum problems. This means that, the rice farmer has to alternatively use several herbicides or
mixtures of different herbicides and there was no guarantee that these herbicides would be harmful to the
rice plant as well.
As herbicide tolerance was often due to a single gene, the idea has been to create rice plants with
the mammalian P450 enzyme that could detoxify several of these herbicides and make these rice plants
22

tolerant to herbicides. Now, a transgenic rice plant with human gene CYP2B6 not only give good yields
but also shows high herbicide tolerance capacity. They could detoxify several herbicides such as
thiocarbamates, oxyacetamides and 2, 6-dinitroanilines. To the farmer this is extremely beneficial in terms
of labor costs saved.
6.4 Insecticides resistance rice variety:
Insects are another cause of worry in rice fields. Bt proteins have been successful against some
insect varieties but significantly have failed against building resistance to larvae of Scirpophaga
incertulans that very much affects Asian rice fields. To solve this problem of S. incertulans the
introduction Bt genes into rice is reckoned as a possibility so that they can produce toxins that combat the
insects. Like all proteins, Bt toxins are coded for by genes (stretches of DNA found in the cells) and only a
single gene encodes each Bt toxin. Other pests that need to be countered are yellow stem border
caterpillar, and Chilo suppressalis (found in temperate areas). So bio-technology helps in avoiding the use
of insecticides that harm both the environment and the farmer.
6.5 Nutrition value
Using genetic engineering techniques rice can produce beta-carotene (pro-Vitamin A) in the seed
endosperm tissue as for example in Golden Rice (has a gene that produces vitamin A). Although the
precise amount of beta-carotene that Golden Rice variety can produce is not clear, the fact remains that it
could still be beneficial to millions of people with Vitamin-A deficiency that could possibly lead to
blindness. Similarly research is underway to fortify rice with iron using molecular assisted breeding
techniques as it could help reduce anemia in women. These efforts are particularly important, as rice being
a staple food is the best mechanism to deliver nutrients to the needy, but nevertheless should not be seen
as a substitute to an otherwise balanced diet. Rice milk, rice flour and rice grain cereals, are specially
benefited with the emphasis on nutritional fortification of rice.
6.6 Genetically Modified Rice
In the long run, biotechnology aims to increase the productivity of rice farming through introduction
of transgenic traits and help the developing world prepare adequately for food security. In this regard
agronomists use the genetic make up of rice to plan its future evolutionary course. Although advances in
plant genetic engineering may offer even better opportunities for the rice plant, the pace of development of
new technologies in rice farming will depend on how the new traits in the rice will be commercially
beneficial to the farming community.

23

Natural rice also known as Oryza sativa when introduced with foreign gene is known as genetically
modified rice. It's the transgenic variety of rice better in many ways as compared to the natural rice.
Different varieties of GM rice have been produced. Rice is the staple food of Asia which includes
countries like Bangladesh i.e. the largest producer of rice; half of the world's population feeds on rice.
Genes are inserted in edible parts of rice to produce beta-carotene which further produces pro-vitamin A.
The advancement in the field of biotechnology another variety of transgenic rice was produced known as
golden rice 2, having 23 times more beta-carotene than the original golden rice. It was a breakthrough in
the field of biotechnology.
6.7.Uses
GM rice has more yields as compared to the wild rice, scientists compared the per hectare
productivity of both crops and found GM crop to be 15 times more productive than the wild rice. They
will solve the problem of food shortage throughout the world.
They yield high levels of vitamin A also known as retinol, eradicating the deficiency of vitamin A
from the world, retinol keeps the moisture level of body in balance, monitors the light adjustability of
eyes, neutralizes the free radicals in the body by acting as an antioxidant. Beta carotene a precursor of
retinol is found to useful in treat of CAD (coronary artery disease). Beta carotene is produced by this crop
which is converted in to retinol in digestive system of animals. Deficiency of vitamin A in human beings
can lead to blindness; most vulnerable to these syndromes are children and pregnant women.
6.8 Hazards
As they are new and have not undergone many tests, so the harmful side effects they can have on
human health are not known . They can cause many types of allergies in humans leaving them sick.
Scientists are confused about the amount of vitamin A available to the people after proper cooking of this
golden rice. People will stop consuming wild rice once this golden rice is made public so we'll lose the
natural rice. They are low in nutritional value as compared to the wild rice except the beta-carotene
because they are modified to produce higher beta carotene.

24

Chapter 7
Crop Production Practices :

7.1 In India Rice is mainly grown in two types of soils i.e., (i) uplands and (ii) low lands. The method of
cultivation of rice in a particular region depends largely on factors such as situation of land, type of soils,
irrigation facilities, availability of labourers intensity and distribution of rainfalls. The crop of rice is
grown with the following methods :(i) Dry or Semi-dry upland cultivation
(a) Broadcasting the seed
(b) Sowing the seed behind the plough or drilling.
(ii) Wet or lowland cultivation
(a) Transplanting in puddled fields.
(b) Broadcasting sprouted seeds in puddled fields.
7.2 Selection of Seeds
The use of quality seeds in cultivation of rice is an important factor to get better crop yield. Therefore,
proper care has to be taken in selecting seeds of the best quality. Much of the success in raising the healthy
seedlings depends on the quality of seed. Seeds intended for sowing should satisfy the following
requirements :a. The seed should belong to the proper variety, which is proposed to be grown.
b. The seed should be clean and free from obvious mixtures of other seeds.
c. The seed should be mature, well developed and plump in size.
d. The seed should be free from obvious signs of age or bad storage
e. The seed should have a high germinating capacity.
Before sowing the seed should be treated with fungicides which protects the seed against soil-born fungi
and also give a boost to the seedlings.

25

7.3 Methods of Nursery Raising

There are three major methods of raising nursery - viz.
i.

The dry nursery where the dry seed is sown in dry soil. This method is practiced in areas where
water is not sufficient to grow seedlings in wet nursery

ii.

Wet nursery where sprouted seed is sown on the moist puddled soil. Wet nurseries are preferred
under irrigated condition

iii.

And the "dapog" method. This method of raising nursery has been introduced in India from
Philippines.

"Dapog" method is commonly prevalent in Philippines. The essential feature of this method is to have a
very thick stand of the nursery seedlings without any contact with the soil. Generally, seedlings become
ready for transplanting in 12 to 14 days.
7.4 Seed Rate
The seed rate naturally influences the growth of the seedlings. Thin sowing gives strong and
tillered seedlings, whereas thick sowing provides thin and tall seedlings without tillers. Thin sowing in
nurseries is always better and it will produce strong and sturdy seedlings, which can withstand adverse
climatic conditions better and produce better yields. Therefore, 40 to 60 grams of seed per square metre
should be sown in the nursery beds. About 500 square metre area of nursery is sufficient to transplant one
hectare area. In case of late sowing of nursery, the nursery area should be increased to 750-1000 square
metre.
7.5 Transplanting
Before transplanting, field should be puddled properly with bullock or tractor drawn puddlers.
Puddling is a very important operation in transplanted rice. Puddling helps to kill the weeds and buries
them in puddled soils. It also suppresses the germination of weeds in subsequent growing period of crop.
Puddling keeps the soil surface in a more even condition, besides creating beneficial physical, biological
and chemical conditions for rice plant growth.
Transplanting should be done with proper age of seedlings. In case of short duration varieties, the
seedlings should be uprooted from the nursery beds for transplanting , when it is three to four weeks old.
In case of medium and long duration varieties, four to five weeks old seedlings should be transplanted.
Always healthy seedlings should be used for transplanting at the four to five leaf stage or when they are
26

about 15-20 cms. high. As far as possible, delayed transplanting should be avoided because it leads to
poor tillerings, early flowering of the main tillers and resulting in reduction in yield. In alkaline soils aged
seedlings of 45 days old should be transplanted because old seedlings establish better than young
seedlings of 25 days age or so.
7.6 Spacing
Under good management and adequate nitrogen levels, the optimum spacing for varieties like IR-8
should be around 20x10 cms both for kharif and rabi crops. With excellent cultural practices, the spacing
may be slightly wider, say 20x15 cms but under sub-normal conditions, the spacing should be slightly
narrower, say 15x10 cms.
7.7 Number of Seedlings per Hill
Transplanting two to three seedlings per hill under normal conditions is enough. The use of more
seedlings per hill, besides not being any additional advantage, involves an extra expense on seedlings. In
case of transplanting with old seedlings, the number of seedlings per hill can be increased.
7.6 Depth of Planting and Directions of Rows
Depth of planting has assumed considerable importance after the introduction of high yielding
varieties. The high yielding varieties are characterized with high tillering capacity. The high tillering
potential of these varieties is, however, best expressed with shallow planting. The tiller buds formed at the
basal node are not suppressed in case of shallow plantings . Therefore, the seedlings should be
transplanted at 2 to 3 cm depth. Shallow planting gives better yields. The deeper planting results in an
increased height of the plants besides delays and inhibits tillering.
The crop planted with rows running in the north-south direction generally gives better yield particularly in
rabi season. The adoption of this practice is worthwhile, since it does not involve any extra expenditure.
7.9 Practices in the Direct-Seeded Crops
The success of the direct seeded rice depends entirely on the monsoon rains, besides proper stand
of crop. If sowing is done in a properly prepared land, proper stand of crop can be achieved. A field with
fine tilth facilitates the seed to come in contact with the soil moisture after drilling and enables the seed to
germinate quickly and uniformly. Thus, an ideal preparation of the land will help to achieve a uniform
stand, facilitate weeding and fertilizer practices. Therefore, with number of ploughings of the field and
timely sowing, the direct seeded crop generally gives better yield.

