24

(ldbr,t&means"to
meaning
rcughly"crazyones' or "eccentrics"
"to
inclhe"or lean").
Somegangsiicludedbothsamumiandcommoners.
Around16,45,
iwo hatamoto
of highrank(ratedat10.0tJ0,totu
and3,000koh of rice,
werewellknown
respectively)
leaderofgangs
ofyattoGervan$,
who
oftenconpensated
for theirlowstatusbyrvearing
stylishdress),for this
reasonknownasiatamoro)allo. At night,thegangmembers
robbed
worefancifulcostumes,
andkilledpeople
in thestreet.Theirleaders
andtheirhairwas
dressed
in fancitulsiyles.
Unlikeordinary
samurai,
lhey grew side-whisken,
sonethingevenloday associated
with
gangste$.
Oneof thesegangs,
the "WhiteH'h Gang (Shirutsuka.
wasarguablylhe
nosteccentric.
8!1n1i)
andwhitefittingsto
The members
of thisgangwore{'hite sashes
by Michael Fredholmvon Essen,Yokohama
whichalsowerelonger
thanwasordinary.
Fromthis,they
theirswords,
derivedtheirname.Thei dresswasalsohighlyeccentric,reputedlya
of theSh6gun,
hadbythe singleshort kimono;n winter, and threelongonesin summer.To
cityofjapanandthecapital
Edo,theleading
Tie citywas appearevennore stylish,theyputleadweightsalongthebottomedge
century
onlyexisted
for a lewdecades.
mid-seventeenth
(bdfrr4r)thathadruled of theirclothes,
lf withoutmony,
Shogunate
to makethemswingwhenwalking.
notmucholderthantheTokugawa
andwhentheyhadmony,
lhegangmembers
refused
topaytheirbills.
Japan
since1603.
(1543-1616),theypaidin largecoinsandbecame
family.leyasu
violentif anychangewasofferd.
WhentheFirsiShdgun
oftheTokugawa
peacein Anothersimilarstreetgangwaslhe "GreatandSmallHeaven
personal
Nas
and
rule,
his
aim
lo
enforce
Japan
under
his
unified
the EadhGodsGang"(Daish6'jingi'gumi).
Withina fewdecades
Thesamurai
in thisandother
To alargeextent.
hesucceeded.
thcountryhadtaken gangs
whohadbeen
streetgangs
werein mostcases
menof 500lrhr or lessincome,
wasatpeace.
Ho*ever,bythenvicious
counrry
separared
from their land and insteadgivenfixed stipends.These
overthestreets
of Edo.
to$rnheldby slipends
to makeup
hadbeena merecastle
werenotalwaysadequate,
sosometook
torobbing
In 1603,
Edo(presentT6ky6)
asthenewcapitalof thedifference.
Tokuga\r,a
Ieyasu.Edo,however,wasnov chosen
the to{tt wasin theTokugawa The activities
of the samuraigangswe.efavouredby the still
Japan.Thereasonwa! partlybecause
andpanly remaining
As a
Ieyasu
ssupporters,
custom
of br./igiri("cuuingdo*n al thecross-road").
heanland
andthussafelysurroundedby
{,holackedin or didnotpay
Ieyasu,asothernilitaryrulersbelorehim, samuraihadtherightto kill anycommoner
because
the puritanical
livingandfineartsofthetormercapital, him sufficientrespect,it \ras commonfor ruthlessor bloodlhinty
believed
tharthesophisticated
passeE-by
warrior
vi(uesof histrusted
retainers. lamuraito attackinnocent
to iesttheirsvords,practise
Ky6ro,wouldco(uptthesimple
generally
orsimplylo rob.Suchkillings
tookplace
The populationof Edo thereaftrgrewrapidly.Tle geographical manialtechniques,
q
period.
gradually
and
by
the
early
eighteenlh
$'ere
ite
comnon
in
the
early
Edo
The
cushn
Edo
also
expanded,
at
night,
and
areaof
amillioninhabitants.
Edowas of trrlii8i, wasevenrually
which
counted
around
srrictlyprohibiledby the Shogunale,
century,
thecilyalready
lhelargest,
andhas setup civilparrohro combatthismalpraclice.
Fromthenon, lhe
urbanareas
in theworld,probably
oneofthlargest
punished.
wasseverely
soeversince.
custom
remained
(cndor
gangswere
there
notenough,
Edo war dilidedinto neighbourhoods
of thesamuraistreet
Administratively,
Asiftheexistence
gangs
weremainlymade
andthehouseslocatdonbolh
These
amajorstreei
iownsmen.
ndcli),eacbconsistingof
$erealsogangs
oflow-class
wasforadministrative
andpractical up of manual
poners,andsoon.As theytookto wearing
sides
alongit. Eachneighbourhood
labourers,
purposes
villagelikecommuniiy,
oftenwith som longswords.theyoftencameinto direclandverybloodyconflictwith
a sell-contained
gangc.ir maybe
withtheexislence rhe sainurai
areas.This,combined
gang(.Amonglhe manyrownsmen
distrusltowardsneighbouring
*arriors.madeih city ripefor sufficient
sample:
the"GunGang"(?epp6of a la4e numberof unemployed
ro mention
thefollowing
"Yoshiya
Gang"
gnfli). the"Bamboo
SieleGang (Zara'8o?t),lhe
"Wagtail
in agrealcilysuch
asEdo. (voshilo-gumi,naned^fier a place).the
Gang"(Sekrreiwasnaturally
rnavoidable
Violentcrime
ranpantin the seventeenthgd"r/,namedafte.
thlwoandthislypeof crimewaspanicularly
thebirdwhichaccordinglolegendtaught
and
fromseveral
cenluries
of maleandfemale-deities
to unitesexually),
Japanhad,afterall.justemerged
Izanagi
andIznanami
cenlury.
T6ken
andthe the"Chinese
afteritsleader,
civilwar.Laterin theperiodthepoliceweremoreefficient
DogGang (litldn 8uni,named
thisname
warriorsandfightershadbeensomevhat "Chinese
marrialspirit of masterless
Dog"Gonbei,a verystrongmanwhoassumed
fighting
dogs).
diluted.
afterkilting byhand-two fierce,impoded
killda highofficer
gangs
generally
wantedto attraclaltentiotrasmuchas
Ti townsmn
As earlyas1612,asmallgoup of valets(crrnSer)
resorled
to extremes,
suchas
for themurderof oneof theirnumber.It wassoonfoundthal enrichthemselles,
sotheyfrequenlly
in revenge
thereweresevralgangsof valetsthroughoutthe cily, underleaders violentrobberyandfightingin thestreets.
(roughlymaning Theseyoungtownsmenbecameknown as mochi-Jakko(machi
known by fancynamessuchas Arashi-no-suk
"CaptainStorm"although,ingeniously,
an alternativerenderinghad signifyingtown, markingrhemas to*nsnen ralher than samurai).
"CaptainValet"asanotherwordfor valetwasffarht'lo). Tlir behaviour
anddressweresimilarto the/1aranolo-yrtto.whom
themeaning
but lheirladenusually
came
hadswornto protecteachotherin anycircunstances. theyapedin customs
andbehaviour,
Themembers
capturedor fromtheconmonerclass.
or crafismen.
hundredmembers
of thgangsweresubsequently
beingthesonsof shopkepers
Several
forces.
In laterlitemlure,thesemnwerestyledo/otodlre, meaningbrav
kiUedin bdttlewith Ia\{enforcement
Burthevalrgangsivercnol thefirstto causetrooblein Edo.In lhe menwho slandup againslinjustice.They werereputedto remedy
wasfarfron
andto punish
evil-doers.
Thisvaliantreputation
1600s,manyof the iaranoto, samuraiwho haddirectaffessto the injustice
however,andonginatdchieflyin eighteenth-century
wereyoungnen. Althoughlheirinconewascomfortabl,conlempomry,
Sh6gun,
of this Kabukiplaysin whichgangmembe$ofthepreviouscenturyfrequently
theirdutis*ere verylight. Manyof thenore violentmembers
groupformedstreetgangsandroamedthecity.Thelackof occupation figureasheroes.
them
gangmmbers
activitiesin timesof peacecaused
Nor all townsmen
hadswords.The right to carrya
and- for them meaningful
androbbery.Tle {,ayo{life within swordwasoften strictly regulated.Somethereforerliedon other
in street-fighting
10seekexcitement
pipe.
asrhetobacco
among
themsomething
asunexpecld
the streel gangsrquired attention to outrageouscostumeand weapons,
lo leaders,anda codeof loyalty
intoJapanby thePortuguese,
along
Tobacco
hadbeenintroduced
haintyle,unusualjargon,obedienc
'dthin thegang.Themenbersverethereforeknowna5*arr*i_moro, with theirotherdeal noveltv:firearms.TheuseoI bothcommodities

