Practical Guide To Lime Mortars

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO
LIME MORTARS
ANCADE (Asociacin Nacional de Fabricantes de Cales y Derivados de Espaa [Spanish National Association of Manufacturers of Lime and Lime Derivatives]) would like to thank the following people for their
contributions to this guide: Anselmo Acosta (Chemical Sciences Department. Universidad de Castilla La
Mancha [Castilla la Mancha University]), Eduardo Herrero (Honorary Member of ANCADE), Joan Ramon
Rosell (Escola Politcnica Superior dEdificaci de Barcelona [Higher Technical School of Building of Barcelona]. Universidad Politcnica de Catalua [The Technical University of Catalonia]), and David Sanz (E.T.S. de
Arquitectura [Higher Technical Architecture School]. Universidad Politcnica de Madrid
[The Technical University of Madrid])
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. INTRODUCTION TO LIME MORTARS................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1. Origin and development................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2. Current status: Technical Building Code................................................................................................................ 8
2.

LIME MORTARS: DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATIONS........................................................................................ 9

2.1. Mortars classified according to their composition......................................................................................... 9
2.2. Mortars defined by their application....................................................................................................................... 10
2.3. Mortars defined by their requirements.................................................................................................................. 10
2.4. Mortars defined by their production method................................................................................................... 10
2.5. Mortars defined by their supply method............................................................................................................. 11
3. COMPONENTS: CHARACTERISTICS AND REGULATIONS................................................................................. 12

3.1. Lime ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

3.1.1. Air limes..................................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.2. Hydraulic limes...................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2. Cement...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.3. Active additives..................................................................................................................................................................... 18

3.3.1. Materials with pozzolanic properties...................................................................................................... 18

3.3.2. Materials with latent hydraulic properties........................................................................................... 19
3.4. Sands ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5. Additives.................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

3.5.1. Aerating agents: Air content modifiers.................................................................................................. 22

3.5.2. Plasticizers: Rheology modifiers while in fresh condition........................................................... 22

3.5.3. Retardants: Modifiers of setting and/or hardening times

(Setting retardants)............................................................................................................................................. 22

3.5.4. Water repellents: Water absorption reducers..................................................................................... 22

3.5.5. Water retainers....................................................................................................................................................... 23

3.5.6. Resins........................................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.6. Water ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
4. ADVANTAGES OF LIME MORTARS...................................................................................................................................... 25
5. INDUSTRIAL LIME MORTARS................................................................................................................................................. 27
6. LIME MORTARS PRODUCED ON SITE............................................................................................................................... 30

6.1. Recommended dosages for pure lime mortars............................................................................................... 31
6.2. Recommended dosages for composite mortars of lime and cement............................................... 32
7. LIME MORTAR COATINGS......................................................................................................................................................... 35
7.1. Preparation of the substrate......................................................................................................................................... 35
7.2. Mixing of the mortar.......................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.3. Application of the mortar............................................................................................................................................... 36
7.4. Special cases........................................................................................................................................................................... 38

7.4.1. Historic substrates............................................................................................................................................... 38

7.4.2. Stone masonry joints (restoration and new construction)........................................................ 38

7.4.3. Wood substrates................................................................................................................................................... 39

7.4.4. Rammed earth walls (mud walls).............................................................................................................. 39

7.4.5. Autoclaved aerated concrete....................................................................................................................... 39

7.4.6. Substrates with auxiliary metallic elements........................................................................................ 40
7.5. Recommendations and tips.......................................................................................................................................... 40

7.5.1. Pure lime mortars................................................................................................................................................ 40

7.5.2. Lime and cement composite mortars.................................................................................................... 44
8.

STUCCOS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
8.1. Classification........................................................................................................................................................................... 46
8.2. Execution.................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
8.3. Dosages..................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
9. LIMEWASHES WITH LIME PLASTER OR WHITEWASH.......................................................................................... 50

9.1. Executing limewashes...................................................................................................................................................... 51

9.1.1. Preparation of the substrate......................................................................................................................... 51

9.1.2. Preparation of the limewash......................................................................................................................... 51

9.1.3. Application of the limewash......................................................................................................................... 51

9.1.4. Observations......................................................................................................................................................... 52
9.2. Additional uses and properties of limewashes................................................................................................. 53

9.2.1. Treatment of wood............................................................................................................................................. 53

9.2.2. Disinfection.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
10. PLASTER AND LIME MIXTURES............................................................................................................................................ 54
ANNEXES
......................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Annex 1. Lime mortar tests................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Annex 2. Regulations and Marking......................................................................................................................................... 56
Annex 3. Safety measures in handling lime............................................................................................................................. 60
Annex 4. Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................................ 60
Annex 5. ANCADE members.............................................................................................................................................................. 62
INTRODUCTION
The Spanish National Association of Lime and Lime Derivatives Manufacturers (ANCADE),
is comprised of companies which produce and market calcium or magnesium based limes and
their derivatives, throughout Spain.
Since its establishment, ANCADE has been continuously developing the modernization of the
Spanish Lime Sector, as well as promoting the use of lime in numerous applications: Industry,
the Environment, Construction, and Agriculture. Within the use of lime in the construction industry are pure lime mortars (with only lime as a binder) or composite mortars (with lime and
cement).
By means of this document ANCADE aims to provide construction professionals with a Guide
which provides them with information as regards the production and, more importantly, the
use of lime mortars (pure or composite), since unfamiliarity with the working methods of lime
mortars is common.
Figure 1: Building restoration work using lime mortar.

Courtesy: Hidrocal Morteros
1. INTRODUCTION TO
LIME MORTARS
1.1 Origin and development
Lime has been one of the binding agents which man has used since ancient times as it can be
obtained from carbonated stones, mainly limestones and dolomites, which are very common in
the earth's crust (representing about 20%).
When the masons of ancient Rome discussed mortar (mortarius) they referred to the container
or ladle in which they mixed and transported the lime and sand. Over time the word came to
refer to the content and not its container: A mixture composed initially of lime, sand and water,
which they used to bind stones or bricks together, smooth out surfaces and protect walls.
INTERVENTIONS
ROMAN - MEDIEVAL BRIDGE "Puentecillas
Restoration in July 2005

Figure 2: Restoration of a Roman-Medieval bridge (Puentecillas).