27

7.10 Different Methods of Seeding

Seeding is done in three different ways - viz. (i) drilling i.e. sowing in the furrow behind a plough,
(ii) dibbling and (iii) broadcasting. The light soils which generally come into conditions quickly, any
method can be adopted. Seeding with drilling method has got a greater advantage over other methods,
because of the uniformity of the stand and the control of the population of the plants per unit area. Heavy
soils which do not come in conditions quickly, other methods except broadcasting are not feasible. It has
been found that drilling or dibbling always gives considerably better yields than broadcasting system.
7.11 Broadcasting Sprouted Seeds in Puddled Land
This method is adopted in an area where agricultural labourers are not easily available for
transplanting or some time labourers are very expensive. In this method field is prepared and puddled just
like in the case of transplanting. About 100 kg seed is required for one hectare area. In the puddled field
sprouted seeds with radical length of one to two millimeter are uniformly broadcast by hand.
7.12 Manure and Fertilizer Application
7.12.1 Organic manures are as much as important for rice cultivation as inorganic fertilizers. In case of
upland rice cultivation, the use of bulky organic manure is very much desirable in order to maintain the
physical condition of the soil and also to increase the water holding capacity of the soil for maximum
utilization of rain water. In upland fields 10-15 tonnes of well rotted Farm Yard Manure or compost
should be applied in one hectare area preferably 4 to 6 weeks before sowing. Organic manures should be
spread evenly on the upper surface of the soil and ploughed in to get it well mixed in the soil.
7.12.2 Application of chemical fertilizers depends basically upon (i) fertility states of the field and (ii)
previous crop grown and amount of organic manure applied. Before deciding the fertilizer dose, soil is
required to be got tested to know the status of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. After
testing the soil, fertilizer dose should be calculated accordingly.
Soil fertility status varies in different agroclimatic zones to a considerable extent. Therefore, common
fertilizer dose can not be recommended for all regions. The Department of Agriculture of various states
and State Agriculture University have formulated fertilizer recommendations for rice crop in their states
keeping in view the variability in soil fertility and local conditions. The fertilizer dose recommendation by
the Agriculture Department in different states are given in Table

28

7.12.3 Application of fertilizer in transplanted rice field is quite different from upland rice. A series of
reactions-physical, chemical and biological take place in transplanted rice fields due to presence of excess
water in the field. In the root zone anaerobic environment is formed from aerobic condition due to
depletion of oxygen in the soil profile, which is responsible for gaseous loss of nitrogen fertilizer due to
de-nitrification process. This anaerobic environment also affects the behavior of phosphorus and micronutrients specially iron and manganese.
7.12.4 The soil in the transplanted rice fields after puddling develops two zones in water logged
conditions. The upper layer of soils (1 to 10 milli metre thick) generally receives Oxygen periodically
from fresh supplies of irrigation water and turns in to brown colour called "Oxidised zone" and reacts like
an unflooded upland soil. The remaining lower portion of puddled soil without oxygen is called "reduced
zone". When ammonical nitrogen fertilizer is applied in such soils, it gets oxidised to nitrate (NO3 ) form
in the oxidised zone (upper surface layer of the soil). Afterwards nitrate nitrogen is leached down to the
reduced zone and further gets denitrified to gaseous nitrogen. This gaseous nitrogen is lost. If ammonical
nitrogen is incorporated in to the reduced zone of the soil, where it is held, the loss can be prevented.
Fertilizers containing nitrogen in the nitrate form are more susceptible to loss of nitrogen through leaching
and de-nitrification process. Therefore, ammonical form of nitrogen is found more beneficial for rice crop.
7.12.5 Due to variation in soil fertility, rainfall and climatic condition, a common dose of fertilizer can not
be recommended for all regions. However, in general a level of 30 to 40 kg of nitrogen per hectare in
kharif and 60 to 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare in rabi appears to be the optimum dose for the tall indicas
and double that level for the high yielding varieties on soils of average fertility in the southern and eastern
regions. In the northern region, where sunshine is available for longer hours, higher dose of nitrogen is
beneficial in the kharif season.
7.12.6 The maximum efficiency can be obtained in the direct seeded upland rice by applying 50 per cent
nitrogen dose, three weeks after seeding, 30 per cent at 45 days age and the rest at the boot-leaf stage.
In order to obtain better results, full dose of phosphorus, potash and half dose of nitrogen should be
applied before last puddling. Remaining half dose of nitrogen should be applied in two equal doses, first at
tillering stage and second dose at panicle initiation stage.
7.13 Water Management
The water requirement of rice crop is comparatively higher than any other crop of the similar
duration. Assured and timely supply of irrigation water has a considerable influence on the yield of the
crop. During the crop growth period, the water requirement is generally high at the initial seedling
29

establishment stage. After the transplanting , water should be allowed to stand in the field at a depth of
two to five centimeters till the seedlings are well established. The second, the most important critical stage
is tillering to flowering and in this period the crop should not be subjected to soil moisture stress. The
water supply should be ensured in required amount during panicle initiation to flowering stage. About five
centimeters depth of water should be maintained in the field up to the dough stage of the crop. Before
harvesting, water should be drained out from the field to allow quick and uniform maturity of grain.
7.14 Harvesting and Threshing
The maximum quantity and better quality paddy and rice depend on the harvesting of the crop at
the correct maturity stage. Therefore, it is of the paramount importance to harvest the crop at suitable time.
Harvesting of the crop when it is not fully matured might result in loss of yield with poor quality grains. If
harvesting is delayed, grain may be lost due to damage by rats, birds, insects, shattering and lodging.
Thus, timely harvesting ensures better yield, good quality of grains, consumer acceptance and less
breakage when milled. The right stage for harvesting as commonly understood by laymen is when
panicles turn into golden yellow and the grains contain about 20 percent moisture. When the moisture in
the paddy grains reaches 16-17 percent in the standing crop in the fields, the crop sustains a heavy loss
owing to shattering and damage by birds and rodents.
Extensive studies have been carried out on specifying the optimum time of harvesting. Based on the
results of the various studies, in general, three criteria are taken into consideration to specify the right time
of harvesting viz. (i) the moisture content of the grains, (ii) the number of days after planting or flowering
and (iii) the dry matter of the plant or seed.
The most common and old methods of threshing of paddy is trampling by bullocks or lifting the bundles
and striking them on the raised wooden platform. Now pedal threshers are being used. Power driven
stationary threshers are also used for quick threshing.
7.15 Rice Growing Season in India:
7.15.1 In India rice is grown under widely varying conditions of altitude and climate . Therefore, the rice
growing seasons vary in different parts of the country, depending upon temperature, rainfall, soil types,
water availability and other climatic conditions. In eastern and southern regions of the country, the mean
temperature is found favourable for rice cultivation through out the year. Hence, two or three crops of rice
are grown in a year in eastern and southern states. In northern and western parts of the country, where
rainfall is high and winter temperature is fairly low, only one crop of rice is grown during the month from
May to November. There are three seasons for growing rice in India viz.- autumn, winter and summer.
30

These three seasons are named according to the season of harvest of the crop. Autumn rice is known as
pre-kharif rice. The sowing of pre-kharif rice is taken up during May to August. However, the time of
sowing slightly differs from state to state according to weather condition and rainfall pattern. It is
harvested in September-October. Autumn rice crop is know as 'Aus' in West Bengal, 'Ahu' in Assam,
'Beali' in Orissa, 'Bhadai' in Bihar, 'Virippu' in Kerala and 'Kuruvai/kar/ Sornavari' in Tamil Nadu. About
7 per cent crop is grown in this season. The varieties grown during this season are mostly varieties of short
duration ranging from 90 to 110 days.
7.15.2 The main rice growing season in the country is the 'Kharif'. It is known as winter rice as per the
harvesting time. The sowing time of winter (kharif) rice is June-July and it is harvested in NovemberDecember. Winter rice is know as 'Aman' in West Bengal, 'Sali' in Assam, 'Sarrad' in Orissa, 'Agahani' in
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, 'Sarava' in Andhra Pradesh, 'Mundakan' in Kerala and 'Samba/Thaladi' in Tamil
Nadu. About 84 percent of the country's rice crop is grown in this season and generally, medium to long
duration varieties are grown in this season.
7.15.3 Summer rice is called as Rabi rice. It is known as 'Boro' in Assam and West Bengal, 'Dalua'in
Orissa, 'Dalwa' in Andhra Pradesh, 'Punja' in Kerala and 'Navarai' in Tamil Nadu and 'Garma' in Bihar.
The sowing time of summer rice is November to February and harvesting time is March to June. The area
under summer rice is only 9 per cent and early maturing varieties are mostly grown in this season.
7.15.4 The sowing/harvesting period of autumn, winter and summer rice, region/state-wise are shown
below
Autumn
Region/state

Sowing

Winter
Harvesting Sowing

Summer
Harvesting

A. Northern Region
a. Haryana

May-Aug

Sep- Nov

b. Punjab

May-Aug

Sep- Nov

c. West U.P

June-July

Sep-Nov

d. H.P

June-July

Sep-Nov

e. J& K

Apr-July

Sep-Dec

a. Gujrat

Jun-Aug

Oct-Dec

b. Maharashtra

Jun-Aug

Oct-Dec

c. Rajashthan

July-Aug

Oct-Dec

B. Western Region

31

Sowing

Harvesting

C. North Eastern Region

a. Assam

Mid Feb-Apr

June July

June-Aug

Nov-Dec

Dec-

May-June

Feb
b. East M.P

June-Aug

Mid SepMid Dec

c. Orissa

May -June

Sep-Oct

June-Aug

Dec-Jan

Sec-Jan

d. East U.P

May-July

Sep-Nov

July-Aug

Nov-Dec

Jan-Feb Apr-June

Mar-June
(Broadcasting)
May-June
(Transplanting)

Nov-Dec

Oct-

e. West

Mar-June
July-Nov
(Broadcasting)
Bengal
May-June
(Transplanting)
D. Southern Region
a. A. P.
b.

Karnataka
c. Kerala

Kar

Feb

July-Aug

May-June

Nov-Decd-

Dec-Jan

Apr-May

May-Aug

Sep-Dec

June-Oct

Nov-Mar

Dec-Feb

Apr-July

April-June

Aug-Oct

Sep-Oct

Jan-Feb

Dec-Jan

Mar-Apr

Early Samba

Late Samba

April-may

July-Aug

June-July

Nov-Dec

OctNov

Mar-Apr

May-June

Aug-Sep

July-Aug

Dec-Jan

Dec-Jan

Apr-May

THALADI/Pishanam
Kuruvai

June-July

Sep-Oct

Sep-Oct

32

April- May

Mar apr

E. Tamil Nadu
Sonavari

May-june

Dec-Jan

Chapter 8
CROPPING PATTERNS
8.1 India has a wide range of soil and climatic conditions and cropping pattern vary widely from region to
region and to a lesser extent from one year to another year. In fact for deviding cropping patterns, it is
necessary to divide the country into homogeneous regions based on physical, climatological or agronomic.
While making division, the climatic index and the soil group may be taken into consideration. The soil and
the climate are the important factors for adoption of cropping patterns, hence they constitute a better
criterion for crop-zoning.
8.2 During the first decade of planning i.e., from 1950-51 to 1960-61, there was not much change in the
cropping patterns in spite of significant increase of about 22 million ha. in cropped area. The proportion of
area under rice and wheat together remained around 30 per cent (2010-10) of the total cropped area in the
country during 1950-51 to 1960-61. Adoption of high yielding varieties on a large scale, increased use of
fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and expansion in irrigated areas led to shifting in areas towards
crops in which the impact of improved production technology on yield was apparent. Area under rice as
proportion of total cropped area is about 26 per cent (2011-12).
8.3 The cropping pattern in different Agro-climatic zones has been adopted by the farmers after long
experience based on suitability of soil, profitability, availability of market and industrial infrastructure and
quantum of water available. Techniques such as relay cropping, inter cropping, mixed cropping, minimum
tillage, weed control and use of fertilizers and pesticides have helped not only in reducing the cost of
cultivation but also in sustaining high level of production over a period of time. Scientific cropping
patterns can actually result in increased soil productivity by improving the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soils and increasing the fertility status.
Some of the rice based cropping patterns being followed in the country are discussed below :8.3.1 Rice-Rice-Rice: This crop rotation is most suitable for areas having high rainfall and assured
irrigation facilities in summer months, particularly, in soils which have high water holding capacity and
low rate of infiltration. In some canal irrigated areas of Tamil Nadu, a cropping pattern of 300per cent
intensity is followed. In such areas three crops of rice are grown in a year.
8.3.2 Rice-Rice-Cereals (other than rice): This cropping pattern is being followed in the areas where the
water is not adequate for taking rice crop in summer. The alternate cereal crops to rice being grown are
Ragi, Maize and Jowar.