StreetGangsof
Swenteenth-Century
Japan
Part1.
Plpes
Wth SwodsandTobacco

25
spreadrapidlythroughoutth country.ln 1609,the Edo authorities
prohibitedsmokingbecaus
of lhe firescnusedby recklesssmoke$,
andasthepracticewasconsidered
agravefinancialwasle.Yet another
reason
wasthatin thesameyear,fighlsbrokeoutin Ky6tobetwen
two
gangs
armedwithvrylong,healTtobaccopipesmadof iron.Someof
Ihe Kep
thesepipesevenhadswordguadsmountedto protectthehandsof the
vielder*hilefighting.
pipewaseasily
Because
of itsshape,
thetobacco
k MarchantBaracl6, LondonRoa4
pipesas"eapons
u:eda! a cudgelor
a longmace.
Theuseol robacco
Devizes,rx/iltshire SN10 2ER.
soonspreadto Edo. Edictsagaitrsttobaccowereannounced
several
Tel & Fai ( 01380) 724558
timesduringthefollo'{ingyears,andin 1615,thEdoaulhoritiseven
conducled
ahous'to-house
search
for pipes,confiscating
thosefound.
I\[EW!
whethersamurai
orcommoners,
relidonthe
Mostgangmembers,
7th Edition Army tists volDme 3
pipesor long
s*ordasthemainweapon.
Othersusedlheirtobacco
M.95
daggers.
Manyothertypesofweapons.
including
bolhlongandshon
by Sieve cldk & Dave Hutchby
speaE,were
alsoin common
useamongthe
samuraigan8s.
Bowsand
(Macedonim& Puric Va.s Period)
composite
bowandacuriousminiature
anows,boththelongJapanese
AND
version
for practice
andamusement,
werefreely
usedby lownsmen
DBM AncientsRulesve.sion 1.3
in Edo.Matchlock
muskets
andpistols
werenol.however.
available
,4.95
onesuccessfully
smuggled
intotheciiy- acrine
excepttheoccasional
NN n:om CSGPublicationsl
bvdath.
Dunishable
Scenariosfo. All A96
generally
Neithersarnurai
nor lownsmen
usedarmour.Although
by
C.
S.Grant & s. A. Asquirb
available
at leastto thesamurai.
lhewearing
of rnilitarystylearmour
t12.50
wastooconspicuous
to passtheapprovaloflhe
Edoauthorities.
Long
IPSTAGE
prohibited
speant
tootwerelikewise
earlyinthehistorvof Edo.
UnitedKingdom- Add l0% minimum50P;
In popularfirerature,$e mosrfanous oI the machi-jakkowas
Maximum53.0o
Banzuiin
Ch6be'(16221657).
Thefactsof hislife havelargelybeen
- Add 25%Minimum11.00
Airmail
Europe
mixedup with legend.Ch6beiappeanto havebeenborninto a
Airmail
RestofWorld-Add25% Surfacei50%
nasterless
samurai
familyin southem
Japan.Around1640,he first
Minimum51 .O0
where
came
to Edo.
hisbrotherseems
tohavebeenabbotofaBuddhist
VISA & ACCESS (Mastercard, Eurocard) ACCEPIED
temple.Ch6beisethimselfup as a labourbroker.recruiting
and
*orkersto buildroadsaroundEdoandto repairthestone
organising
For a fr.rll listing ofall our produals pleasesendan
wallsof EdoCastle.
Panof lhe wageshe paidhisworkers,
Ch6bei
S.A.E.or 2 IRC'Sto rhe aboveaddress.
gamblingdenwheretheycouldspendtheirfree
recoveredbyopeninga
(a
limeand,incidentally,
theirwags.
Ch6bei\gang,theRoppit-gr./rri
Onetheoryfor thecause
of enmitybetween
the tvo gangs
is the
wordol dubiousoriginandmeaning,
whichlatercarnto nean a grudgebeween
the two gangs
leaden.Ch6beiandMizuno,overa
Kabukistageexit\r,ithboldgesticulation).
soonbecam
the leader Yoshi{aracounesan.
Accordinglo*hatlitde
isknownoftheincident,
a'j.onqthenachi-ykko.
shewaselenlrallywon
byCh6bei.
Trueornot,rheYoshiwarapleasure
By movingup ir the ganghierarchy,
Ch6bei\gangbecame
the quarterwasa favouriiplay-ground
of thegangs.TdkenGonbei,too,
gangs,
enemy
ofseyeralother
including
theGrealandSmallHeaven mardeda popularYoshiwara
courtesan.
Tamakatsun,
He wasalso
and Eafth GodsGang,rhe hatamoto-yakko
handof MizunoJnr6- lamous
lor hisimaginalive
hairstyle.
A certain
rypeofshavedforehead
(died1664),
zaemon
theoffspring
ofa $ell'knovnwarriorfamily.It is evennowadavs
knoMlas lhe T6ken'style
amongold-fashioned
wasin a fightwithhimthatChdbei
seems
1ohalemethh fare,possibly gangslers,
whosrilluseit fromtimeto lime.
- theslorygoes- asa guestlreacherously