Today, lime is still used as a binder for pointing and rendering, in addition to, of course, cement.
Mortars are produced for this purpose, made from lime, from cement, or composite mixtures,
which are made by mixing both materials in certain proportions.
Hydrated lime mortars have been used in many applications such as coatings, mortars for paving, masonry, etc., in hydraulic mortars and mortars which are resistant to aggressive actions
such as those caused by salt water through the incorporation of pozzolanic or hydraulic slag
type active additives.
Currently, the need to refurbish and restore historic monumental works has led to a revival of
lime based mortars, since this is the binder which is most compatible with historic mortars.
Figure 3: Lime render. Sgraffito and Scraped. C/ Beln, Madrid.

The manufacture and use of lime mortars was a common practice until the first world war.
Since then, the evolution of Portland cements with a faster rate of hardening and development
of mechanical strength has led to cement based mortars replacing those which traditionally
used lime. However, its greater shrinkage, cracking, and mechanical rigidity have led to hydrated
lime being used again in the manufacture of mortars, used as the sole binder or in mixes with
cement or gypsum for its use in internal (plasters) or external (renders) coatings, in brick walls,
buildings, restoration of monuments, etc.
INSULAR TOWN HALL

TENERIFE
Figure 4: Insular Town Hall (Tenerife).

COMPOSITE MORTAR
TOLEDO MUNICIPAL FUNERAL HOME
Figure 5: Composite mortar (lime-cement). Toledo Municipal Funeral Home.

1.2 Current status: Technical Building Code (CTE)

The Technical Building Code ([Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin, CTE], the regulatory framework
which establishes the basic requirements for quality, safety and habitability of buildings and their
installations which came into force on 29 March 2006) updates the suitability of the application
of these mortars due to their previously stated properties. Air lime mortars are ideal for use in
order to comply with its basic HS 1 documents: Protection Against Humidity, HS 3: Indoor Air
Quality and HR: Noise Protection. This is because lime provides its mortars with a bioclimatic ability as they contain pores which allow walls to breathe, improving indoor air quality and at the
same time protecting them from humidity. This produces an indoor temperature regulation in
a house thanks to the "breathing" effect because moisture is allowed to diffuse but the passage
of water at low pressures (rainwater) is prevented.
2. LIME MORTARS:

DEFINITION AND
CLASSIFICATIONS
A lime mortar is a mix of one or more binding agents (one of them is always lime), aggregates,
water and sometimes additions and/or additives.
2.1 Mortars defined by their composition

This classification is made based on the binder which is present in the mortar.
a) Cement mortars
b) Hydraulic lime mortars
c) Air lime mortars: they are mortars produced with hydrated air lime and sand which are used
for internal and external coatings
d) Composite mortars made from cement and hydraulic lime
e) Composite mortars made from cement and air lime: these limes can be mixed with different
amounts of cement (common or white)
The characteristics of the cement and its amount greatly influence the properties of mortars,
especially in their short term mechanical strength and setting times. The cement which is normally used, above all in restoration work, is white cement which facilitates the colouring of the
mortars.
This kind of mortar can be used in all areas of a building. In order to use these mortars as coatings, their compatibility with the substrate materials should be taken into account (type, strengths, etc.).
Sometimes it is necessary to carry out a preparatory treatment on the substrate to obtain the
correct adherence and stability.
2.2 Mortars defined by their application

This classification is based on their use in construction.
a) Mortars for masonry construction
d) Adhesive mortars
b) Mortars for coatings
e) Mortars for repair work
c) Mortars for paving
f ) Waterproofing mortars
This classification is valid for all types of mortars, be they exclusively of cement, mixtures of cement and lime (known inappropriately as "bastards") or pure lime mortars.
In the case of mortar mixtures of cement with air limes, the principal applications of most interest would be mortars for coating and masonry work.
2.3 Mortars defined by their requirements

This classification comprises the production of mortars which are custom made for the customer, in order to obtain the required properties (performance) as well as the composition and
proportion of their ingredients (recipe).
a) Mortars made with recipes or prescriptions: They are normally known based on their declared components. For example:
cement:lime:sand
lime:sand
cement:sand
b) Designed mortars: A mortar which is required to have a certain characteristic, which can be
a particular strength, adherence or water resistance. For example: an M-5 masonry mortar
should achieve a compression strength after 28 days of 5 N/mm2 in accordance with the
UNE EN 998-2 regulation.
2.4 Mortars defined by their production method

According to their production method, the UNE-EN 998-2 regulation defines three groups:
a) Masonry mortar produced on site: a mortar composed of the individual components measured and mixed on site.
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b) Semi-finished factory produced masonry mortar:

b.1) Pre-dosed masonry mortar: a mortar whose components are completely factory dosed and are supplied to the place where they will be used and where they are mixed
in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and conditions.
b.2) A premixed lime and sand masonry mortar: a mortar whose components have been
completely factory dosed and mixed and are supplied to its place of use where other
factory specified or supplied components are added: (i.e.: cement).
c) Factory made masonry mortar (industrial mortar): mortar dosed and mixed in a factory. It
can be "dry mortar", a prepared mix which only requires the addition of water or "wet mortar" which is supplied ready for use.
2.5 Mortars defined by their supply method

Industrial mortars depending on their manner of
supply can be divided into:
a) Dry mortar in silos: the procedure is simple,
clean and economical in its consumption. The
manufacturer provides one or more silos and
the exact type of mortar (transported in tank
trucks) defined by the designer. It is only necessary to add the indicated water to create the
mix at the construction site.
b) Dry mortar in bags: dry mortars can also be
supplied in bags. Their use on site is very simple because there is no dosing or selection of
components required on site. The supplier's
instructions should be followed for manual or
mechanical mixing with mixers.
c) Wet mortar: principally produced with lime

putty, it is supplied ready for use in bags or containers.
Figure 6: Silo.

Courtesy: Tudela Vegun
11
3. COMPONENTS:

CHARACTERISTICS AND
REGULATIONS
3.1 Lime
Limes for construction, as per the European Standard UNE-EN 459-1 establishes the following
types in accordance with their chemical composition:
Air limes:
Calcium limes: Calcinated pure limestones >95% richness

of calcium
Dolomitic limes: Calcinated dolomitic stones which contain magnesium
Hydraulic limes
Limestone contains clays rich in silica, aluminium and iron,

which harden with water. French tradition. Contains more
impurities and less whiteness
It is very important to not confuse air lime, with hydraulic lime, since the latter contains silicates
which have a different behaviour, above all as a construction material. Hydraulic lime has a behaviour similar to cement.
In the production of mortars, hydrated lime which has previously been completely slaked is
always used, be it by industrial or artisan methods.
Should it be employed, the use of lime which has not been slaked or totally hydrated is harmful,
given that it could hydrate after the application of the mortar causing cracking, due to the increase in volume, and other types of surface defects.
Calcium air limes are the most used in the production of mortars.
Only the following slaked calcium air limes will be used:
CL 90-S
CL 80-S
CL 70-S
In accordance with the European Standard 459-1 "Building Lime - Part 1: Definitions, specifications, and conformity criteria."
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3.1.1 Air limes