33

8.3.3 Rice-Rice-Pulses: In the areas where, there is a water scarcity to take up cereal crops other than rice
in summer, the short duration pulse crops are being raised.
8.3.4 Rice-Groundnut: This cropping pattern is being followed by the farmers of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala. After harvesting of rice crop, groundnut is grown in summer.
8.3.5 Rice-Wheat: This crop rotation has become dominant cropping pattern in the Northern parts of the
country.
8.3.6 Rice-Wheat-Pulses: In this sequence of cropping pattern, after harvesting of wheat, green gram and
cowpea as fodder are grown in the alluvial soil belt of Northern states. Besides, cowpea is grown in red
and yellow soils of Orissa and black gram is grown in the black soils.
8.3.7 Rice-Toria-Wheat: This crop sequence is commonly followed in Northern parts of the country.
Among the above mentioned cropping patterns followed in the country, Rice-wheat cropping pattern is the
largest one. The Rice-wheat cropping pattern is being practiced in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India since
long time.
8.3.8 Rice-Fish farming system:The field with sufficient water retaining capacity for a long period and
free from heavy flooding are suitable for rice-fish farming system. This system is being followed by the
small and marginal poor farmers in rain fed lowland rice areas. These farmers are not able to invest much
in agricultural development. They raise a modest crop of traditional low yielding rice varieties. In order to
improve the economic condition of these farmers has been developed.
*************

34

Chapter 9

Rice Milling And Its Products

9.1 Rice Milling:
Paddy in its raw form cannot be consumed by human beings. It needs to be suitably processed for
obtaining rice. Rice milling is the process which helps in removal of hulls and barns from paddy grains to
produce polished rice. Rice forms the basic primary processed product obtained from paddy and this is
further processed for obtaining various secondary and tertiary products. The basic rice milling processes
consist of Pre Cleaning, De-stoning, Parboiling, Husking, Husk Aspiration (Separating the husk from
brown rice/ unhusked paddy), Paddy Separation (Separating the unhusked paddy from brown rice),
Whitening(

Removing all or part of the bran layer and germ from brown rice), Polishing (Improving

the appearance of milled rice by removing the remaining bran particles and by polishing the exterior of
the milled kernel), Length Grading (Separating small and large brokens from head rice), Blending
(Mixing head rice with predetermined amount of brokens, as required by the customer), Weighing and
bagging (Preparing the milled rice for transport to the customer).
9.2 Types of Rice Mill
Many of the rice processing units in India are of the traditional huller type and are inefficient.
Modern rice mills are having high capacity and are capital intensive, although efficient small modern rice
mills have been developed. Most of the small size mills are huller mills. Other various types are Battery of
Huller mills, Huller-cum-Sheller mills, Sheller mills and modern mills. The process for modernization of
rice milling industry in the country was initiated in 1970 with a view to obtaining higher yields of rice and
better quality of by-products such as bran and husk, suitable for edible oil/industrial oil extraction and as a
source of fuel respectively.
9.3 Traditional Method: Before the advent of mechanical milling, hand-pounding traditional method of
rice milling was in practice. In fact, hand-pounding rice has got more nutritive value as compared to
machine milling rice. In hand-pounding, a variety of implements is used such as:

Mortor and Pestle

Dhenki

Hand Stone (Chakki)

9.4 Mechanical Method :With the introduction of mechanized mills, hand-pounding method has steadily
decreased because it could not compete with machine mills. The conventional mills in use can be
categorized into three main types:

Huller mills

Sheller-Huller mills
35

Sheller cum Cone Polisher mills.

9.6 Rice Products

Rice is the primary source of carbohydrates and protein besides, rice also contains small quantities
of fat, ash, fibre and moisture. Vitamins and mineral are present largely in bran and germ. Its byproducts
form important components of poultry and dairy feed. The byproducts which we get from paddy milling
are rice bran and husk. The amount of rice bran is approximately five per cent of paddy processed. The
rice bran is a pericarp or outer cuticle layer that remains beneath the hull. It gets removed during the
milling process. About two decades back, rice bran was considered almost a waste and hence most of it
was burnt. It is now viewed to have high nutritive value. Being rich in protein and natural BVitamin, rice
bran is used as a cattle feed. The rice bran processing has now gained momentum, with increasing
consumer demand for bran oil, extracted from bran.
9.7 Use of Rice and its By products like rice husk, rice bran and paddy straw
Rice plants produces approximately50% rough rice and another 50% straw on weight basis. The
rough rice, on milling, produces brown rice, milled rice, germ, bran, broken and husk. Each of these
components has unique properties and can be used in anumber ofways. The utilization pattern of these
components directly or as derivatives decides the extent of value addition in rice.
9.7.1 Utilization of Rice Straw:

At farmers levels, rice straw is mainly used for thatching, as cattle feed and the woody portion as
fuel. Some times a portion of the straw is ploughed back in to the soil to be reused as bio-fertilizer.

In handi craft industry, rice straw is usedin making certain fancy products like bags, wall hanging
etc.

Rice straw along with others fibrous materials can be used to prepare pulp for making boards and
papers.

Rice straw is cut in to pieces and then used for making beds for growing mushroom.

9.7.2 Utilization of Paddy:

Paddy is mainly used for consumption as whole milled rice either in raw or parboiled condition.

Beaten rice is a value added products made from paddy and is popular in all parts of India. People
of all age groups from all sections like it and thus it is a mass consuption item.

Paddy when directly propped in hot sandproduces a white expanded productcalled khai. After
removing the husk, it is consumed as a snack food.

9.7.3 Utilization of brown rice:

36

When the outer most layer of paddy (husk) is removed, the resultant product is the brown rice. It is
rich in vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6 and Iron as compared to polished white rice. Brown rice can be stored well
in hermetic storageor freezing condition.
9.7.4 Utilization of polished white rice:
Polished white rice is mainly consumed as a staple food after cooking. A few value added product like
quick cooking rice and rice cake canbe produced from this white rice.
9.7.5 Utilization of parboiled rice:
Parboiled rice is also consumed as a staple food in many parts of India.value of this product mainly
depends on its quality intermsof size (short & long),colour, texture, smelletc.The few value added
products that can be made from parboiled rice are: quick cooking parboiled rice and puffed rice. Furthur
value can be added to the puffed rice by making puffed rice balls with jaggery and other ingredients.
9.7.6 Utilization of rice broken:

The broken rice which brings one third the value of whole rice grain in the market for direct
consumption such as in the form of Idli/ Dosa or sold as poultry feed. This low valuematerial can
be converted into several value added products like ricenoodels, vermicelli, rice alcohol, rice flour
and rice ethanol.

Rice flour is used in many foods including baby foods, chips and crackers. The unique properties
of rice flour also make it a prime candidate for producing resistant starch, a food ingredient that
acts like a fiber in the human body and thus provides thehealth benefits of fiber.

Gluten free rice bread is a highly popular value-added product made from rice broken on old rice
stocks in Japan.

9.7.7 Utilization of rice husk:

Potential availability of rice husk in the country as a by-product of milling industry is about 24
million tons annually. As a renewable resource, its proper utilization would add enough valueto the
rice crop. The two major components like carbon & silica present in the rice husk make it possible to
develop several value added products.
(a)Direct use of husk:
Use of husk for production of thermal energy using various types of furnaces is quite common
these days.Some other uses of husk areas soil mulch, poultry litter, making particle board, insulation
material, packing material etc.
(b)Products based on carbon compounds:
It is possible to convert the carbon compounds by a process similar to dry distillation of wood such
as producer gas, furfural, activated charcoal, lignins, oxalic acid and bear like beverage.
37

 Products based on silica content:

Silica is extracted from rice husk either in the formof sodium silicate or by burning the husk as
fuel to produce ash, which mostly contains silica.

Crude ash obtained from husk fired furnace is used as insulation covers for stell ingots,
abrasives in metal cleaning, carrier for fungicides, insecticides and catalysts,floor sweeping
aid,light weight refractory bricks, lime silica bricks and sodium silicate.

High purity silica for production of sintered glassware can be obtained from husk ash by acid
leaching.

High purity silicon powder can be produced by reducing the high purity husk silica by metals
like magnesium or calcium.

9.7.8 Utilization of rice bran:

Rice bran is the most valuable by-product of rice milling industry. It contains 18-20% of fat,
14-15 % protein and to some extent of minirals and vitamins. Usually solvent extraction
method is employed to extract oil from rice bran. Maximum cash benefit is therefore possible
through judicious use of rice bran in a variety of ways.

The crude rice bran oil can be used for manufacturing of soap,enamel paints, varnishes,
detergent,metal soap and squalene (for skin disease) can be extracted from crude bran oil.

The edible grade rice bran oil can be prepared by refining the crude oil in order to make the
refining process economical, the oil may either be extracted or the bran should be stabilized
immediately after its removal from brown rice. The free fatty acid of rice bran other wise
increases very rapidly owing to the presence of lipase making the oil uneconomical for
refining. Stabilization can be done either by acid treatment or dry/wet heat treatment.

De-oiled bran is most commonly used as animal feed or as fertilizer.

38

Chapter 10
Pest, Diseases and Weeds of Rice
10.1 Pests and diseases of Rice
(a) Important Pest
Stage
Nursery

Pests
Control measures
Stem-borer, gall midge, For insect-pests and nematodes, apply Phorate 10 G @ 12.5
kg/ha or Fipronil 0.3 G @ 33 kg/ha of nursery, 5 to 7 days
thrips,
root-knot
before pulling the seedlings for transplanting or spray with
nematode,
root
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2,500 ml/ha or Quninalphos 25 EC
nematode and white tip
@ 2,000 ml/ha.
nematode
In the stem-borer endemic areas, install pheromone traps with
5 mg lure @ 8 traps/ha for pest monitoring and 20 traps/ha
for direct control through mass trapping

Vegetative
stage

Stem-borer

In gall midge/stem-borer-endemic areas apply phorate 10

G/ha 5 to 7 days before pulling the seedlings for
transplanting.