invitedinto Mizuno's The sanuraiganSswereeventuallysuppressd
by the authorities
house.
Chdbei
ralised
ihedanger
and,according
rothestory,expected Geetheconcluding
panofthh article).In 1686,gangactivities
were
10be killed.But astherewasno wayout of the invitationexcept declared
illgal.andcloseto 200or possibly
even300gangmembers
throughthe renunciation
of his reputation
for bralery.he went wereroundedup by the authoritie5.
The leaders.
including
T6ken
an)ryay.
Ch6beipresented
himselfalone
at Mizuno's
mansioo.
Aftera Gonbei.
wreexecuted.
By 1687,thegangs
\rerefinallysuppressed.
luxurious
dinner.he waskilledby Mizuno\gang.His corpswas Thetownsmen
gangs,
however,
in the shapeof ganbling
survived
discovered
rbreedayslaterfloating
downfte KandaRiver.
gangs.
gangsdeveloped
Fromthispoinl in Edo history,gambling
Ch6bei's
lieutenanl
andluccessor.
T6ken"Chinese
Dog Gonbei, wherever
ganbling.
therewasanopportunity
to organise
wasdeteminedto alengehis lateboss.He sawhischance
when TheShogunate
neverbotherd
1ocomplelely
thtownsnen
suppress
Mizuno.
in mockinitationoftheBuddhist
seventh-day
memorial
of a gangs.Althoughbelligerent
and (whatwasworse)undisciplined
broughll8 menbers
ofhisgangtorhepleasure
quanerat sanurainevercouldbelolerated
deadrelative.
by ihegovemmenr,
surprisingly,
a
Yoshiwara
to celebrale
the successful
murderol Ch6bei.Afier lwo synbiosis
gangs.
deleloped
between
theShogunate
andthelownsmen
daysandtwonightsof debauchery.
Mizunoandhismenfinallylelt TheShogunate
tole.ated
profit
theiraclivities
in orderto sometimes
Yoshiwara.
Il wasdawnandtheyweresinging
andlaughing
loudly. fromrheirexhtenceThegangs
oftenassumed
responsibility
for - and
vhentheyreached
However.
thedarkandlonelycauseway
knownas theprofitsfron - theprovisionof daylabourers
to theShogunate
and
NihonZutsumi.
running
alongtheenbanknenr
ofthecanalfrom
the the greatlords-The urbanunenployed
often found thenselves
SunidaRiverto Yoshiwara,
rheyfoundT6kenGonbeiandhismen completelyundrtherule of the gangs.a factthat washelpfulto the
waitingforthem.
Theoddswerestacked
againsr
Mizunoandhisband. authorities.
Afterall,lhegovemment
desired
nothing
morethanquiet
hisleaderby slicingoff commoners
andT6kenGonbeiis saidto haveavengd
whodid whatrhyweretold, andpreferablywilhoullh
aswellaslaking
awayhisswords.
Whetherthisneedtoactually
Mizunosearsandnose,
administertotheirnds.
fi Shogunate
attimeseven
meihisfatein i664.whenhevas usedthegangs
is trueor nol.MizunoJ$r6zaenon
to huntdownwanted
andundesirable
criminals,
thatis,
to deathby repprl, (ha.a-kni)by the unorganised
capturedand sentenced
or particularly
wild desperadoes
who damaged
the
authorities
for yeanof nisconduct
andfor bringingdisgrace
to his inlerests
of thegovemment,
Closeco-operation
betweenSovernment
andorSanised
crimehas
and .enaineda factof Japanese
Thelonelycauseway.
by the*ay, $'asoftenusedby robbers
lifeuntiltoday.ltseems
unlikely
thatthis
quaner.
fromthepleasure
assassinsfor
attacking
menreturning
three-centuries-old
willdiesoon.
tradition

9^J

WARGAMESRESEARCH
GROT]P

26

WARGAME
APPLICATIONS
BasicScenario
a
scenario
involving
caneasilycomeup wlh a general
AnywargaDer
setofskirmish
rulesmaybeused,
Anysuitable
coupl
ofstreetgangs.
sohereI onlyofferafev hintson howto setuplhe game.
Thelocationwouldmostoftenbe oneof lhe broadnain streetsof
running
off
wide,whilelhestreels
18metres
Edo.fiese weregenerally
Tle stleelsvere linedwithshops.
themhada widthof 12metres.
tenenenl
Behindtheshopswasa mazeof backalleysandcrowded
crowded.
At nighl,fw
allstreebwereamazingly
houses.
In day-time.
people
daredto goout.
excurero engrgein some
needed
no parrrculat
A ganggenerally
andhavea goatil.
sosimplylineupyourlrooPs
mayhem.
Flg2. A santal dttlldq