These are the limes produced by the calcination of pure limestones or dolomites and are comprised of calcic oxide or hydroxide and/or magnesium. They have no hydraulic properties and
are not able to harden underwater.
They can be quicklimes (composed basically of calcium and magnesium oxides) or hydrated
limes (resulting from the controlled slaking of quicklimes, composed of hydroxides mainly of
calcium and magnesium).
Quicklimes and hydrated limes are in turn divided into calcium (in which the principal component is calcium oxide and magnesium oxide does not exceed 5%) and dolomitic (in which the
magnesium oxide is greater than 5%).
Similarly, calcic air limes are classified according to whether their calcium oxide content plus
magnesium oxide is equal or greater than 90%, 80% and 70% respectively in CL 90, CL 80 and
CL 70 (see table 1).
Table 1: Chemical requirements for Lime a
Type of Lime
CaO + MgO
MgO b
CO2 c
SO3
Free lime d
CL 90
90
80
CL 80
80
65
CL 70
70
12
55
DL 90-30
90
30
DL 90-5
90
DL 85
85
30
DL 80
80
Note: The values are applicable to all types of lime. For quicklime, these values relate to the finished product; for all other types
of lime (hydrated limes, lime putty and hydraulic limes), the values refer to the product without free or combined water.
a
The values in the table are expressed in a percentage of the total.
b
An MgO content up to 7% is admissible on the condition that the stability is confirmed according to the test described in
section 5.5 of the UNE-EN 459-2 Standard.
c
A higher content of CO2 is acceptable if it is verified that all the other chemical requirements of this table are accomplished and the frequency of the tests is according to the standard
d
These are minimum requirements, the user can request higher values of free lime
There will be an upcoming revision of the EN 459-1:2001, EN 459-2:2001 and EN 459-3:2001 European Standards.
13
Production of calcic air limes (CL)

Calcium air limes (known hereinafter as limes, quicklimes, or hydrated limes) are produced by
the calcination of limestones, with a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of greater than 95%
and a temperature of some 900 C as per the following reaction:
Figure 7: Parallel Flow Regenerative Vertical Kiln.

Figure 8: Horizontal kiln with Pre-heater.

Hydration or slaking of the quicklime

The calcium oxide produced in the calcination of limestone immediately reacts with the water,
transforming into calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). This phenomenon is known as hydration or slaking of quicklime: CaO.
The product obtained, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), is known as hydrated or slaked lime.
The slaking process produces a large amount of heat according to the following reaction:
The slaking of the quicklime can be done in two ways:

Slaking with a small quantity of water: it is called dry hydration and is done with the exact amount of water. The product obtained is a dry powder.
14
Slaking with abundant water: it is accomplished by the immersion or flooding of the lime with
water. The resulting product is a lime putty which is deposited in basins to mature.
The calcium hydroxide occupies a volume which is approximately 20-30% greater than the original calcium oxide, and as such, an expansive effect is produced, in such a way that a lump of
quicklime transforms into powdered hydrated lime or into a more or less consistent putty in
accordance with the amount of water used for slaking.
Modern industrial production processes of hydrated lime
achieve the total slaking of quicklime, avoiding the damaging effects resulting from the referred to phenomenon
of the expansive breaking-up effect due to the presence
of non-hydrated quicklime (hardpan).
The production of lime mortars requires a completely hydrated lime which complies with the volume stability requirement in accordance with the UNE-EN 459-2 standard.
Hydrated lime in putty form, known historically as "cal
grasa" (greasy lime), is used as a binder principally in the
use of aesthetic finishing products such as plasters, stuccos and paints.
It is also used as an important additive to plasters.
Figure 9: Hydrator.

Courtesy: Caleras de San Cucao
Hardening of hydrated lime. Carbonation

The slaked lime progressively hardens as it reacts with the carbon dioxide of the air in the presence of moisture, forming calcium carbonate, according to the following reaction:
(air humidity)
In order for this carbonation to occur, the contact of air with a particular level of humidity is
essential (55% to 65% relative humidity); however, this reaction will not take place with water.
15
When hydrated lime is used, it begins to carbonate with the carbon dioxide, CO2, of the air in
the presence of humidity, from the surface inwards, maintaining a humid core which is what
imparts its properties of transpiration and plasticity, thanks to which it possesses better mechanical behaviour than cement, as it does not shrink, becoming over time a stone-like crust of
calcium carbonate, similar to the original stone, with less impurities: Furthermore shrinkage is
optimized which results in a reduction of the tendency to crack.
Carbonation does not occur if a freshly applied coating is covered with paper or with a sheet of
plastic.
3.1.2 Hydraulic limes

These are a mix of calcium oxide with silicates and calcic aluminates. While the oxide portion
behaves in a manner similar to air lime, the silicate and aluminates portion reacts when it is mixed with water, producing hydrated silicates and calcium aluminates, in other words, a hydraulic
reaction occurs similar to that which occurs in cement but of lesser magnitude allowing a faster
hardening than in the case of air limes. Likewise, the calcium oxide becomes calcium hydroxide
and a carbonation reaction occurs with the air similar to what occurs with air lime. Because of
this, there are natural and artificial hydraulic limes (mixing air lime with a hydraulic binder).
Table 2: Chemical requirements for Hydraulic Lime a

Type of Lime
SO3
Free lime as Ca(OH)2 in accordance with section 4.9, of

the EN 459-2 standard.
HL 2
3b
10
HL 3.5
HL 5
NHL 1
50
NHL 2
40
NHL 3.5
25
NHL 5
15
Note: The values for SO3 refer to the product without free water and combined water.
The values in the table are expressed in a percentage of the total.
An SO3 content greater than 3% and less than 7% is admissible, on the condition that the stability is confirmed after 28
days of being placed in water, according to the test described in the UNE-EN 196-2:2006 standard.
16
Table 3: Chemical requirements for Formulated lime a

Free lime as Ca(OH)2 in accordance with section 4.9, of
the EN 459-2 standard.
Type of Lime
SO3
FL A
40 -
80 %
FL B
25 -
50 %
FL C
15 -
40 %
Note: The values for SO3 refer to the product without free water and combined water.
The values in the table are expressed in a percentage of the mix.
a
They are divided into (As per draft Standard 459-1):
Natural Hydraulic Limes (NHL), which are produced by the calcination of a stone with a mix
of clays which are lean and rich in silica
Artificial Hydraulic limes (HL), which are composed of calcium hydroxide, calcium silicates
and calcium aluminates produced by the appropriate mix of ingredients
Formulated Limes (FL), which are limes with
hydraulic properties composed of air lime (CL)
and/or natural hydraulic lime (NHL) with additional hydraulic and/or pozzolanic material
In turn, hydraulic limes are classified depending
on their compressive strength as NHL 2, NHL 3.5,
and NHL 5 and artificial limes (HL) are classified in
the same manner (see table 2).
At the moment natural hydraulic limes are not
produced in Spain, and therefore this Guide only
considers calcic air limes which are hydrated or
slaked.
Figure 10: Kiln.