Clipping of leaf tips of the seedlings at the time of

transplanting will help in destruction of egg masses.
Removal of excess nursery and incorporation into soil.
Clean cultivation and destruction of stubbles.
Apply Cartap 4 G @ 25 kg/ha or Phorate 10 G @ 10 kg/ha or
Fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha or Chlorpyriphos 10 G @ 10
kg/ha.
Install pheromone traps with 5 mg lure @ 8 traps/ha for pest
monitoring or 20 traps/ha for direct control through mass
trapping. Replace lures at 25 to 30 days interval during the
crop period.
Inundative release of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma
japonicum 5 to 6 times @ 100,000 adults/ha starting from 15
days after transplanting.

Gall midge
Green leafhopper

Hispa

Apply Fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha or Phorate 10 G @ 10

kg/ha
Spray Carbaryl 50 WP @ 900 g ha or BPMC 50 EC @ 600
ml/ha or Acephate 50 WP @ 700 g/ha or Ethofenprox 10 Ec
@ 500 ml/ha or Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 125 ml/ha or
Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 100 g/ha or Clothianidin 50 WDG
30 g/ha. Alternatively, apply Phorate 10 G @ 12.5 kg/h or
Fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha.
Spray Triazophos 40 EC @ 400 ml/ha or Phosalone 35 EC @
850 ml/ha or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 1,500 ml/ha or
39

Leaf folder

Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1,200 ml/ha or Ethofenprox 10 EC @

450 ml/ha or Fipronil 5 SC @ 600 ml/ha
Spray Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 1,500 ml/ha or Cartap 50 WP
@ 600 g/ha or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1,200 ml/ha or Acephate
50 WP @ 700 g/ha or Fipronil 5 SC @ 600 ml/ha or
Phosalone 35 EC @ 850 ml/ha or Carbaryl 50 WP @ 900 g/ha
or Triazophos 40 EC @ 400 ml/ha or apply Cartap 4 g @ 25
kg/ha
Inundative release of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis 5
to 6 times @ 100,000 adults/ha starting from 15 days after
transplanting

Whorl maggot
Case worm

Mealy bug
Reproductive Stem-borer
Stage

Apply Fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @

1,500 ml/Ha
Drain water from the field and spray Carbaryl 50 WP @ 900
g/ha or apply Carbaryl dust @ 30 kg/ha
Spot application of Phorate 10 G granules
Spray Cartap 50 WP @ 800 g/ha or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @
2,000 ml/ha or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1,600 ml/h

Brown
planthopper,
White
backed
planthopper

Spray Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 125 ml/ha or Thiamethoxam 25

WG @ 100 g/ha or Ethofenprox 10 EC @ 500 ml/ha or
Acephate 50 WP @ 950 g/ha or BPMC 50 EC @ 600 ml/ha or
Carbaryl 50 WP @ 900 g/ha

Green leafhopper

Spray Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 125 ml/ha or Thiamethoxam 25

WG @ 100 g/ha or Ethofenprox 10 EC @ 500 ml/ha or
Acephate 50 WP @ 950 g/ha or BPMC 50 EC @ 600 ml/ha or
Carbaryl 50 WP @ 900 g/ha

Leaf folder

Spray Cartap 50 WP @ 800 g/ha or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @

2,000 ml/ha or Phosalone 35 EC @ 1,100 ml/ha or Quinalphos
25 EC @ 1,600 ml/ha or Triazophos 40 EC @ 500 ml/ha or
apply Cartap 4 G @ 25 kg/ha
Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1,600 ml/ha or Chlorpyriphos 20
EC @ 2,000 ml/ha or Carbaryl 50 WP @ 1,500 g/ha or
Phosalone 35 EC @ 1,100 ml/ha
Spray Sulphur wettable powder @ 3 g/litre, Dicofol @ 5.0
/ml/litre or Profenophos 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/litre water.

Ear-cutting caterpillar/
cut worm
Leaf/Panicle mite

Gundhi bug

Spray Carbaryl 50 WP @ 1,500 g/ha during afternoon hours.

Dust Malathion or Carbaryl @ 30 kg of the formulation/ha

40

(b) Important diseases :

Disease/Crop States/Places endemic
stage/season
Leaf blast is favoured by the low night
Leaf blast
o
Nursery and temperature (22-28 C), high relative humidity
(>95%), dew deposit, leaf wetness for more than
vegetative
10 hours and high nitrogen. The disease is a
Kharif
and serious problem in upland, irrigated and hilly
rabi
ecosystems. In high rainfall zones (rainfall
>_1,500 mm) of north and north-eastern India,
the disease is prevalent during June-September.
In Western and Central India (rainfall around
1,000 mm) the disease occurs during AugustOctober. In Southern India blast mainly occurs
in dry season during November-February.
During kharif season, the disease is prevalent
throughout the rice-growing areas in India
especially in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Asom, Tripura, West Bengal, Orissa, parts of
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu.
During rabi season, the disease is prevalent in
Southern States like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka. The disease is also common on
boro rice in the states of Asom, Tripura, Eastern
Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal.
The neck blast phase of the disease is prevalent
Neck blast
Flowering
in the states like Andhra Pradesh, Asom,
and
after Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
kharif/rabi
Orissa and Uttarakhand. The disease is of
common occurrence in boro rice in the states of
Asom and Tripura.
Sheath blight
Maximum
tillering,
panicle
initiation to
booting stage
kharif/rabi.

Sheath blight is a serious problem in coastal and

high rainfall areas. The disease is mostly
prevalent in areas where the relative humidity is
very high (above 95%), the temperature is
moderate (28-32 0C) and N application is high.
The disease is prevalent in moderate to severe
form in states like Andhra Pradesh(coastal),
41

Control measures
In endemic areas, adopt seed
treatment with Tricyclazole 75
WP @ 2 g/kg or Carbendazim 50
WP @ 1 g/kg.
Spray Tricyclazole 75 @ 0.6
g/litre or Carpropamid 30 SC @
1ml/litre.
or
Isoprothiolane 40 EC @ 1.5
ml/litre or Iprobenphos 48 EC @
2ml/litre or Propiconazole 25 EC
@ 1ml/litre or Kasugamycin-B 3
SL@2.5 ml/litre or Carbendazim
50 WP @ 1 g/litre.
Grow resistant/tolerant varieties
like Rasi, IR 64, Prasanna, IR 36,
Vikas, Tulasi, Sasyasree etc.

Spray Tricyclazole 75 WP @ 0.6

g/litre or Carpropamid 30 SC @ 1
ml/litre or Isoprothiolane 40 EC
@ 1.5 ml/litre or Iprobenphos 48
EC @ 2 ml/litre or Propiconazole
25 EC @ 1 ml/litre or
Carbendazim 50 WP @ 1 g/litre.
Spray Validamycin 3 L @ 2.5
ml/litre or Thifluzamide 24 SC
@ 0.75 g/litre or Hexaconazole 5
EC @ 2 ml/litre or Propiconazole
25
EC
@
1ml/litre
or
Carbendazim 50 WP @ 1g/litre
Reduce or delay the top-dressing

Asom, Bihar, parts of Chhattisgarh, Orissa,

eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala,
Haryana and Punjab. In boro season the disease
has been observed regularly in moderate form in
the states of Asom, Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Brown spot is problem mainly during kharif
Brown spot
Vegetative
season especially in uplands and hill ecosystem.
stage
The disease also assumes a serious proportion in
Kharif/rabi
irrigated ecosystem especially in ill-managed
plots. The disease is predominant in Jharkhand,
eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, tarai
region of West Bengal, Orissa, Asom, Tripura,
Uttarakhand and Punjab. The boro rice the
disease has been recorded in the states of Asom,
Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
False smut of rice has emerged as a major
False smut
Postdisease in the recent years. The incidence of the
flowering
disease is particularly more on hybrid varieties.
stage
The incidence of the disease is more in those
Kharif
years when spells of wet weather coincide with
the heading stage. The disease is favoured by the
prevalence of relatively low temperature and
high humidity with moderate rainfall well
distributed during the period of flowering. The
incidence of the disease is more in states like
Haryana,
Punjab,
Uttarakhand,
Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Orissa, Uttar
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Sheath rot Sheath rot and grain discolouration are
and
grain especially more in crops affected by stem-borer,
discoloration rice tungro disease and various other biotic and
Postabiotic stresses. In cytoplasmic male sterile lines
flowering
(A lines ) where the emergence of the panicles is
stage
poor, the incidence of sheath rot is very high.
Kharif
Grain discolouration of rice has become a
serious problem in recent years especially when
there is post-flowering rain. A variety of microorganisms, viz. Drechslera Oryzae, Sarocladium
oryzae, Alternaria padwickii, Curvularia spp.,
Epicoccum sp., Fusarium moniliforme etc. have
been found associated with the grain
discolouratrion. These problems have become
42

or nitrogen fertilizer and apply in

2-3 splits

In endemic area, adopt seed

treatment with Carbendazim
(12%) + Mancozeb (63%)
combination 75 WP @ 2 g/kg or
Carbendazim 50 WP @ 2 g/kg or
Mancozeb (63%) 75 WP @ 2
g/litre or Mancozeb 75 WP @
2.5 g/litre
Growing of resistant/tolerant
varieties like Rasi, Jagnanath, IR
36 etc.
Spray Propiconazole 25 EC @ 1
ml/litre or Chlorothalonil 75 WP
@ 2 ml/litre or Copper
oxychloride at around flowering.

In endemic area adopt seed

treatment with Mancozeb 75 WP
@ 2.5 g/kg or Captan 50 WP

Spray Mancozeb 75 WP @ 2.5

g/kg or Propiconazole 25 EC @
1 ml/litre or Hexaconazole 5 EC
@ 2 ml/litre or Thiophanate
methyl 70 WP @ 1 g/litre.

wide spread in states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil

Nadu, Kerala, Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, West
Bengal, Asom, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,
Haryana, Punjab, Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh.

Stem rot
Panicle
initiation
booting
Kharif

Stem rot of rice has become an important disease

of rice causing substantial loss due to increased
to lodging. The disease is favoured by high N
fertilizers, high relative humidity, high
temperature and waterlogging conditions. The
disease is more in early planted crop because of
high temperature and relative humidity
prevailing during the susceptible stage of the
crop. The disease is prevalent in Haryana, Bihar,
Uttarakhand and Andhra Pradesh.

Foot rot/
Bakanae
Vegetative
Stage
Kharif

Though the disease is of limited occurrence, it

has potentiality to be highly serious. The disease
is prevalent in Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh.

Bacterial
blight
Pre-tillering
to
midtillering and
panicle
initiation to
booting
Kharif

Bacterial blight is essentially a monsoon season

disease. The intensity of the disease is much
influenced by rainfall, cloudy, drizzling and
stormy weather and high nitrogen fertilizer. The
disease is prevalent in moderate to severe form
in almost all the rice-growing areas during the
monsoon season. The disease is prevalent in
coastal Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and Asom.