Scenario
Advanced
lhemindof
toenterdeeperinto
Fortheskinnishwargamerwhowishes
gangleader,thefollowing
sugges_
Japanese
theseventeenth'century
seem
unusual,
bulthe Theaimol TdkenGonbeiisnotsomuchlo kill MizunoJir6zaenonas
Thevictoryconditionsmay
tionsmaybehlpful.
of thenindsetof to humiliate
is10allowarasonably
faithfulreproduction
inlention
himin revenge
for hisdastardly
deeds..
to live 1. If Mizunobraksthrooghand escapes,
gangleaden.
Theywerenolnenwhoexpecled
sulferingno more
theparticipatinS
thal endedin
Mizunowinsthegame.
forever;whal theycravedwasa life of pleasures
casualties
thanhisadvenary,
a 2. If Mizunoescapes
fame.Keepthisinmind,andthenotionthalbothsidesin
norecasuahies
thanT6kenGonbei,
everlasting
butsuffers
*ill nolappear
sostrange
afterall.
fighlcanwinorlosesimullaneously
thegameisa draw.
is perhaps 3 If Mizunoiskilled
atlackon MizunoJiir6zaemon
T6kenGonbei\revenge
fighlingvalianlly,
thegameisadraw.
$arganer.As Mizuno.youare 4 If Mizunois caplured,
the ultimatetestfor the advanced
TdkenGonbeimaytakeawayhisswords
donol
yousuffera serious
hangoler- manyJapanese
outnumbered.
hisears
andnose.
T6kenGonbei
accordinglywinslhe
andsl;ceoff
-and youaredeadliredafterspendingtwodays ganetakekindlytoalcohol
girls.
wilhtheYoshiwara
in playandgames
bothwineverlasdng
andnights
5 If bothMizunoandT6kenGonbeiarekilled,
faneaswellasthegame.
"Tle GreatandSmallHealenandEarlhGodsCang"
(boss)
MizrnoJtrozaemo,r
MINIATUREFIGURES
wilhswords
only.
armed
fromhangoven,
18tiredsamurai
suffering
The
ofsuilable
miniature
ligures
isnotgreat.However,
a few
seleclion
andlackof sleep,all are
of the severehangovers
Note:Because
do
offer
25nm
civilian-dressed
samurai.
These
can
nanufaciuren
in badshapedisorSanised,
andgenerally
fadgued,
asilybe usedfor eilhergangmembers
or policeforces,or even
Nasverymuchthesame.
Ropp6-Eumi
innoceni
bystanders.
Tle styleof clothing
Dog"Gonbei(boss)
T6ken"Chinese
with onlymaterials
andqualilydistinguishing
between
the classes.
armedto theleethintheusual However.
ifyouwish)gangmembers.
18(ormore,
thepuristwillfiledowntheshon)rdlizariiswordon nost
(nofirearms).
fashion
figurs,asonlysamuraihadtherightto ca.rylwo swords.Commoners
hadto nake do withone,andthisswordhadto be no longerthan
approximately
60centinelresto conlormwith the ruthlesslyenforced
Thepurislwill alsoavoidthe"winged"shoulder
svordregularions.
coalsusedby sanuraiasofficial dress(*oni-rrtno), asno ordinarl
wearsuchadress
commonerand
onlylewsamuraiwould
onthestreets
of Edo
A smallnumberof excellentfiguresare alsoavailablefrom some
manufacturers'fantasy
ranges.
These,
usually
of thelargeandbulky
gangleadenandpersonalities.
variety,
makeexcellent

READING
FL'RTHER
availablein
Japanese.
Mostworkson
thissubectare
unfonunatelyonly
For additionalirformationin English,pleaselook out for my
booktdo - Daily Lik in theCapitaL
of theShdgun.
fonhcoming
For generalbackground
inlormation,the followingtwo ritles are
Mitford,AlgemonB. (Inrd Redesd^le'),
Talesol OldJryan,London:
Macmillan,
1871.Reprinted
in 1966by Charles
E. Tuttle,T6ky6.A
collectionof Edo-period
stories.
vonSibold,PhilippFranzet al. Manne6ind Custonaof the.lapanese,
London:JohnMurrayandNe* York: Harper& Brothe$,1841.
Reprinted
in 1973by Charles
E. Tuttle,T6ky6.An earlyEnglishlanguag
compilarion
by anunknowneditorof theearlyworksof von
andDutchresidents
in Japan.
Siebold
atJ,g ol d wual
4tait., (Eow.v.r' tut N,ri.tkt
FiC 1. TtE !tu|
tun is d .onnon.t, d htgh-turHie nc,nbd o! th. .nr adnlnltiatl,L)

To beconchdedin thenxti$ttp \ilh garl I'rttotTheTovnlragistrate

a l tneEdoPoli&.

Ftg 3. A ltpLa! ttflet t..ne. mit p.ni.lbr

tt

et b An.d vith big th4pt,

FE 1. 71a ared atuund Rrosoku Dri&c, thoviry thc outlh. oJa trpicsl pan of Edo. rh. bot-Et tttu ta..t to h. nEtu @ th.at t. (Noti.. th. fuwork

!)