Courtesy: Calcinor
17
3.2 Cements
Any of the common cements defined in the UNEEN 197-1 European Standard can be used, or white cements according to the UNE 80.305 Standard
and which are in accordance with the Cement
Reception Instruction (RC-08).
Figure 11: Cement mortar.

Courtesy: Ministry of Education, Social
Policies and Sports
3.3 Active additives

Active additives are inorganic materials which when finely divided can be used in the production of mortars in order to improve certain properties. These additions when mixed with lime
develop hydraulic properties. They are explained in detail below.
3.3.1 Materials with pozzolanic properties

Pozzolanic materials are natural or artificial substances of siliceous or silico-aluminium composition or a combination of both. Said materials do not harden on their own when they are mixed
with water, but finely ground and in the presence of water they react with calcium hydroxide to
form silicates and aluminates able to develop strength in the short as well as long term depending on the nature of the material.
The following are the most frequently used:
Fly ash
It is the solid residue collected by electrostatic precipitation or by mechanical capture which
is generated in tandem with combustion gases in the furnaces of power plants powered by
pulverized coal.
Its use principally improves (in the case of lime mortars): strength, water-resistance and durability.
Its impact on the colour of the mortar should be taken into account as it normally contains a
certain percentage of unburnt carbon.
18
Silica fume
It is a by-product which results from the reduction of quartz with a high level of carbon purity
in electric arc furnaces for the production of silica and ferro-silicon, composed essentially of
amorphous silica.
This additive improves the strength (especially in the short term) and reduces the permeability
of the mortar.
Metakaolin
This is an amorphous material of a specific surface area and with an elevated content of acidic
oxides (AL2O3 + SiO2 greater than 90%) which reacts rapidly with calcium hydroxide, emanating
from either the lime or released by the cement during its hydration. It is obtained by the dehydration of kaolin at temperatures of between 600-700C.
Among the most important characteristics provided by metakaolin, when added to mortar mixes, is a considerable increase in strength and a faster development of this strength, in the case
of lime mortars. In addition permeability and capillary porosity are reduced, while at the same
time resistance against chemical attack is increased.
Chamotte (ground ceramic)
A residue of the ceramics industry, it is a ceramic material which has
been baked, ground and reduced to grains of various thicknesses which
improves the characteristics of lime mortars, resulting in a material
which produces a bonding mortar with very good hydraulic properties
and great strength and durability. In addition its use is environmentallyfriendly since it avoids its disposal in landfill.
Figure 12: Chamotte.
3.3.2 Materials with latent hydraulic properties

These are materials with hydraulic capacity which is activated in the presence of lime.
Slag from the steel industry
Slag is a by-product of the fusion of iron ore carried out in a blast furnace. When it is subject to
a rapid cooling process, it acquires major hydraulic activity.
19
The mortar which contains granulated ground blast furnace slag develops an increase in strength which continues for longer than 28 days.
Figure 13: Interior of blast furnace complex in Avila, Asturias.

Courtesy: Ministry of Education, Social Policies and Sports
3.4 Sands
The specifications with which aggregates for the production of mortars must comply are contained in the UNE-EN 13139 harmonized standard. The following recommendations should also
be taken into account:
Type:
The sands can be: calcic, dolomitic or siliceous.
Granulometry:
Sands should generally be used which have a maximum size which is appropriate to the thickness and finish of each coat. In any case, it is not recommended to exceed a maximum size of
4 mm. The applied mortar coat can be thinner in relation to the fineness of the sand; however,
it should be noted that an excess of fines increases the need for water, and as a consequence,
the shrinkage of the mortar during drying increases, adherence is reduced and there is a risk of
microcracking.
20
Cleaning:
The cleaning of the sand is essential, sands should be used which do not contain clay materials,
organic matter, compounds which reduce the durability of the mortars, for example: oxidisable iron sulphides (pyrites, marcasites); mica particles, shales with laminar or scaly structures
in sufficient quantities that can affect the finish of the mortar, and its mechanical strength and
hardness.
3.5 Additives
They are substances or materials added in small quantities (their proportion does not exceed 5%
of the weight of the amount of binder) which provide to the properties of the mortar, in a wet
as well as hardened state, certain well defined and permanent modifications, improving specific
characteristics of the mortars.
The use of an additive should be preceded by the appropriate tests to determine the correct
dosing and achieve the ideal performance without damaging the mortar's quality.
In order for the action of these additives to be truly efficient and to avoid undesired effects, it is
essential to ensure the correct quantitative and qualitative mix of all the components.
The additives suitable for mortars should comply with the provisions contained in the UNE-EN
934-3 Standard.
These substances can produce a single modification in the characteristics of the mortar (principal function); or they can provide additional modifications (secondary function).
The most common additives are classified into the following types according to the properties
which they provide to the mortar:
Aerating agents: Air content modifiers
Plasticizers: Rheology modifiers while in fresh condition
Retardants: Modifiers of setting and/or hardening times (Setting retardants)
Water repellents: Those which minimize the absorption of water
Water retainers: Those which increase the capacity to retain water
Resins: Provide chemical adherence
21
3.5.1 Aerating agents: Air content modifiers

Their effect consists in the introduction, within the mortar mix, of small air bubbles.
This additive improves the workability of the mortar, protects it from the effects of frost and
helps to avoid the segregation and exudation of mortar while fresh.
The content of said additive should be carefully controlled as too much of it can result in a major
loss of the final strength of the mortar.
3.5.2 Plasticizer: Rheology modifiers while in fresh condition

This additive increases the workability of the mortar while fresh, by reducing the water/binder
ratio in favour of mechanical strength and durability and by increasing the plasticity of the mortar which allows the mix to remain workable for a longer time period.
Conversely, an incorrect plasticiser content can lead to an excessive setting time.
3.5.3 Retardants: Modifiers of setting

and/or hardening times (setting retardants)
The main function of these additives is to retard the setting time of the binder, in such a way
that the time required for the mortars to go from a plastic state to a solid state is extended but
without significantly impacting on the development of the mechanical strength of the final
stages. In this way, they prolong the workability of the mortar.
The proportions of the retardants employed should be measured carefully in order to avoid
causing counterproductive effects in the final mix.
3.5.4 Water repellents: Water absorption reducers