Rice tungro
disease
Nursery,
tillering
Kharif

Rice tungro disease is the most important virus

disease of rice. It has been reported from many
rice-growing areas of India. The disease is
prevalent in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, parts of
Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

43

Burning the rice stubbles after

harvest.
Draining out the field.
Addition of organic
reduces the disease.

manure

Spray Iprobenphos 48 EC @ 2
g/litre of Carbendazim 50 WP @
1 g/litre or Thiophanate methyl
70 WP 1 g/litre or Isoprothiolane
40 EC @ 1.5 ml/litre.
Growing of resistant varieties
like Jalmagna, Latisali, Pankaj,
Rasi, etc.
Seed dressing with Captafol 80%
@ 4 g/kg or Mancozeb 75 WP @
2.75 g/kg.
When observed in nursery, spray
Carbendazim 50 WP @ 1 g/litre
Apply
judicious
level
of
fertilization (60-80 kg N/ha with
required level of
potassium)
without sacrificing the yield.
Apply N in 3-4 splits.
Avoid field to field irrigation.
Avoid insect damage to the crop.
Destroy infected stubbles and
weeds.
Avoid shade in the field.
Grow resistant/tolerant varieties
like Ajaya, IR 64, Radha,
Pantdhan 6, Pantdhan 10.
Remove and destroy infected
plants and apply additional
nitrogen for early recovery.
Incorporate Phorate 10 G @ 1215 kg/ha or Fipronil 0.4 G @ 25
kg/ha or nursery in top 2-5 cm
layer of the soil before sowing of
sprouted
seeds.
If
such
incorporation is not possible,

broadcast the recommended

insecticides 4-5 days after
showing in a thin film of water
and allow this water to seep
completely.
In the main crop, spray Carbaryl
50 WP @ 0.65 litre/ha or
Fipronil 5 EC @ 1 litre/ha.
Grow resistant/tolerant varieties
like Nidhi, Vikramarya, Radha,
Annapurna, Triveni etc.
10.2 Weeds of Rice
(i). Grasses, Sedges and broad leaves weeds in upland rice:
S.N
Botanical Name
Common Name
Family
Grasses
1.
Echinochloa colonum
Bansawan
Gramineae
Echinochloa crusgali
2.
Cynodon dactylon
Doob grass
Gramineae
3.
Eleusine indica
Bankodo
Gramineae
4.
Dactyloctenium
Makra
Gramineae
aegyptium
5.
Setaria glauca
Bottle grass
Gramineae
Sedges
6.
Cyperus rotundus
Motha
Cyperaceae
Broad leaves
7.
Caesulia axillarics
Thukaha(Gurguja)
Compositeae
8.
Eclipta alba
Bhangaria
Compositeae
9.
Euphoribia herita
Bari dudhi
Enphorbiaceae
10. Solanum nigrum
Ban makoy
Solanaceae
11. Leucces aspera
Gumma
Labiatae
12. Phyllanthus niruri
Hazardana
Euphorbiaceae
13. Lippia nodiflora
Mokana
Verbenaceae
(ii). Recommended dose and application time of Herbicides in Upland rice:
S.N

Herbicides

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Butachlor
Pretilachlor
Pyrazosulfuronethyl
Oxyflurofen
Anilofos

Recommended dose
(Kg a.i. ha-1)
1.5
1.0
40 g
1.5
0.2-0.4
44

Application time
Pre-emergence
Pre and early emergence
Pre and early post emergence
Pre-emergence
Pre-emergence

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Trifluralin
2,4-D
Thiobencarb
Propanil
Bentazone
Phenoxaprop-p-ethyle

1.5
1.0-1.5
1.0-1.5
2-3
2.0
100 g

Pre-plant
Post emergence
Post emergence
Post emergence
Post emergence
Early post emergence

45

Chapter 11
STORAGE

11.1 Rice storage facilities take many forms depending on the quantity of grain to be stored, the purpose
of storage, and the location of the store. In general, it is recommended that rice for food purposes be
stored in paddy form rather than milled rice as the husk provides some protection against insects and
helps prevent quality deterioration. However, when rice is stored as brown rice, 20% less storage
capacity is needed
The requirements for a good storage system include:

Prevention of moisture re-entering the grain after drying

Protection from insects, rodents and birds

Ease of loading and unloading.

Efficient use of space

Ease of maintenance and management.

11. 2 Safe Storage Conditions For Grain

Safe storage of rice for longer periods is possible if three conditions are met:

Grain is maintained at moisture levels of 14% or less and seed is stored at 12% or less

Grain is protected from insects, rodents and birds

Grain is protected from re-wetting by rain or imbibing moisture from the surrounding air.
The longer the grain needs to be stored, the lower the required moisture content will need to be. Grain and
seed stored at moisture contents above 14% may experience the growth of molds, rapid loss of viability
and a reduction in eating quality. The following table shows the safe moisture content required for
different storage periods.
Storage period

Required moisture content for Potential problems

safe storage

2 to 3 weeks
14 18 %
Molds, discoloration, respiration loss
8 to 12 months
12- 13 %
Insect damage
More than 1 9 % or less
Loss of viability
year
A rule of thumb for seed is that the life of the seed will be halved for every 1% increase in moisture
content or a 5oC increase in storage temperature.
11.3 Grain Storage systems
Grain storage systems can be classified as:-.
(a) Bag storage system. In most parts of Asia grain is stored in 40-80kg bags made from either jute
or woven plastic. Depending on the size of storage, these bags are normally formed into a stack.
When using bag storage consideration needs to be given to the following:
46

Jute bags should not be stacked higher than 4m and plastic bags 3m. Plastic bags are more slippery
and the stacks will be less stable

Bags should be stacked under cover e.g. under a roof, in a shed or granary or under water proof
tarpaulins

A one meter gap should be left between and around stacks and 1.5 meters clearance between the
top of the stack and the roof

Bags should be stacked on pallets or on an above ground structure to avoid the possibility of
absorbing moisture from the floor.

Bags should not be stacked on a bed of rice husks or bags filled with rice husks, as these are
difficult to keep free from insect infestation.

Bags should be stacked so that fumigation can be undertaken easily. The dimensions of the stacks
should be set to facilitate sealing with a single fumigation sheet.

The efficiency of bag storage can be improved if a plastic liner bag is used inside the existing
storage bag especially for seed and milled rice
Some farmers use bag storage in outside granaries, which have been constructed from timber or
mud/cement or large woven bamboo or palm leaves.
(b)
Bulk storage: At farm level grain is often stored in bulk in small outside granaries or in woven
baskets or containers made from wood, metal or concrete, which are located under or inside the house.
These storages vary in capacity from 200-000kg. Losses from insects, rodents, birds and moisture uptake
are usually high in traditional bulk storage systems.
(c)
Hermetic Sealed storage: Sealed or hermetic storage systems are a very effective means of
controlling grain moisture content and insect activity for grain stored in tropical regions. Sealed storage
containers come in all shapes and sizes. They may range from a small plastic container, a sealed 200-liter
drum to the more complex and costly sealed plastic commercial storage units. Recent technological
advances in plastic manufacturing have led to the development of PVC liners that provide the required
durability to climate, gas permeability and physical properties that enable airtight storage for extended
periods of time.
For storage of small seed lots a variety of plastic bags or packages can be used. Different types of
plastic have different resistance against transmission of water vapor. Glass jars, hard PVC or bags
containing aluminum liners or a gas barrier will provide the best protection against moisture re-entry.
11.4MajorStoragePestsinRice
Rice storage pests include insects, pathogens, rodents and birds. These pests cause losses through a
combination of feeding, spoiling and contamination of both paddy and milled grain.
Many different species of insects are found in rice but only a few are major pests. Insects in stored rice
can be classified as either primary or secondary insects. Primary Insects: These are insects whose larvae
feed entirely within the kernels of the grain. These include the rice weevil, angoumois grain moth and
lesser grain borer. Secondary Insects are insects that feed from the outside of the grain even though they
47

may chew through the outer coat and devour the inside. Two of the more prevalent secondary insects are
the Saw-toothed Grain Beetle and the Rust-red flour beetle
11.5 Management of storage insects
The management of stored grain pests should be done in a sequential and integrated manner. An
effective pest control system involves

Harvesting, drying and storage of clean dry grain

Disinfecting the storage system and

Controlling or preventing pest infestation during the storage period.

11.6 Harvesting, drying and storage

Grain must be dried to at least 14% moisture (wet basis) and seed grain should be dried to12%
moisture before storage. Grain needs to be harvested and dried so that it will not cause cracking of the
grain, as cracked grains are easier for insects to infest. This requires:

Harvesting and threshing at the correct stage of maturity (20-25% moisture content)

Drying the grain at a rate and temperature that will not damage the grain. The first stage of drying
from 25% moisture to 18% can be done at high temperatures e.g. above 50-60oC. After this the
grain needs tempering or cooling for at least 4 hours. Drying from 18% to 14% moisture should be
much slower and the temperature should not exceed 42oC.
11.7 When sun drying, the grain should be spread in thin layers, 2-5cm, and turned every 1-2 hours. When
sun-drying seed, the grain should be turned more often and not exposed to temperatures above 42oC. If
high temperatures occur the seed should be dried in the shade. New grain should not be stored near older
grain unless all insects have been eliminated from the older grain. It is preferable to store grain as paddy
or rough rice as this is less susceptible to insect attack than milled rice. Parboiled rice is also less
susceptible to damage than raw rice.
11.8 Grain stores must have a damp proof floor and have waterproof walls and roof. It is preferable to be
able to seal the storage so fumigation is possible should the need arise. Sealing the storage also helps
exclude rodents and birds. Where grain is to be stored in bags, the bags should be stacked on pallets at
least 50cm away from the walls. Hermetic storage systems have proved to be an effective means of storing
grain.
11.9 Disinfesting the storage system
Disinfestations require a systematic and thorough cleaning of all sources of infestation before
storage. Old grain residues in the storehouses, grain bins, harvesting and threshing equipment should be
treated, removed or destroyed.
Storage containers, structures and equipment can be treated with:

Malathion (50EC) at 5ml/20l of water @20ml/m2

Fenitrothion (50EC) at 5ml/l water @20ml/m2

Deltamethrin (2.5% WP) at 1.5g/l water @20ml/m2

48

If thorough cleaning of containers is not possible, the containers may need to be sealed and fumigated
with phosphine. All second hand bags should be examined and where necessary treated with either a
fumigant, insecticide or dipped in boiling water. Solutions of Malathion (50EC) and Fenitrothion (50EC)
at 5ml/20l of water and Deltamethrin (2.5% WP) at 1.5g/l water @20ml/m2 can be used for dipping the
bags.
11.10 Controlling infestations within the grain
Consumers are increasingly demanding grain that is free from live insects and free from chemical
residues caused by controlling pests. While many chemical sprays are registered for rice, some markets
will not accept grain treated with these registered chemicals. Farmers should always check with buyers to
ensure that the pest control methods intended for use will be acceptable.
The first step in controlling any infestation is to determine the level of infestation and then select
an appropriate method for control. All storage should be checked, preferably every fortnight, and at least
monthly. Random samples need to taken from all grain and tested for infestation. If there are more than 4
insects per kg some form of treatment is required. A simple rule of thumb for the number of bags to be
sampled is to use the square root of the lot size. For example if there are 100 bags in the lot, samples
should be taken from 10 bags.
11.11 Keeping Rodents Out
The requirements of preventive rodent control must be taken into account whenever new stores are
being built. Particular attention should be paid to doors, ventilation openings, brickwork and the
junctions between the roof and the walls. Repair any damage to the store immediately! This applies
especially to the doors