ll

StreetGangsof
Seventeenth-Century
Japan

was
thatthemaghtrate
thenreceived
hisorden.Themeetings
ensured
norfreeto leave
unrilabout
2p.m.Uponhisrelumiohisoffice,hehad
todedlwlththeoaDerwork
andorherroulinematter...
remained
wirhintheboundaries
of Edo.onlysanrraiandpriests
Otherofficials
dealtwith
outside
thetownmagistmte
s jurisdiction.
threelimesa monthin theJudicial
them,meeling
theEdonagislrate
council(d-vrAfto).
$'asof vitalimportance
totheShogunale.
Thepostof Edomagistrate
It wasthereforereserved
for personalrelainersof the Sh6gun
(ldrdnorr)witha lowestratingof500ioku ol rice-Theposlcarried
withit anallowance
of3.000loi&anda counrankthatequalledsome
grear
moreasnecessitiesfor
lords.Theallowance
andtherankcounled
asa
fulfilling
theimportanl
duties
of thepost,ratherthan
successfllly
had to covermany
sourceol pe$oial re*ard. The Dagistrat
wallei.TheEdomagistrate
work-relared
expenses
outofhispersonal
by MichaelFredholmvon Essen,Yokohama
notonlyneededto
beexlremely
loyal.heakohadto beanouBtanding
holders
of otherposls.
manof highintegrity.
Morthanonce.notable
$erepromoled
lo thepostof
regarded
asequalin status.
technically
THEEDO
POLICEFORCE
Edomagrslrate.
hada largepoliceforcearhisdisposal.
of rheganglvarfare. Therownnagistrare
hadfinalbhadenough
theEdoauthorities
In 1686.
25)odi ("offered
Immediarely
under
each
to*n magistrare
served
possibly
weredeclared
illegal.andcloselo 200or
A1lgangacrilities
They
were
samurai.
eachwitha
strength
or
assislanl
magistrates.
)
The
vere roundedup br lhe aulhorjlies.
even300gangmembers
word
had
signified
a lord's
stipend
of200
ftolr!.
Originally.
the
]on,ti
By
Dog Gonbei.verc executed.
T6ken Chinese
leaders.
including
term
changed
meaning
militaryaide.
bul
from
thelixteenthcenturythe
werefinalhsuppressed.
1687,
allgangs
rank.lnEdo,lheofficeof)o/iki $as
crime.bulit was to a militarycommanderoflo$
wasnollhendof Edoorganised
This.ofcourse.
asortof apprenliceship
ataround
hereditary.
The
heir
of_l
on,ti
entered
he
streetganSster.
Hencefoih
andarrogant
theendofthewell-armed
of
Edo
were
thus
nalives
of
Edo.
andil is
rhe
age
of
13.
All)o/iki
on thestageor (muchlalet in thcinenaor on the
onll'appeared
hadto relyenensively
on
extremely
likelylhata newtownmagistrate
ihe
local
xperience.
_vorkit
(ilir'
$err
I dodndolhelmdjor
Japan.
Inlh5e\enreenrh.cenrurj
The-rorl(iformeda tightgroup.Theyallliled in thesamequaner,
vas fully
ruledb]' the townmagislrare
I'n(thi-bugf').Thissystem
prelented
themfrommingling
freely
Hatch6bori.
Theirsanuraistatus
appointed.
firsllvoEdomagistraleswere
developedb!
l6ll. whenthe
\vere
considred
urclean,
wnh
the
rownspeople.
Howe!r.
lhey
also
oflhe Edoperiod.
tookplacefor lheduration
andno majorchanges
qithdeath(aShinr6
concept)
and
oflheirconnection
religious
vaslhalof chielofpolice.judge. because
Thetuncrion
ofrhero{n nagistrate
permitted
to
enter
They
were
accordingly
never
execured
criminals.
andmayor.Hewasamanofmanyanddile$eresponsibilities.
andwereofienshunned
by ordinarysanumi.Wloever
dutieswasimponed EdoCasde.
Thefundamenlalided
ofihe lownmagislrate\
policeman?
a
A
accordingly
hadnohopeof ever
liked
ro
meel
_loriti
led io a najor
fron China.bul $e prranoiaof lhe Shogunare
pronored
profession.
out
ofhis
hereditary
The
being
)o/iti thereiore
$asheldbyonlyooe
adaptation.In
China.theposroftownmagisrrdte
proudofhisappearance,
verv
had
a
reputarion
ofbeing
haughly
and
il
lo
nominale
tso
person:
howe\eIf
lound sdle'
rheShogundle.
bribed
Feudallordscommonly
couldreponon eachother.Edoaccotdingl! whichat least$asthatof a samurai.
individuah.
sorharlher'.
gifrs
vould
after
lhe
lords
ro/iti1|irh
expensne
so
lhat
the
look
_ro/iti
who$orkedoutof
hadxvo(atonetimeevenrhree)townmagistrates.
gor
rvhenever
rhey
drunk
and
caused
touble,
thut
avoiding
rctainers
the Nonh Tosn Magis(aleOffice(Kran'rcliibrgld-rlo) andthe
Clothing.usually*ith the family
enbarrassment.
respeclire' anJ-unnecessary
Office(Mtrdrinacftr'rlr${t-rho).
SouthTownMaginrale
gifr.Giftsandbribesformeda
sas
crest
of
rhe
donor.
a
favourile
(thalis.
in northern
Marunouchi
ly.The nonhernofficevaslocated
pan
anntral
income
of a)ariti. lt wasreponed
$at
"southern
considerable
ofrhe
in southern
whilethe
officewaslocaled
widinEdoCaslle).
giflsincluded.
lessthan
income.
bribes
and
could
amounttono
a_rorik,
was
eachnagisrrale
Marunouchi.
Although
lhyhadseparaleoffices.
wasten
annual
income
of a lownsrnan
rydofgold.Theaverage
bolh 30i10
on duryfor a month,andoff dutyfor lhe nexl.Nonethless.
to thegovernment.
submilted
magistrares
had1osignreports
asbribery,ho*ever,even
wasapprecjaled. To offera gifrwasnotslrictlyregarded
oflhepostofEdotownnagislrate
Theimportance
vas10ensDre
someadvanlage
lo thegiver.In
The thoughlhe intention
arequirementtonomination.
andahighlevelof
abil;tywasusually
last
anv
official,
the
majority
of whom
vre
Japan.
any
superior
and
one.Bul lhe duties
not
position
$asaccordingly
a prestigious
as
lo
everybody
not
ofblalanll)
superior
regarded
lhemselves
superior
posting
was
As
in
China.
the
magistrates
no
sinecure.
light.andthe
of Edogrew.the ranft erpecredto receivegifts from infenorsand individuah
wereconsianlly
over-worked.
andaslhepopulalion
Thishabitremains
in nodem
in search
of assislance.
grewsufficienllydemanding
lhal$e off_duly approaching
duties
of ihemagistfates
sboss,
intheformofmandatorygiftstoone
lo one\ Tdkyd.in lessblatanicases
merely1ocatchup ontheworkrelaling
nonthwasrequired
videspread
political
corruplion
oltoday\Japan.
but
ako
as
th
Drevious
monthofdut!.
withdeath.menbenofthesamurai
class
association
were chargedwilh keepingthe peace. whatverthe
The rown magisrrates
of a condemned
the police.dealingqilh cilil of coursenevercariedour anvacrualexeculion
enforcing
the lawsand supervising
werealways
carried
outbyoutca5ts.
criminal.
Execurions
regulations.
issuing
travelpasses.
thecitybuilding
disputes,
enforcing
police
whowerenotof )o/iki
rhe
also
included
many
pfisons.
public
The
ranks
of
cirv
reliel
city
civil
adminittrarors.
supervising
the
of rhe
of higherslatusthan lhe ourcasls
(nainlyconcerned
with lhe dislribulion
of ricein tinesof rank. but nevenheless
agencies
Amongles!rduties.the
need),and fire'fightingassociadons.
(dd$ir. seebelo\\,).
officers
werelheregularpolice
hadto locateandelaluatesuilable Mostimpoltanr
also.for inslance.
magistrale
policemen
who.
with
lheirassislants.
made
piely
rvere
samurai
to-qether
government
and
They
awards
in
filial
as
candidates
for
connonen
police.
force.Akin to uniformed
ihatconcerned
lhecity\vasahohis up $e bulkof rheIaNenforcement
goodconduct.
Anyotherproblem
Butthetownnagistrale
theywere
highlylisibleontheslreetsofEdo.
resoonsibilit!.
unitsat hisdisposal.
alsohadotherin!estigarive
evervdayal lOan
ondutyhadiogo to EdoCastle
Themagislrate
police
ofiheEdoperiod.akindofsecret
inthehreryears
of theShogunate Especiallv
wilh the scniorofficials
followed
There.meerings
(onDitrr).
o{
and
was
relied
upon.
consisting
ofpaid
informen
Some
he
had
taken,
ofren
any
action
magistrate
reporled
The
adminisrration.