The main effect of these additives is to minimize the absorption of water through the capillaries
of the hardened mortar, making its ability to absorb water at low pressures (rainwater) substantially lower than that of a mortar produced without this additive.
22
3.5.5 Water retainers

These additives greatly increase water retention capacity and in this way prevent the mortar
from losing water too rapidly, reducing the absorption of water and its tendency to evaporate,
modulating the viscosity of the mortar mix and attenuating exudation tendencies in the cases
of incorrect granulometry or lack of fines.
3.5.6 Resins
These additives principally add chemical adherence to the mortar. They improve the properties
during the application of the mortar, while it sets and throughout its useful life.
The following are the most notable effects, among others: increase in adherence and elasticity
and improvement of water resistance.
The use of an additive should be preceded by the appropriate tests to determine the correct
dosing and achieve the ideal performance without damaging the mortar's quality.
In order for the action of these additives to be truly efficient and to avoid undesired effects, it is
essential to ensure the correct quantitative and qualitative mix of all the components.
They are not recommended in pure lime mortars.
3.6 Water
The water used for the mixing of mortars should be clean and not contain substances which can
modify setting times. In addition, they should not contain suspended solids which could affect
the setting and durability of the mortars (clay materials).
Drinking water should be used and in the case of non-drinking water it should comply with the
following characteristics:
Acidity: 5 < pH < 8 (UNE 7234 Standard)
Dissolved substances content < 15 g/l (UNE 7130 Standard)
Sulphate content expressed in SO42- < 1 g/l (UNE 7131 Standard)
23
Chloride content, expressed in Cl - < 6 g/l (UNE 7178 Standard)

Oil and grease content < 15 g/l (UNE 7235 Standard)
Carbon hydrates content: 0 g/l (UNE 7132 Standard)
In general, waters whose use

in past practical experience has been positive can be
used. In other cases it is necessary to analyse it.
Figure 14: Laboratory.

Courtesy: Cales de Pachs
24
4. ADVANTAGES OF
LIME MORTARS
Pure lime mortars
The lime which is used in the production of pure lime
mortars for use as external and internal coatings, provides:
Good plasticity and workability. The lime, because of
its fineness, covers the surface between the aggregates, avoiding friction and improving sliding.
Lack of shrinkage due to volume stability under
variable conditions of humidity.
Great elasticity which favours adaptation to the
deformations of the substrate without producing
cracking.
Volume stability under variable conditions of humidity.
Appreciable permeability to water vapour which
allows walls to "breathe." Avoids condensation.
Figure 15: Traditional smooth wash finish lime

render.

Does not cause efflorescence due to the absence of soluble salts.

Good thermal and acoustic insulation.
Allows the creating of thinner coats achieving results which are impossible for other materials.
Easy to colour with a great range in colourings and luminosity of colour.
Ensure sealing and coating.
Lime mortars have good resistance to the penetration of rainwater when applied as vertical external finishes.
A natural disinfectant and fungicidal product thanks to the alkalinity of the lime.
A fireproof product which does not emit toxic gases.
25
Lime and cement composite mortars

The lime which is used in composite cement mortars (common or white) provides:
Greater adherence
Greater plasticity
Increase in vapour permeability
Reduction of efflorescence
Reduced shrinkage and cracking
The mechanical strength values of these mortars depend on the proportions of hydrated lime
and cement (type and class) of the mix. Mechanical strength will be higher and setting times
shorter the greater the amount of cement; but they will be less plastic and less permeable to
water vapour, with a greater tendency to crack due to shrinkage.
Figure 16: Partial restoration with composite mortar. De Moreruela (Zamora).

26
5. INDUSTRIAL LIME
MORTARS
The production of industrial mortars is automated. These mortars are dosed, combined, and
when required, mixed with water in a factory and supplied to the construction site. They can be
dry mortars (which are mixed on site with the necessary water until obtaining a homogeneous
mix for its use) or wet (which are mixed in the factory with the precise amount of water and are
prepared until a homogeneous mix is achieved for their application) but in the case of lime, dry
mortars are employed.
Dry mortars are mixes based on the
weight of their components: binder or
binder with dry aggregates. They can also
have additives and/or additions. They are
supplied in silos (in the case of works of
a certain size and which require speed
in the application) or in bags (for smaller
works such as, for example, stuccos) and
are mixed on site with the necessary water.
Dry mortar in silos

Dry mortar in silos: the procedure is simple, clean and economical in its consumption. The manufacturer provides one or
more silos and the exact type of mortar
(transported in tank trucks) defined by the
designer.
It is only necessary to add the indicated
water to create the mix at the construction site. In this way labour times are eliminated as regards:
Gathering of ingredients
Dosing
Mixing, etc.
Figure 17: Industrial lime mortars.

27
In addition, other possible problems are avoided such as:

Incorrect dosing (by shovel, confusing volumes and weights, etc.)
Mixing of incorrect components
Wastage of material
Saving of surface area at the work site
Dry mortar silos available on the market are of gravity and pressure types. The former are the
most typical and they dispense the mortar at the foot of the machine. The latter use hoses
through which the mortar is pumped to any part of the site, without the need for cranes.
A continuous device ensures the perfect mixing of the mix automatically. The operator can thus
easily obtain the exact amount, keeping the rest of the dry mortar perfectly protected in the silo.
The process is as simple as pressing a button to supply the mortar and keeping it pressed until
reaching the necessary volume. All of which eliminates labour costs for producing the mortar
as well as indirect costs.
Figure 18: Gravity silo mixer.

28
Figure 19: Pressure silo transporter.

Dry mortar in bags

Its constructional use is very straightforward as it avoids any dosing of components on-site. It
simply requires manual or mechanical mixing following the supplier's instructions.
Industrial mortars are obliged to comply with the marking in accordance with the provisions
of Directive 89/106/EEC and the conditions stipulated in it (transposed to Spanish legislation in
"RD 1630/1992 of 29 December, by which Rules for the Free Circulation of Construction Products
are Issued, in Application of Directive 89/106/CEE"), among said construction products are, air
limes and hydraulic limes, cements and aggregates, along with industrial mortars.
The result of this is that no air or hydraulic lime can be sold or used in construction works which
does not carry the referred to marking.
29
6. LIME MORTARS
PRODUCED ON SITE
These mortars are comprised of the binder(s) and the aggregate which are dosed, combined
and mixed with water on-site.
A general rule of thumb for the dosing Binder/Aggregate = 1 part / 3 parts (in volume)
Table 4 indicates as an index the dosing of mortar in relation to the variation of its principal
characteristics.
Table 4: Type of Mortar

Note:
Type of Mortar
LIME
(Lime and Sand)
COMBINED
(Lime, Cement and Sand)
1:1:6
1:2:9
1:4
1:3
1:2
Going up the table mechanical strength increases.