49

Chapter 12
RICE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

A brief description of various Rice Development Schemes implemented in the past is given below:
12.1Special Rice Production Programme (SRPP)
On the basis of experience gained and constraints identified in different blocks during the
implementation of the Pilot Project in 1984-85, a full fledged Centrally Sponsored Special Rice
Production Programme-SRPP was started from 1985-86.The objective of the scheme was to bring the
substantial increase in the productivity of low productivity areas. For implementation of the scheme,
1/5th of the total number of blocks in the States of Assam, Bihar, Eastern Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,
Eastern Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal were taken up. Before taking up the scheme, the block-wise
plans were prepared and based on the needs of each block different programmes were taken up. As the
constraints vary from block to block the programme of work across the block also vary. The programme
was implemented in 420 selected blocks instead of 417 selected initially as the Govt. of West Bengal
implemented the programme in 70 selected blocks. Under the scheme, programmes were taken up to
improve the supply of inputs like quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, plant protection equipments, farm
implements and technology, programme requiring short-term measures for taking up the other works for
the improvement of the irrigation , drainage and development of infrastructure facilities were also
included.
During 1986-87, the scheme was extended to 10 additional blocks of Assam State. State of
Tripura was also included during 1988-89 and 9 blocks of the State were identified for the
implementation of the scheme. In all, the SRPP was implemented in 439 blocks of the 7 Eastern States.
The funding pattern under the scheme was 50:50 sharing basis between the Govt.of India and concerned
State Government.
12.2Special Foodgrains Production Programme (SFPP)-RICE
Consequent to the mid-term appraisal of the 7th Five Year Plan a Centrally Sponsored Special
Foodgrains Production Programme (SFPP) was launched with a view to achieve the minimum food
production of 166 million tonnes during 1988-89 and 175 million tonnes for the terminal year 1989-90
of the 7th Five Year Plan. For implementation of SFPP-Rice, 106 potential districts in 13 States i.e. 6
SRPP States Assam(3),Bihar(13), Madhya Pradesh(11), Orissa(5), Uttar Pradesh(21), West Bengal(7)
and other 7 States-Andhra Pradesh(8), Gujarat(4), Haryana(5), Karnataka(8), Maharashtra(7), Punjab(3)
and Tamil Nadu(8) were identified. The implementation unit of the SFPP-Rice Programme was district
and all the areas in the identified districts were covered for the implementation of the programme. SFPP
was 100 percent funded by the Government of India.

50

12.3 Integrated Programme For Rice Development (IPRD)

SRPP and SFPP-Rice were merged on the recommendations of the Planning Commission and
unified scheme Integrated Programme for Rice Development(IPRD) was implemented from 1990-91.
4 additional States namely Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala and 1 Union
Territory of Pondicherry were covered under the Scheme. Whereas the SRPP was implemented in the
identified blocks and SFPP-Rice in the identified districts, the IPRD was implemented in all the districts
of the States covered under the programme. The funding pattern under the scheme was modified to
75:25 to be shared between the Govt.of India and the concerned State Government.

From the year 1991-92, the scheme was further extended to 5 more additional States namely
Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. Thus, the scheme was implemented
in 23 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh,Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab,Tamil Nadu,Tripura,Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and
Union Territory of Pondicherry.

The State Governments were provided the flexibility to choose the most suitable components out
of the approved components under IPRD namely distribution of certified seeds, micro-nutrients(zinc
sulphate), herbicides, pesticides, PP equipments, seed treating chemicals, farm implements, supply to
power tiller to small and marginal farmers and allocate funds to each components keeping in view of the
specific constraints to rice production in the State and overall limited to Rs.57.44 lakh per district.
Besides, field demonstrations and training programmes for farmers and farm labourers were also
included under the scheme for effective transfer of crop production technology.

12.4 Integrated Cereals Development Programme In Rice Based Cropping System Areas(ICDPRICE)
The On-going Integrated Programme for Rice Development (IPRD),Special Foodgrains
Production Programme-Wheat and Special Foodgrains Production Programme-Maize and Millets
Schemes have been modified. Schemes are as Integrated Cereals Development Programme in Rice
Based Cropping System Areas(ICDP-Rice),Integrated Cereals Development Programme in Coarse
Cereals Based Cropping System Areas(ICDP-Coarse Cereals) and Integrated Cereals Development
Programme in Wheat Based Cropping System Areas(ICDP-Wheat). In an area, only one scheme is being
implemented and there is no overlapping in the implementation of the scheme of ICDP-Rice,ICDPCoarse Cereals and ICDP-Wheat. The objective of the modified scheme is to increase the overall
productivity of cereals under specific crop based systems as a whole as against the individual crop
approach.

51

The ICDP-Rice was implemented in 1200 identified blocks of 16 States namely Andhra Pradesh
(120), Arunachal Pradesh (20), Assam (75), Bihar (220), Goa (4), Kerala (55), Eastern Madhya Pradesh
(90), Manipur (12), Meghalaya (12), Mizoram (8), Nagaland (12), Orissa (115), Tamil Nadu (140),
Tripura (8), Eastern Uttar Pradesh (180), West Bengal (125) and one Union Territory of Pondicherry (4).

12.5High Yielding Varieties

The Central Sector Rice Seed Minikit Programme including propagation of improved production
technology has played vital role in increasing area under high yielding varieties and also in
demonstration of improved crop production technology to the farmers. This scheme has contributed in
increasing rice production and productivity. The high yielding varieties Programme was initiated during
1966-67 and the Directorate of Rice Development, Govt. of India commenced monitoring the scheme
of high yielding varieties in a systematic manner from 1970 onword. The total area under rice during
1969-70 was 37.68 million ha in which the area under high yielding varieties (H.Y.V.) was about 4.34
million ha Thus, the share of H.Y.V was 4.5 per cent of the total area under rice in the country during
1969-70. But due to the successful implementation of the scheme, the area under H.Y.V increased
significantly from 4.34 million ha during 1969-70 to 33.10 million ha during 1999-2000. The increase in
area under H.Y.V registered more than 8 folds during the past 30 years. During 1969-70 only 16 H.Y.V.
were released / notified for cultivation and there after, due to the concerted efforts of research 639
varieties of rice have been released and notified so far. Those varieties have been popularised at the
farmers field through rice minikit programme which was initiated during 1971-72 and continued up to
9th plan period. Thus, the percentage of area under high yielding varieties has been increased from 11.5
per cent in 1969-70 to 79 per cent during 1999-2000. The plan-wise area under H.Y.V of rice is given
below:-

Plan

Area (in 000 ha.)

4th Plan

( 1969-70 to 1973-74)

5th Plan

(1974-75 to 1978-79)

6th plan

(1980-81 to 1984-85)

20255.4

7th Plan

(1985-86 to 1989-90)

24263.7

8th Plan

(1992-93 to 1996-97)

30905.6

9th Plan

(1997-98 to 2001-2002)

33147.4

7098.2
1

3986.4

With a view to increase the rice production and productivity in the country, the Govt.
of India
have been implementing from time to time various rice development programmes in all rice growing
States through the Directorate of Rice Development, Patna. The details of the schemes implemented up
to 9th Five Year Plan are given below:-

12.6 Rice Seed Minikit Programme

52

Seed is the basic input for increasing production and productivity. Therefore, maintenance of
genetic purity through seed replacement is essential for stabilising the yield levels. In addition to the
supply of certified seeds of high yielding varieties of rice to the farmers , seed minikits of recently
released location specific high yielding varieties were being distributed to the farmers at nominal cost
under Central Sector Rice Seed Minikit Programme since 1972 for popularisation of varieties and seed
multiplication at the farmers field level. This programme has helped in spread of recently released
varieties and in coverage under high yielding varieties.
A number of recently released location specific high yielding varieties of rice spread through
Central Sector Rice Seed Minikit Demonstration Programme during the IX Five Year Plan are given in
Table-9
During the 9th Five Year Plan more emphasis was given on popularisation of location specific high
yielding varieties of rice released/notified during the last 3 years for the favourable rainfed and irrigated
areas and 5 years for the problematic areas like rainfed upland & lowland, coastal saline, saline-alkaline
lands, high altitude cold stress areas. A total number of 33 lakh seed minikits of 419 location specific
high yielding varieties of rice were distributed in different rice growing States during the 9th Five Year
Plan.
12. 7.State Level Training Programme On Rice Production Technology
With a view to disseminate the latest rice production technology to the Extension Officers of the
State Governments, State Level Training Programme on Rice Production Technology was organised
Continously since 1975-76. The training programmes was conducted at ICAR Research Centres and
State Agriculture Universities for three days duration with 3o participants up to 9th Five Year Plan
period. An assistance limited to Rs. 22,900/- was given to the organising centres for conducting training
programes.
12.8 Special Orientation Training Programme On Rice Production Technology
In addition to the State Level Training Programme, a Special Orientation Training Programme on
Rice Production Technology was also organised at the State Agricultural Universities and Indian
Council of Agricultural Research(I.C.A.R.) Institutes. The duration of training programme was for 5
days with 20 participants . The financial assistance of Rs.35,000/- was given to the organizer for each
training course. This training programme was initiated during the year 1997-98 with a view to
disseminate the latest rice production technology. This
training programme was conducted at the following Centres / Universities for different type of rice:Sl. No.

Name of the Centre/University

Type of rice

1.G.B.Pant University of Agri.

& Technology,Pantnagar

Basmati Rice

2.Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,

Kalyani.

Boro Rice

53

3.Directorate of Rice Research,Hyderabad.

4.Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad
5.Central Rice Research Institute,Cuttack.
6.I.C.A.R.Research Complex for
NEH Region,Shillong.

Hybrid Rice
Irrigated Rice
Rainfed Rice
Rice Production
Technology

12.9 Macro Management Scheme Of Agriculture

The Govt. of India has initiated Macro Management Scheme of Agriculture.This is a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme. The objective of this scheme is to aim at all round development in agriculture
through Work Plans prepared by the respective State keeping in view the following aspects:(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Reflection of local needs/crops/regions specific/priorities etc.