Part2,
TheTonrnMaglstrate
andtheEdoPollcy

thesevere trained undercoveragents(nirl), oftell disguisedas

priests,orfonun-telleE.Theninl fromlgaprovincewere
merchants,
knoln to livein Kubomachi,
acommoneisdisrrictin Aoyama.Others
wereordinaryinformen,whomerelyreliedon theirean andeyes.
Tlere wercsuch;nfonnenall overEdo.andtheyincludedmanymale
servants
in thbrotheh.Yet otherssimplyningledlvith thecrowdsin
busy aras,lo arest anyonewho nade remarkscritical of the
govemmeDt.
Informerevensatin thepublicbaths,
disguisd
bytheir
FRE'\!<:H,
BRITISH.,
LISRI,AN.
PRLTSS LA.N.
nudity.Manyinformenaccepted
bribesasa meanslo get awaywith
R'ISS IA.N,
PE N T"ISLII-.A"
P<>RTL'G
ESE.
somecarclessrenark. Yet moreinformenwerethereforegradually
BRLTNSVVICT<
BELGI-A,N,
N,{SS,Attbroughtin. lo keepan eyeon the oaherinformers.In th bestpolice
statetmdition.
verybody
spiedoneverybody.
2OMMPERSONALITIES
Belowthe assistant
magistrates
the rg lar sanuni
Cyo/ilt)served
policeofficer,
knownasddriin("shared
heart'or"companion
). They
livedin thesamequader,Halch6bori.
Thed6rrin,too.vasa closely
group.Eachmagistrate
lnit,hereditary
had1t10.120,
125,or128such
2OMMBOXER
REBETLION
& ANCIENTS
policemen
servingunderhim,andthesemadeupthebasicpoiiceforce.
Mostinvestigations
andemergencies
werehandled
by ddrrn. The
suprioryorikrgenerally
considred
himselftooimportantto takepan
in routinwork.Onlyin themostspectacular
orimpodant
emergency
wouldthe]rnli deignto turnup-and thenonhorseback,
dressed
in
gloves
chainmail
bneath
hisclothing,
witharmoured
andsleeves,
and
aflat var hat(/inSara).Evenso.the),o./ri generally
contenred
himsell
withdirectingthoperationfron a distance.
Tle incomeof a ldrhi, wasthirty lotu ol rice, but he, like his
superjor.couldcounton receivingSiftsfrom the feudallordsvhose
got in troublein Edo.According
rtainers
to oneslory,theddrrin
wouldreceivea coat(rmrli) fron eachfeudallord. enblazonedwith
u(^@. iq.';;ft;:0,M;sop) @. !b. %
thatlord\ familycrest.Heaccordingly
hadto becarfuI
rochoose
the
RE io. ord.r oK !b (u ( od, rur
rightcoatwhenevrcallingon
(Giftsof clothing BEE!
oneof hisbenefactors.
werenot unusual
in old JaDan.
andthe customrenainedin some
instances
wellintothepresent
century.
)
Althoughtbeddrirn wasclassified
assamurai,he carriedonly orc
svord.andnevrtheformaldressof a retainer.Insteada diirlin wore
hispersonal
clothes.
However,
heneverpretended
to beaplain-clothes
policeman.
A ddsl,inalwaysworethesymbolof hisoffice,theJi?e.This anychance
of catching
anyhardened
criminal.
ln 1867ihre$ere
181
weaponwasa 25-65centimetres
in ihe regularemplovof the Edomagistrate.
longstelbaton,uluallywith an ,r?a,tdsfti
Earlir.tbe
L shapedhook near the handle.A skillul d{trln could catchthe numberseem\
rohave
been
higher.
dound400to
50 .
s{ord'bladeof an atlackeron thh hook, thus disarminA
him.
Co!emmenr-ssne
!ilver.plaled
anddeiorated
.|/rrewerefrequently
withredtassels,
asabadge
of olfice.Most.irr
werecarried
MEASURES,
AND
in thesash, POLICEEQUIPMEM,CONTROL
but a fw(kno$nasircliwara) wereshapedlike massive
CI\'IL PATROLS
iron sword
bladeswithadulled8e,andtherforecarriedin aswordscabbard.
In theearlyhistory
of Edo.crimewaspanicularly
viole . Means
were
In thesamewayasth]ontrt delegaied
thework to theld$ir. the devloped
to locate
andcapture
criminals
withoutrilkingthedearhol
latler usuallydelegated
the actualinvesrigative
work ro his own theapprehending
policeofficer.
assistants.
Eachddslinhadtwoor rhreeassistants
(knownas.rr?8enor
Firstthecriminalhad
to belocaled.
Wanted
riminals
wrsearched
\aler.).wirhwhomhepdtrolled
lheslreers.
T}e ,ssisranl!
werenor for withthehelpof wantednotices.
withthepainted
ponraitot rhe
samurai;
theyweretownlmen
employed
bytheShogunare.
Neverthe, criminal(oftennol onl) hA facebut alsohi. enrireappearance.
Iess.theytoocaniedthetineasa symbolol lheirofficialslarus.
The includinS
clothes).
Swh a wantednoticevouid be bronghlalong
totalnumber
of lheseassistants
wassetat 540to 560.andrheyserved whenever
a
diirr,n
informernade hisroundsin searchof a fugitive
or
underthree'valetheadmen(.rn8en,8arrlm).
Theassisrants
notonly
patrolledthestreets;theyahoacledasinformento theregularpolice.
Afterasuspect
waslocated,
hehadto becapruredThednrli, and
patrols.
Edowasdivided
intofourpolice
soeachpatrolhadtocovera hisassistants
reliedon an extensiv
amount
of special
equipment
to
largearea.lte ditrrin and his teamwouldcall ar the larjous dealwithcnmein
it! rougher
forms.Aparrfron the/ir.whisrles.
and
*ere established
in thesubdivisions
ofthecity,each ordinaryhandcuffs.
checkpoinbthd
withiwoattached
specialchains
steelweighls
were
association.
If there alsousedagainsr
manned
bya represenlative
of ihlocalresidents
anenemy
sword.
Thewielderofsuch
achainweapon
wascausefor trouble.thedd$r, did nol generallytakepart himslf. allowedlhe
chainto wraparound
theswordofhisadversary.
Hooks,
with somelocalmento caDture
anv similartofish-hooks,
He rathersenlhis assistants
connected
toa hernp
rope.wereahousd,aimed
cnninal.
atthecollarand
sashofthecr;minal.
Afterthecriminalwashooked.
he
The asshtants
werepan of the largegroupof menknownas wassoonimmobilised.
reslrained
by fte hook!andthe rope-An
,n?atrtr,.( openeyes"),agentshiredbythemagistrate.
lnEdo,these especiallyviolent
andferocioDscriminal,
for instance
asword-wielding
werealsoknownunderthenick'name
otrpp,ti ("close
to cr'minal). masterless
samurai,could
beboxdin byanunberofmen
holding
lour
werewile in the Iadders
Manywereforme.offenders
andtheyaccordingly
ontheirsides.
locked
intoeachotherin theshaoe
of aboxrrao.
vaysoftheunderwodd.
fteygenerally
hadabadreputalion
and1lere Thecriminal
wasthenworndownq'rh longpolearmiturnrshed
\riih
fortakingbribes,
extracting
confessions
bydubious
means. spikesand barbs.whichinflictedminor woundsand enrangled
notorious
in various
ways.Forthsereasons.
the themselvesin
andfor abusing
theirposition
hisclothing.
butdidnotkillhim.Meanwhile.the
criminal
forinsrance
bytheendofthe waskeplata distance.
useof neakflrri\!asal tinesprohibiied.
sorhathecould ot usehisownswordagainsl
cenrurvHo\revcr.
$ithoutthernthc
rnasisfate
hadlinleif
eishtecmh