Going to the left water retention, adherence
and plasticity increase.
Going to the right frost resistance increases.
The correct dosing of the mortar should take into account the conditions of the surface on
which it will be applied, the indications of table 5 being recommended.
Table 5: Conditions of the surface and the type of Mortar to be selected
Conditions of the surface
Type of mortar to be selected
Location of the walls

Walls particularly exposed to rain
Finish with low capillary action
Walls particularly exposed to impacts and

deterioration
Finish with high mechanical strength
Walls in areas with high pollution levels

Walls in areas that are at risk of being defaced
30
Surfaces with low roughness

Application on the finish coat of an anti-graffiti
coating
6.1 Recommended dosages for pure lime mortars

A mortar without enough lime will not have the sufficient adherence and strength and will produce finishes which can crumble. Conversely, a mortar with a large quantity of powdered lime
will need more water and will be more prone to cracking.
The characteristics of the sand influences the amount of lime to be used.
In addition, the amount of sand used and its granulometry are very important for the characteristics of mortars while fresh as well as hardened.
Table 6 includes by way of an example, the recommended dosing to carry out coatings of historic masonry structures.
Table 6: Recommended dosing (in mass), per cubic meter of dry sand
Dry sand m3
Coats
Thickness mm
Slaked lime
kilos
Quantity m3
Maximum recommended size mm
1st coat
10
250 - 300
2nd coat
10
200 - 250
150 - 250
3rd coat
Table 7 contains the strengths of pure lime mortars depending on the type of aggregate.
Table 7: Strengths in pure mortars
Binder
Sands
Resistance
MPa*
(after 28 days)
Slaked lime
1 part
Ground limestone 1/3 mm

3 parts
1,1
Slaked lime
1 part

2 parts
Marble dust
0.3 mm
1 part
0,8
*1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
Note: Part equals volume.
31
6.2 Recommended dosages for combined lime and

cement mortars
As a general rule the sand content should not be less than 2 times nor greater than 3 times
the sum of the volumes of the cement and lime that are used.
a) Structures composed of concrete block, bricks and terracotta blocks.
Three coat finish. Dosing:
First coat

Class 42.5 CEM I or CEM II Portland Cement

500/600 kg per cubic meter of dry sand (Maximum size 3 mm).
Second coat:

Class 42.5 or 32.5 CEM I or CEM II Portland Cement

Slaked lime (CL 90-S, CL 80-S, CL 70-S)
Thickness of the coat
From 15 to 20 mm, depending on the tolerances of the substrate
A total coating of the surface of at least 10 cm should be ensured.
Third coat:


Thickness of the coat
From 5 to 7 mm.
b) Aerated concrete substrates

Coatings on aerated concrete blocks should be executed in three coats:
32
First coat


400 kg per cubic meter of dry sand (Maximum size 3 mm).
Second coat:


Third coat:


Table 8 shows the characteristic strength of a 1:2 mortar with different types of aggregates.
Table 8: Strengths in combined mortars
Resistance
MPa*
(after 28 days)
Binder
Sands
Slaked lime

1 part
16
1/3 mm ground brick

1 part
White cement
*1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
Note: Part equals volume.
Table 9 displays the strengths and doses by weight and volume of combined mortars for
masonry work.
Table 9: Illustrative strengths and doses by volume and weight in mixed mortars
Mortar
Cement:lime:sand
Dosing
Volume
m3
Dosing weight
kg
Strength
N/mm2
(after 28 days)
1:2:10
Cement
Slaked lime
Sand
1
2
10
65
47
888
1:1:7
Cement
Slaked lime
Sand
1
1
7
91
33
876
151
27
822
192
18
790
16
1:1/2:4
Cement
Slaked lime
Sand
1:1/4:3
Cement
Slaked lime
Sand
4
1
3
Table 10: Apparent density
Tables 10 and 11 display an example of the conversion of volume to

weight for the 1:2:10 dosing of table
9.
Cement
1.1 kg/l = 1.100 kg/m3
Slaked lime
0.4 kg/l = 400 kg/m3
Sand
1.5 kg/l = 1.500 kg/m3
33
Table 11: Conversion of volume to weight

Mix of the mortar
1:2:10
Weight of each
component
kg
Cement
1x1.1 = 1.1
Slaked lime
2x0.4 = 0.8
Sand
10x1.5 = 15
Total weight
Dosage per ton

65 kg cement
1.1+0.8+15 = 16.9 kg
47 kg slaked lime
888 kg sand
Table 12 includes, as an example, several dosages for renders.

Table 12: Dosage (by volume) of mortars for renders
Type of Mortar
Slaked lime
Sand
Slaked lime mortar in putty

Recommended for restoration work
Slaked lime mortar in powder

Recommended for marble and terracotta paving
Combined Mortar
Recommended for new constructions
Cement
Renders in old constructions should be carried out with lime putty

Composite mortars can be mixed with slaked lime in powdered form
34
7. LIME MORTAR
COATINGS
A building's coatings have the function of protecting the structure and the interior of the dwelling, while at the same time allowing it to breathe. They are also aesthetic and decorative elements.
7.1 Preparation of the substrate

Stone and brick walls
Firstly, the strength of the mortar should never be greater than the strength of the substrate.
For any type of finish, the nature of the substrate and where it is to be applied, should be compatible with the mortar materials, in order to obtain a coating with quality and durability. In
addition, the substrate should be sufficiently cured/hardened and its ability to absorb water
should be limited.
The substrate should be clean, free from dust, traces of oil, de-shuttering products and should
be rough, otherwise, it is necessary to create roughness in the surface by chiselling, or by installing a properly anchored metal or plastic lathe.
The substrate should be carefully wetted to avoid the movement of water from the mortar to
said substrate, above all during hot weather; the substrate should be wet at the time of applying
the finish.
The finishes should be executed on substrates which have been previously cleaned and moistened, they should have a thickness of 15 mm in the case of composite mixes (lime-cement)
and if the thickness is to be greater, it should be executed in several coats, the first coat being
mechanically the strongest.
In those cases where a prior coat has been applied in order to level out the substrate, this coat
should have sufficient roughness to achieve good adherence with the next coat, which should
be applied when the levelling coat has sufficiently hardened. This coat should be moistened
previously before applying the next one.
24 hours after having applied the coating, the coated surface should be kept moist until the
mortar has set.
35
7.2 Mixing of the mortar

Mechanical mixing is recommended (use of mixers) . The mixed mortar should have a creamy,
sticky consistency and therefore be easy to apply; it is important to avoid a mix which is too fluid,
because it lacks durability and is prone to cracking.
7.3 Application of the mortar

The application of the mortar should be done manually in 3 coats (or in two for soft substrates)
and mechanically in two coats or one.
Figure 20: The process for applying Lime Mortar finishes.