Providing flexibility and autonomy to States.
Optimum utilization of scarce financial resource.
Maximization of returns and
Removal of regional imbalances.
The Govt. of India has merged 27 Centrally Sponsored Schemes into Macro Management Mode.
The previous pattern of Centrally Sponsored Schemes(C.S.S.) was lacking in various flexibility resulting
in large amount of unutilized balances with the State Govts. The present Macro Management approach
will provide more flexibility to State Govts. to develop and persue programmes on the basis of regional
priorities. The outlay of the Work Plan would be shared by the Centre and the States in the ratio of
90:10. In the case of North-Eastern States, the entire expenditure will be borne by the Govt. of India.
Macro Management Scheme will be implemented in all States and Union Territories. The following 27
C.S.S. have been integrated into Macro Management mode:1.Assistance to Weaker Section.
2.Assistance to women Co operatives.
3.Non- overdue Cover Scheme.
4.Agri. Cerdit Stabilisation Fund.
5.Special Scheme for SC/ST.
6.Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Rice Based Cropping System Areas.
7.Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in wheat Based Cropping System Areas.
8.Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Coarse Cereals Based Cropping System Areas.
9.Special Jute Development Programme.
10. Sustainable Development of Sugarcane Based Cropping System Areas.
11. Balanced and Integrated use of Fertilizer.
12. Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization among Small Farmers.
13. Integrated Development of Tropical ,Arid & Temperate Zone Fruits.
14. Production and Supply of Vegetable seeds.
15. Development of Commercial Floriculture.
16. Development of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
17. Development of Roots and Tuber Crops.
18. Development of Cocoa and Cashew.
19. Integrated Programme for Development of Spices.
20. Development of Mushroom.
54

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

Use of Plastics in Agriculture.

Bee keeping.
National watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas.
Schemes for Foundation & Certified Seed Production of Vegetable Crops.
Soil Conservation in Catchments of River Valley Projects and Flood Prone Rivers.
Reclamation and Development of Alkali Soils.
State Land use Boards.

12.10 NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION'

The National Development Council (NDC) in its 53rd meeting held on 29th May, 2007 adopted a
resolution to launch a Food Security Mission comprising rice, wheat and pulses to increase the
production of rice by 10 million tons, wheat by 8 million tons and pulses by 2 million tons by the end of
the Eleventh Plan (2011-12). Accordingly, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, 'National Food Security
Mission', has been launched from 2007-08 to operationalize the above mentioned resolution.
The National Food Security Mission will have three components (i) National Food Security
Mission - Rice (NFSM-Rice); (ii) National Food Security Mission - Wheat (NFSM-Wheat); and
National Food Security Mission - Pulses (NFSM-Pulses).
Mission Objectives

Increasing production of rice, wheat and pulses through area expansion and productivity
enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts of the country;
Restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level;
Creation of employment opportunities; and
Enhancing farm level economy (i.e. farm profits) to restore confidence amongst the farmers.

Strategy
To achieve the above objectives, the Mission would adopt following strategies:

i.Implementation in a mission mode through active engagement of all the stakeholders at various levels.
ii. Promotion and extension of improved technologies i.e., seed, Integrated Nutrient Management
including micronutrients, soil amendments, IPM and resource conservation technologies along with
capacity building of farmers.
iii.Flow of fund would be closely monitored to ensure that interventions reach the target beneficiaries on
time.
iv. Various interventions proposed would be integrated with the district plan and targets for each identified
district would be fixed.
v.Constant monitoring and concurrent evaluation for assessing the impact of the interventions for a result
oriented approach by the implementing agencies.

55

NFSM-RICE DISTRICTS
State District
Andhra Pradesh
1 Adilabad
2 Guntur
3 Khammam
4 Krishna
5 Mahaboobnagar
6 Medak
7 Nalgonda
8 Nellore
9 Srikakulam
10 Visakhapatnam
11 Vizianagarm

State District
Assam
1 Barpeta
2 Bongaigaon
3 Darrang
4 Dhemaji
5 Goalpara
6 Karbi-Anglong
7 Kokrajhar
8 Lakhimpur
9 Morigon
10 Nalbari
11 Sonitpur
12 Nagaon
13 Tinsukia

State District
Bihar
1 Araria
2 Bhanka
3 Champaran (East)
4 Champaran (West)
5 Darbhanga
6 Gaya
7 Katihar
8 Kishanganj
9 Madhubani
10 Madhepura
11 Muzaffarpur
12 Nalanda
13 Saharsa
14 Samastipur
15 Sitamarhi
16 Siwan
17 Supaul
18 Zamui

Chhattisgarh
1 Dantewara
2 Janjgir-Champa
3 Jashpur
4 Kawardha
5 Korba
6 Koriya
State District State District
7 Raigarh
8 Raipur
9 Raj Nandgaon
10 Sarguja

Jharkhand
1 Simdega
2 Singhbhum(W)
3 Ranchi
4 Gumla
5 Hazaribagh

Karnataka
1 Belgaum
2 Shimoga
3 Uttarakannada
4 Dakshin Kannada
5 Udupi
6 Hassan
7. Raichur

Madhya Pradesh
1 Anuppur
2 Damoh
3 Dindori
4 Katni
5 Mandla
6 Panna
7 Rewa..
8 Satna
9 Shahdol

Maharashtra
1 Bhandara
2 Chandrapur
3 Gadchiroli
4 Gondia
5 Nasik
6 Pune

Gujarat
Dohad
Panchmahal

Kerala
Palakad

Orissa
5 Kalahandi
6 Nawapara
7 Keonjhar
8 Malkangiri
9 Nawarangpur
10 Phulbani
11 Boudha
12 Nayagarh
13 Deoghar
14 Jharsuguda
15 Sundargarh

Orissa
1 Bolangir
2 Jajpur
3 Dhenkanal
4 Angul
56

State District

State District

State District

Tamil Nadu
1 Nagapattinam
2 Pudukkottai
3 Ramanathapuram
4 Sivagangai
5 Thiruvarur

Uttar Pradesh
1 Azamgarh
2 Badaun
3 Bahraich
4 Ballia
5 Balrampur
6 Banda
7 Bareilly
8 Basti
9 Deoria
10 Fatehpur
11 Gonda
12 Gorakhpur
13 Ghazipur
14 Hardoi
15 Mainpuri
16 Mau
17 Mirzapur
18 Raebareli
19 Rampur
20 Saharanpur
21 Shivasti
22 Siddharthnagar
23 Sitapur
24 Sonbhadra
25 Sultanpur
26 Unnao

West Bengal
1 24 Parganas (South)
2 Cooch-Behar
3 Dinajur (North)
4 Howrah
5 Jalpaiguri
6 Midnapur (East)
7 Midnapur (West)
8 Purulia

COMPONENT-WISE PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE ON INPUTS UNDER NFSM-RICE (2007-08-201112)

S.l
No
1
2
3
4

Components

Pattern of assistant

Demonstration of improved package of practices

Demonstration on System of Rice Intensification
Demonstration on hybrid rice technology
Support for promotion of hybrid rice seed
(a) Assistance for production of hybrid rice seed
(b) Assistance for distribution of hybrid rice seed

Rs. 2,500 per demonstration of 0.4 ha

Rs. 3,000 per demonstration of 0.4 ha
Rs. 3,000 per demonstration of 0.4 ha
Rs. 1,000 per qtl or 50% of the cost,
whichever is less
Rs. 2,000 per qtl or50% of the cost, whichever
is less

Assistance for distribution of HYVs Seed

6
7

Seed Mini kits of High yielding varieties

Incentive for micro nutrients (in deficient soils)

Assistance @ Rs. 5 per kg or 50% of the cost.

whichever is less
Full cost of the seed
Assistance @ Rs. 500 per ha or 50% of the
57

Incentive for liming in acid soils

Incentive for cono weeder and other farm implements

10

16

Assistance for plant protection chemicals and biopesticides

Farmers' Training
(a) Training of farmers at FSS pattern
Awards for best performing District
International exposure for technical knowledge
enrichment to technical staff of Central and
State Governments
Incentive for video conferencing, mass media
campaign and publicity of the National Food Security
Mission
Miscellaneous Expenditure
(a) Project Management
Team and other miscellaneous expenses
at district level
(b) Project Management Rs. 13.87 lakh per
Team and other State per year miscellaneous expenses
at State level
(c) Miscellaneous expenses Rs. 84.56 lakh per at
National level year
Zero Seed Till Drill

17

Multi crop planters

18

Seed drills

19

Rotavators

20

Incentive for disel pump set

21

Distribution of power weeder

22

Knap sack sprayer

11
12
13

14

15

58

cost, whichever is less

Assistance @ Rs. 500. per ha or 50% of the
cost, whichever is less
Assistance @ Rs.3,000 per farmer or 50% of
the cost, whichever
is less
Assistance @ Rs. 500 per ha or 50% of the
cost, whichever is less
Rs. 17,000 per training
(Full cost)
Rs. 5.0 lakh per year(Full cost)
Rs. 1.0 crore per year for initial two years

Rs. 25 crore during first year and Rs. 50

crore/year in remaining period
Full cost Rs. 6.36 lakh per district per year

Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs

15,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs
15,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 50 % of the cost limited to Rs
15,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 50 % of the cost limited to Rs
30,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 50 % of the cost limited to Rs
10,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs
15,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs
3,000/ per machine. whichever is less

Modified Component-wise pattern of assistance under National Food Security Mission (NFSM)Rice (2012-13)
S.l
No
1

Components
Demonstration of improved package of practices
i.
Cluster Demonstrations by the state in
collaboration with ICAR/ SAUs/ IRRI on direct
seed rice / line transplanting/ SRI (target 1.5 %
of area of district)
ii.
Cluster Demonstrations on hybrid rice (one
cluster of 100 ha. target 0.5 % of the district)
iii.
Cluster demonstration on Swarna Sub-I/
Sahbhagi dhan of 100 ha each
iv.
Frontline Demonstration by ICAR/ SAUs on
hybrid/varities (cluster of minimum 10 ha each)

Support for promotion of hybrid rice seed

(a) Assistance for distribution of hybrid rice seed

Assistance for distribution of HYVs Seed

Incentive for micro nutrients (in deficient soils)

Incentive for liming in acid soils

6
7

Assistance for plant protection chemicals and biopesticides

Incentive for cono weeder and other farm implements

Zero Seed Till Drill/Multi-crop Planter Seed Drill

Rotavator

10

Distribution of power weeder

11
12
13
14

Incentives on zero till Multi-crop planter

Incentives for Laser Land Levelers
Incentive for Ridge Farrow Planter
Knap sack sprayer (Manual and power operated)

15

Incentive for pump set

16

Farmers' Training
Cropping system based training (Four session of group of
30 farmers one before Kharif, one each during Kharif and
rabi crops and one after rabi harvest)
59

Pattern of assistant

Rs.7500/- per ha

Rs.7500/- per ha
Rs.7500/- per ha

Rs.7500/- per ha.