ry 2OMMNAPOLEONICS
-

ilililffi
ilt0lrrl|
tln0ililtn
fll|lll|lARRilt

typeof civilpatrol.thenriiban("cross'road
From1629.another
vastheprevalent
guard"),wasestablished
in Edo.Thedirectreason
posinoned
gang
were
at
warfare.
Some
890
6lj.tban
violence
and
street
pairolmen
These
had
poinrsin thesamurai
residenlial
areas.
strategic
andsupponedlhrougb
but*eremanned
similardudestoth/irrinla,r.
inDosed
onthewarriorclass.
resularlelies
of the
Anothermearsof socialcontrolwaslhe eslablishment
groups"),
Thegroupwas
gor,n-gufli('five-man
alrcadymentioned.
andfofanyviolated
la{
forallobligations.
collectively
heldresponsible
of lheSroup
brokethe]aw,allmembers
or reSulation.
Ifonemembef

WARGAMEAPPLICAIIONS
FinalRound-Up
Scenario
in anyscenario
involving
TheEdopoliceforcemayof cou6eappear
on howto
I offersone suggestions
streetgangs.In thisscenatio,
olthegangs
in 168687.
wargame
thefinalround-up
to usematchlock
only.theEdopolicemaychoose
In thisscerario
gang
However,
demandsthe townmagistrale\
nusketsto enforce
isto takethem
beavoided,
aslheobjective
member
casualties
should
alive,not to kill them.The latter fat is reservdfor the execution
ground,
trial.
afterapropersummary
ofEdo.
isoneof themajorstreets
Fig. t. A gtoup ol sanurci firenen. Theatuhinpoticenenv,'erc Again,thesetting
in asinifu lashion.Noticxtheyofl*i rillinga ho6e.Heb the
dressed
on, onewuing a helmet.
f,dopolice
(Commander-in-Chief)
TheEdoMag;strate
mountedon
horse_back
Up
to
25
)orili,
potenliallylethal,
{,eapons
were
These
spcial
anddevices,
although
youlike armedwithmatchlock
as
many
as
Up
to
125
ddrlir,
to theprinciplethatasuspect
designed
according
shouldbetakenalive.
But weaponswere not everlthing.To kep the caplivealive but
Up to 400okappiki
incnpacitated,
thelpecialmartialan of tyingup a prisonerwith ropes
developed.
surrounding
theenemy.
Deployment
i Anr manner
These
rechniques
aresrillraughtartheT6ky6Metropolitan
Police
unit.Anylori&i
$ill notdeignto seweasa cavalry
Note:The_rorik;
Depanmenfs
martial
anstainingclasses.
heGtheresolelyin lhecapacity
stfeetwill
dssune
who
appearsonthe
Therewerealsoothermeasuresto
dealwithviolntcrime.ln1628.
TheMagistrate
mayaccordingly
subcommander.
warchels
wereplacedat all cross'roads.
in an attenptto dealwitb the of theMagistrate\
participating)o/ikt.
the
numberof
voluntarily
choose
to
linii
gangwarfare.
rampanl
In 1645,
in afinalattempt
to control
thevarious
gangs
gates
neighbourhoods
of Viclorycoltditiors
thatroamed
thestreels,
to thevarious
(goain'guni)
had Thetaskisrosunound
Edo*ere setup.Thelocalinhabitants
organisadon
alive.Yourforces
should
andcapture
theenemy
gate'keepers,
wereclosed
to provide
andat10p.n.thebarriers
for the bemorethansufficient
forrhispurpose.
nighl.Fromthenon,people
werereslricted
intheirmovementsatnight L If allenemy
suffered
lesslhan30%
forces
arecaptured,
having
to theirimmediate
neighbourhood.
Tle gatesopened
againonlyat
casuallies.
theMagistrate
haswonthegaDe
dawn.Ifany
resident
hadurgenlbusiness,
a smallsidedooratlhegate
(Nole.YouroNnlosses
in thiscase.
areinconsequential
)
whoneedd
couldbeopened.
Thisdoorhadabell.Anybody
toenteror
"gate-guard"
(i.idoran.
lavehadto talk ro the gate-keeper
or - banrald)
carrya
nicknamed
to openthisdoor,andwhenouiside,
paperlantem$,ithhisnane{'ritten on.
Theintroductionof gatesasstreelbarrierslrmed out to bea highly
until
successful
controlneasurc,
andtheyweresuccessfully
employed
theven endof lheEdooeriod.
Night-watchmen
werealsoenployed.
Eachhad
togohisrounds
with
wooden
clapperstosoundthat
allwaswell.
Thiswasnotonlyto protecl
against
burgla$,bul alsoto spotanyfire.Likewise.
thebarriergates
werneverleft unaltended
because
of the riskof fire. In sucha case.
achgatehadto bequickly
opened.
As anothermeansof control,Edo had two major formsof
neighbouihoodcivil patrols. iriirban ('\elf-guard") were patrol
groupsr,ritbofficialapprolal.mannedandsupported
by thecommon'
In Edo.suchpatrolswereformedin thelate
en'locslarsociations.
1600s.
By the endol the Edoperiod,thereweresome990tirntnban
posts
in Edo,strategically
located
throughoul
thecommone$'
sections
of the city. Originally,the membersof theIr.rrinbanwereordinary
residents
of theneighbourhood,
serving
ona rotatingbasis.
Laterthe
insteademployed
communities
staflfor thesefunctions,andthequality FiB.2. Variousimpknntts of lhe Edo potice. Noticethe bafied
The/r.rrinban's
mainduties pot.e.amsto thekft, tltc hmdcufs to he bodomi|ht, thecovercd
andef6ciency
oftheirriinbardeteriorated.
wereto providenightpatrols,leNe asfire lookouis(rnabar),and patanqut Jor tta,tspoflationol uiminah in the cenrc, ana rhe
tnstruments
ol toture it thercatLeft.
peoplerothemagistrate\office.
arrestandescortsuspicious