When the finish is carried out in two or more coats, once the first has been applied and before
applying the second, it is necessary to wait until the first coat has sufficiently hardened.
First coat: Known as the bonding coat (thickness 15 to 20 mm)
The composite mortar (lime-cement) should be applied to the substrate, either manually or
mechanically, ensuring uniform coverage across the entire surface without over application. The
surface of this coat should remain rough to facilitate the adherence of the second coat.
Second coat: Known as plastering or levelling coat (Thickness from 1 to 15 mm)
This second coat of composite mortar (lime-cement) is applied on the first coat after wetting
it; its surface should be rough, as in the previous instance. This second coat should be compact
and homogeneous.
36
Third coat: Known as the finish coat; render externally or plaster internally (thickness
of 5 to 7 mm in two coats)
This layer of mortar (lime-aggregate) has an essentially decorative role although it also contributes to the protection of the coating and the maintenance of its water resistance.
When the decorative effect is obtained by the use of large diameter aggregates projected onto
fresh mortars, the thickness of this coat should be sufficient for it to ensure the correct anchoring of said aggregates.
The third layer of mortar (lime-aggregates) can be applied with a float or trowel. For the various
traditional render finishes, in general, it is recommended to scrape or brush the finish coat during the hardening period. The scraping can be done with the edge of the float, with a wooden
or steel ruler or with a sheet with nails. The brushing is done by means of a metal or fibre brush
always on the final coat to highlight its decorative effect.
Figure 21: AVE Atocha Station. Composite mortars (lime-cement) in various faade finishes carried out by CLAR.

37
7.4 Special cases

7.4.1 Historic substrates
Historic substrates are normally masonry walls of brick and stone, or substrates with historic
finishes. In these cases the preliminary operations which should be carried out in order to obtain
the correct result are as follows:
Rake the joints to 1 to 3 cm, (in several applications) clean them with a brush, wet them, and
afterwards, fill them in with an air lime mortar. Adding water to the substrates is essential to
prevent the wall from absorbing water from the mortar excessively.
Chisel the old stone walls, as well as the old finishes, clean the surface removing all existing
dust by means of a jet of compressed air or water.
Replace the blocks of deteriorated or cracked materials.
Fill in the cavities, cracks, and all the locally defective surfaces.
Prevent rising damp from the ground by capillary action to stop alkaline sulphates or any
other harmful product from causing the formation of efflorescence or, in certain cases, the
formation of expansive compounds.
7.4.2 Stone masonry joints

(restoration and new construction)
Two instances are defined:
If the stone does not have a level face, a two coat finish should be applied, according to the
formula suitable for the substrate.
If the stone has faces which project sufficiently, a partial render will be executed known as
"exposed face" to conceal the irregularities of the alignment, with a tolerance of 2 cm with
regard to the non-coated level areas. The joint will terminate at the stone. The mortar will
be projected and compacted, the excess mortar will be removed with the edge of the float.
This operation removes the whitewash and conserves the texture and colour of the sand.
The following will be rejected: joints with sealants, metal tooled or brushed joints, hollow
joints.
38
7.4.3 Wood substrates

In the case of wood substrates, the adherence of the mortar to the wood is practically nonexistent, and therefore a metal mesh should be installed between the mixture and the substrate
in order to improve said adherence.
Wood beams are covered with wire or string, applied in a zigzag pattern and affixed with nails.
Before this operation it is of benefit to chisel the surface of the wood with a chisel or gouge. This
first coating receives a prior scouring which is very watery, in order to create a rough surface and
improve adherence.
The entire surface is then lined with a metal mesh or perforated sheet to ensure the adherence
of the mortar. Having prepared the substrate, the coating will be carried out in the normal way.
However, some workers are in favour of applying a coat of asphalt paint between the substrate
and the metal mesh, so that the water from the mortar does not affect the wood.
7.4.4 Rammed earth walls (mud walls)

Finishes based on hydraulic binders are not always compatible with materials containing clay.
The binder which is allowed for these substrates is slaked lime.
With slaked lime mortars it is not strictly necessary to use a mesh; however, when applying a
very thick finish it is necessary to use a mesh, even when it is possible to use a traditional technique which consists of creating roughness to achieve adherence for the coating and installing
intermediate supports to distribute the weight of the render (for example: galvanized 110 mm
nails for walls with high roughness and 80 for walls with medium roughness). In these cases it
is necessary that the finish coat covers the nails completely in order to have a satisfactory final
appearance.
In general, the traditional working method can be used along with the normal preparation of
the substrate: cleaning of the substrate and humidifying of the mud wall with a lime whitewash
(25 kilos of lime per 100 litres of water).
7.4.5 Aerated autoclave concrete

Aerated autoclave concrete is a weak substrate; only a covering of air lime can be suitable and
provide good results, even when it is recommended to carry out rendering in three coats, respecting the rule of decreasing mechanical strength from the substrate to the finish coat.
The substrate should be moistened and have a lime whitewash applied.
39
7.4.6 Substrates with auxiliary metallic elements

The same recommendations as in the case of wood substrates should be followed. Asphalt
paint applied between the iron and the coating will avoid oxide stains on the surface.
7.5 Recommendations and tips

The general recommendations and tips for pure and composite mortars are as follows:
The coating will present the colour resulting from the combination of the colours of its components, this colour being able to be modified by the addition of inorganic pigments. In the
latter case, the addition of the pigment should not exceed 5% of the weight of the slaked
lime.
To avoid touch ups and rework which are translated in the different tones, it is recommended to carry out each panel in a single application.
The drying time between each coat can vary between one or several days, depending on
the nature of the coating, the weather conditions and the execution of the work.
To avoid rising damp up the faade, it is advised to make an incision with a disk in the exterior coating approximately 60 cm from the ground. These first 60 cm should be preferably
applied with a float. If the base of the wall is exposed to water splashes, the following is
recommended:
On hard substrates, employ only a hydraulic binder on its lower section.
For mud wall, stone, aerated concrete or brick substrates, apply a waterproofing agent
onto the surface.
7.5.1 Pure lime mortars