Rs. 1,000 per qtl or 50% of the cost, whichever is
less Rs. 2,000 per qtl or50% of the cost, whichever
is less
Assistance @ Rs. 5 per kg or 50% of the cost.
whichever is less
Assistance @ Rs. 500 per ha or 50% of the cost,
whichever is less
Assistance @ Rs. 500. per ha or 50% of the cost,
whichever is less
Assistance @ Rs. 500 per ha or 50% of the
cost, whichever is less
Assistance @ Rs.3,000 per farmer or 50% of the
cost, whichever is less
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs
15,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 50 % of the cost limited to Rs
30,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs 15
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs 15
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs 15
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs 15
Assistance @. 5 0 % of the cost limited to Rs
3,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Assistance @. 50 % of the cost limited to Rs
10,000/ per machine. whichever is less
Rs 3500/-per session
Rs. 17,000 per training

12.11 Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India:

An Inter ministerial task force was constituted in December 2009 under the chairmanship of Secretary
(Agriculture) to make short-term and medium-term recommendations on efficient management of water,
power and other inputs to maximize agricultural production on a sustainable basis including that of the
Eastern India. The major recommendation of task force was for promoting efficiency in water
management and encouraging innovative precision farming practices in consultation with the state
Governments. It made specific recommendations for improving the rice productivity in the Eastern States
through development of appropriate infrastructure with a view to stabilize rice based cropping system in
the Eastern states.
Block demonstration of rice.The objective of the demonstration is to improve seed replacement rate,
promote line sowing/ planting coupled with promotion of plant nutrient and plant protection technologies.
Quality seed recommended for the area would be promoted to cover entire area of the unit. Package of
practices proposed for scientific crop management under the demonstrations for different ecologies of rice
along with physical and financial targets to the states are given respectively. It is proposed to promote
hybrid rice technologies in 40 units of 1000 hectares each. Every farmer in these units would be
encouraged to take up at least 0.40 hectares under hybrid rice. In case of rice, identified progressive
farmers for a set of 100 hectares each, will be provided two drum seeders free of cost which will be used
for facilitating the sowing of rice lines by all the farmers included in the unit. It is expected that concept of
custom hiring in the area would be popularized while at the same time it would give additional incentive
to the identified progressive farmers for coordinating various implementation activities

60

ANNEXTURECost per hectare (Rs.)

S
l
.
N
o

Activity

Rainfe
d
Uplan
d Rice

1
.

Deep
Ploughing
and Land
preparatio
n
Seed*

2
.

Direct
seeding
(Line
sowing by
drum

Irrigated Rice
Traditio
Hybrid
nal
Rice

Remark

1500

Rainfed Lowland rice

Shallo
Medium
Deep
w
deep
Water (50lowlan
water(25
100 cm)
d (0-50cm)
15cm)
1500
1500
1500

1500

1500

Extra cost if any will be met by the

farmer

2000

2000

2000

2000

1000

2000

Seed costRs 25/Kg

80 Kg/ha for rainfed upland rice

and shallow low land rice-direct
seeding

100 Kg/ha for direct seeding and

40Kg/ha for transplanted rice under
medium deep water and deep water
rice(Average is 70Kg/ha);

40Kg/ha forirrigated rice and

15Kg/ha for Hybrid rice and cost

of hybrid rice is Rs.150/Kg

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

Only labour cost

Direct line sowing in rainfed

upland & shallow low land

**50% areais direct seeding

61

seeder)/tr
ansplantin
g
3
.
4
.

5
.
6
.
7
.

8
.

Seed
treatment
Micro
Nutrient
Zink
Boron
Weed
Managem
ent

120

120

105

105

60

25

875
275
640

875
275
640

875
275
640

875
275
0

875
275
640

875
275
640

Plant
protection
Staff
cost/Han
d holding

700

700

700

700

700

700

Honorariu
m
Mobility
Progressiv
e farmers

25Kg/ha;Cost of Rs.35/Kg

5Kg/ha;Cost of Rs. 55/Kg

Pretlachlor 1.6 lt/ha;cost Rs.

400/lt.

For SRI-Conoweeder, manual

One staff for 1000 ha and he will be

paid Rs.1000 as honorariumand
Rs.1000/month for mobilityfor a
period of six month. It comes out to be
Rs. 123/ha for one staff forone paddy
season.

Progressive Farmer Cost: One

progressive farmer for ebvery 100
hectare will be paid Rs.1000 as
honorariumand Rs.1000/Month for
mobility for a period of six month. It
comesout to beRs.120/Ha for one
farmer for one paddy season.
62

&50%transplanted-medium deep &

deep water rice

100% transplanting for irrigated

rice

Bavistin @ 2.5g/Kgseed; Rate of

Bavistin Rs.600/Kg

9
.
1
0
.

Honorariu
60
m
Mobility
60
Provision
70
of Drum
seeder
Travel
100
cost for
KVK
ANNEXTURE-3

State

Assam
Bihar
Chhatti
sgarh
Jharkh
and
Odisha
Eastern
U.P
West
Bengal
GOI
Total

60

60

60

60

60

60
70

60
70

60
70

60
70

60
70

100

100

100

100

100

Demonstrati
on

Asset Building (Water Structure)

Rice
area
(Lakh
ha.)

Total
Finan
cial
Requi
remen
t

Nos.
of
dem
onstr
ation

Shallow
Tubewe
ll (Nos.)

Financial
requireme
nt (Unit
cost
Rs.12000)

Pump
set
(Nos.
)

Financial
requireme
nt (Unit
cost
Rs.10000)

23.59
33.6
37.41

1973
2809
3127

26
37
41

5000
6000
0

600
720
0

5000
6000
7000

50
60
70

15.2

1271

17

4000

480

6000

44.62
32

3731
2675

49
35

4500
6000

540
720

57.82

4834

64

4000

480

244.24

20420

269

29500

3540

Financial
requiremen
t (Rs.
30,000)

Total

Site
specific
needs
(Fin.)

Total fund
requiremen
ts

4000

0
0
1200

650
780
1270

709
1010
1124

3332
4599
5522

60

3000

900

1440

457

3168

5000
9000

50
90

2000

600
0

1190
810

1341
962

6262
4447

4000

40

520

1738

7092

6660

0
7340

400
34820

0
420

42000
63

Dugwells
/Borewel
l (Nos.)

Each progressive farmer will be

provided two drumseeder whosecost is
Rs.3500 for one.
For meeting the POL/TA/DA of KVK
Scientists.

9000

2700

Chapter 13
Important website
S.N
o.
1.

2.

3.

Institute

Address

PhilippineRiceResearchInstitute
PanPhilippineHighway,ScienceCityofMuoz,
Philippines
Phone:+63444560285
InternationalRiceResearchInstitute
PiliDr,College,LosBaos4031,Philippines
Phone:+6325805600

www.philrice.gov.ph

www.irri.org

Directorate of Rice Research (DRR)

www.drricar.org

RajendraNagarAndhraPradesh

ProjectDirector
pdrice@drricar.org
Fax No: +914024591217
04024591217.

4.

RiceResearchInstitute,KalaShahKaku(Rrik)
Gujarawala

Telephone
0427980368,
042290368
5.

6.

7.

Fax
042290361

TamilNaduRiceResearchInstitute
ThanjavurDistrict
TamilNadu,India
Telephone:04352472098(Off.)
2472108(DirectorPer)
2472298(Yard)
Fax:04352472881
CentralRiceResearchInstitute
Director
CentralRiceResearchInstitute
Cuttack(Orissa)753006,India
Phone:+916712367757;PABX:+91671
2367768783
Fax:+916712367663

CentralRainfedUplandRiceResearch
Station(CRURRS)
SubStation
OfficerInCharge
CentralRainfedUplandRiceResearchStation

director_rriks http://http://www.tcdc.gov.
k@yahoo.com pk/rice_ri_lhr/index.htm

EMail:dirtrri@tnau.ac.in
www.tnau.ac.in

www.crri.nic.in
Email:directorcrri@sify.com|crrictc@nic.in

Email:crurrs.hzb@crri.in,
|crurrs.hzb@gmail.com

64

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.

18.

(CRURRS)Hazaribagh(Jhanrkhand)
Phone:+916546222263,Fax:+916546223697
RegionalRainfedLowlandRiceResearchStation
(RRLRRS)

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

Director General Bangladesh Rice Research
Institute Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh Phone:
(880-2) 9252736; 9257401-05. Fax: (880-2)
9261110
Rice Research Station
Address:

1373CaffeyRoad,Rayne,LA70578
Contact Info:
Phone:(337)7887531,Fax:(337)7887553
RiceExperimentStation
P.O.Box306,Biggs,CA95917
ShippingAddress:
RiceExperimentStation
955ButteCityHighway(Hwy162)
Biggs,California95917
Tel.No.:(530)8685481,FaxNo.:(530)8681730
ChinaNationalRiceResearchInstitute (CNRRI)

ChinaNationalRiceResearchInstitute

HybridRiceResearchNetworkIndia
DirectorateofRiceResearch
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad500030
Fax#0404015308
(EPABXPh#401503639,4013109,4013111
12);
WestAfricaRiceDevelopmentAssociation
FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnited
Nations
AfricaRiceResearchInstitute/Centre

OfficerInCharge
RegionalRainfedLowlandRiceResearchStation
(RRLRRS)
Gerua,Dist.Kamrup(Assam)
Phone:+913612820370,Fax:+913612820370
http://www.brri.gov.bd

EmailAddress:ricestation@crrf.org
http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu

http://english.caas.net.cn
http://www.cnrri.org

http://www.hybridriceindia.org

www.warda.org
(www.fao.org
http://www.africarice.org/

AllRussianRiceResearchInstitute
ARRRI,p/oBelozernoe,Krasnodar,Russia,350921. Email:arrri_kub@mail.ru
Telephone:+7(861)2294149;Fax:2294149. http://eng.whoiswho.su/Krasnodar/?RiceResearch
Institute
riceresearchinstitutejapan
www.rice.or.jp
http://aciar.gov.au
AustralianCentreforInternationalAgricultural
Research(ACIAR)
38ThynneStreet,FernHillParkBRUCEACT
Phone:61262170500|Fax:61262170501

19.

65

ABN34864955427

20.

21.

Bayer CropScience
Bayer Crop Science Limited ,Bayer House,
Central Avenue,,Hiranandani Gardens,
Powai,.Mumbai - 400076.
Tel.: 022-2571 1234,Fax: 022-25705940
PHI Seeds Private Limited
BabukhanMilleniumCentre
IIIFloor,631099/1100
RajbhavanRoad
SomajigudaPh:914030434400
Hyderabad500082AndhraPradesh

http://www.bayergroupindia.com

http://www.pioneer.com/india

**************

66