FISTICUFFS
l'$cntdby

r.D'q

196-4rh+slhMAyree6

rebvcllc^ oI Wyn,ourlr

bte!
lkEnL4 loii h trtas!.r,4rdr.,
conr'iod$!r/J-,ir:
Rdry n,s sor N!d@d! cr,6:

bid

di."

Fetr

TIIESIIOWWII-I-BDIII]LDAI'WIYIVIOU'|II
COLI,ECE.
CRANI,oRD
AVENUESIIIj,!'|EYMOUTIL
Neartorhc*a
ironratulaeepnrkitrs
rishl
nexr torhe dEin l!.11.

1l

Contacls:Ira.le6lc.,.kl:
NlnninCoddarJ,
16Kri8htsd.[ RdJ,Wr]nrourh,D^6er
0llS
(0lJnt
DT4
7h0l81l
A,.t,r Dorbr.ri PaulFrirh,l0l. Alrni Red.
wnndr, BolnPn'd i, Do^d

SIMON'SSOLDIERS

Esrabtished1990
A prof6 ondlpdialing
5@(? fortrargamabyd wagamer.
Alls.als@leredfor(uplo I lomr)but t5mma spefldly, wrh a
numba ol standards
aiJaablero suiryourrare anit gour_poker
For i 15bm 6nEpl..6d 1.50to 14 CaeFtyr.oD,Brackla,
Addged, Mtd. clam. CFSI 2HG or conrac.
Sloon Chdlesworth or 01656 76a556 for detatls-

2. If soneenemies
breakoutand/or
theenenysuffers
morerhan
30%casualtis,
the bloodshedwill forcerhe Shogunate
to
reconsiderwhetherlhe Magistrateis really competntto
maintainlawandordrin thecapitalof therealm.Roll a die:
on 1-3theMagistrare
retainshisposr(andwinsihegane),on
46 heisdenoted
andsenttosome
dhtanrruralarea(andloses
tneganer.
3. If the enenysuffersmorethan50%casualiies.
rhe camage
will causethe Magistratero be postedto somedistant
postin thecounrry
adninistrative
(andauromaticatly
losethe
game).
4. If th Edo policeare ro ed or otherwise
defeated,
the
Magistratewiu be expectedto commit suicidewhile the
Shogunate
nobilises
rhearmyto dealwirhthesituation.
SlreetgaDgs
T6ken"ChinseDog"conbei (boss)
Up b ,m nembe$ of the T6ken-gumi(up to l0% armedwith
pistols)
matchlock
Upto 260othergangmembers
divided
intoarleastseven
allied
gangs.
Deployment:
Anymamer,butsurrounded
bytheencrry.
Victoryconditions:
The taskis to stayaliveandavoidcapture.As a gangleader,your
loyaltyis primarily10yourself,thento somelinited ennt lo your
gang,andnotatalltoanyalliedgang.
1. If T6kenGonbeisurvivesandbreakslhroughtheranksof lhe
police,
hehaswontbgame2. If T6kenGonbeigoesdownfighringtogetherwith rheentire
T6ken-gumi,
hehaswoneverlasting
fame- andaccordingly
! on rhe game.(Nole.Tle Mag$rrate
mayevenso \rin
according
to hisvictorycondiiions.If so,bothsideswinl)
3. Anyotherresultisatoraldefat.
Useasmanyminiaturefiguresasyouhave.Thiswill beascloseas
you cone to a pitchedbattle in Edo itself. If you have too fev
niniatures,considertreatingthe scenarioas only one of several
diffreDtconfrontations
with severaldifferent streetgangs.If so,
attempt1onaintain lhe relativesrrengthof eachside.Tte victory
conditions
stillapply.

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designed by T.l. Hallarn
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Bcngrl\ ncr.f.naycomm:nd pa.*. furclriholn.n
NidF
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Mihtl. ir r!& ol l0@!1.90,Pabol5@91.25(+10%ptP)

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