In the application of this type of mortars it is necessary to take into account, above all in external coatings, their thickness and the weather conditions during the execution (a temperature
of between 10 C and 30 C is recommended for the work, spring and autumn being the best
seasons for carrying it out), as well as avoiding carrying out the work in periods which are too
dry, too humid and during the winter. In addition, considering that slaked lime hardens slowly
due to carbonation, a less than 10mm thickness is recommended.
40
During the execution of the coating with lime, and during the days following its application, it
should be protected from rain, sun, and wind by means of canvas or plastic sheets to avoid the
mortar drying too rapidly (in the case of sun and wind), which would also involve the evaporation of part of the water of the mix. In addition, a deficient carbonation would occur, and as a
result, a deficient hardening. The render can break apart or be reduced to a powdered material.
Because of this, the substrate should be carefully moistened to avoid the coating from drying
out. This phenomenon can be reduced and even prevented by using active pozzolanic aggregate material (fly ash, silica fume, pozzolans) or ground bricks (brick powder), provided that they
have pozzolanic properties.
Figure 22: Restoration work on a historic mill. The pointing of the stones
involved a mix of lime putty with two types of siliceous washed
sands in a ratio of 1:4. The ochre tone was obtained by the
natural colour of the sand.
Courtesy:
Calcinor
Lime mortars should be applied

observing conditions referred
to above. Slaked air lime has
proven to be, as it has been
demonstrated in many constructed examples, a very suitable binder for the production
of mortars for the restoration
of historic buildings due to its
very low salt content, because
it remains deformable and porous and because - above all - it
ensures sealing and rendering
which is free of cracking thanks
to its low shrinkage rate.
Mortars produced with combinations of slaked lime and inert

materials (resulting from the
crushing-grinding - and powder, occasionally - of brick, of
marble, of stones, etc.) acquire,
over time, similar characteristics
to those of the walls, and in general, of the masonry structures
being restored.
These coatings are perfectly
suitable for prefabricated substrates of plaster, ceramics, concrete, etc.
Figure 23: New construction with lime mortar in Santander.

Courtesy:
Ibercal
41
Figure 24: Traditional lime render with lined finish and dressing (The courtyard was restored to its original condition
with 100 year old finishes).
Courtesy:
Hidrocal Morteros
Figure 25: Traditional lime render with scraped finish.

Courtesy:
Hidrocal Morteros
Traditional finishes with pure lime mortars

Madrid style render with smooth wash finish, the fine layer of the lime coat is worked with a
float in order to obtain a smooth surface.
Madrid style render with scraped finish, the final layer of the coating is scraped with a steel
brush scraper to achieve a grained effect.
Catalan style render with hammered finish, the final layer of the coating is hammered with
a steel pointed mallet.
42
Madrid style render with floated finish, the final layer of the mortar is floated , burnished and
finished with a wood float.
Bush hammered render (imitating ashlar) this finish is used to give the effect of projections,
imitating stone blocks, they are generally located at the corners of faades or in the dressings of openings.
A render imitating granite stone (stone-like) this type of finish is used for the bases of faades
because of its hardness as well as the granite stone effect.
A render which imitates the classic Roman unpolished travertine stone.
Sgraffito render several coats in different colours are applied, part of one or more coats are
removed through the stencil technique in order to produce relief or drawings.
Figure 26: Different finishes for lime and combined mortars. From top to bottom and from left to right: 1- Scraped. 2Scraped with Plinth, 3- Glossy external render 4- Hawk's beak (Pico Gaviln) 5- Sgraffito 6- Fine floated

7- Brick effect 8- Hammered with Plinth 9- Ashlar block effect.
Courtesy:
Hidrocal Morteros
43
Figure 27: Hammered and Ashlar finish.

Courtesy:
Hidrocal Morteros
Figure 28: Floated and Washed China finish.

Courtesy:
Hidrocal Morteros
Figure 29: Traditional lime mortar with floated finish with plinth Zurbano Street n 53 Madrid.
Courtesy:
Hidrocal Morteros
7.5.2 Lime and cement composite mortars

In order to use these mortars as coatings, their compatibility with the substrate materials should
be taken into account (type, strengths, etc.). Sometimes it is necessary to carry out a preparatory
treatment on the substrate to obtain the correct adherence and stability.
44
The coatings should be executed on substrates which have been previously cleaned and moistened, they should have a thickness of 15 mm and if said thickness is to be greater, the coating
should be executed in several coats, the inner coat being the mechanically strongest.
In those cases where a prior coat has been applied in order to level out the substrate, this coat
should have sufficient roughness to achieve good adherence with the next coat, which should
be applied when the levelling coat has sufficiently hardened and has been moistened.
The coated surface will be kept moist until the cement has set.
Finishes for composite mortars (lime-cement)
Floated finish, similar to pure lime mortars, this type of mortar can be coloured and for this
purpose can be finished as follows.
Scraped finish.
Travertine stone finish.
Figure 30: Examples of new construction and restoration using industrially manufactured composite mortars.
Courtesy:
Calcinor
45
8. Stuccos
A stucco is a continuous finish coating, for internal and external use, which is used to render,
composed of lime putty or gypsum and marble dust.
Composed of lime putty, marble dust and inorganic pigments, it hardens by carbonation of the
lime, achieving a glossy finish resembling marble.
Figure 31: Stuccos for external use. Glossy stucco for internal areas. Faade executed in Talavera De La Reina (Toledo).

8.1 Classification of stuccos

The best criterion for classifying them is based on the work process itself, and consequently
there are the following basic techniques (table 13).
Table 13: Classification of stuccos (Source: Practical guide for lime and stucco)
Plastered stucco
46
Plaster
Lacking tones
Hot pressed (bordering in hot-ironed stucco, hot-ironed stucco painted al
fresco and hot-ironed stucco marble imitation)
Al fresco paint (plastered with a subsequent colour treatment)
Worked stucco
Saw worked
Steel brush worked
Cut stone effect
Face brick effect
Sgraffito stucco
It combines both of the previous techniques and consists in superimposing coats of different colour and texture, in such a way that the base coat
(plastered or worked) becomes exposed when part of the surface coat is
scraped away (plastered, worked, cut stone, and ironed). Within this group is
also found the ancient technique and the sgraffito stucco coloured al fresco
Figure 32: Stuccos. The working process for executing the stuccos, the base coat can be lime or composite (limecement) with fine aggregates is the perfect base coat for the execution of glossy or matte stuccos.

8.2 Execution
Stuccos are composed of at least two coats of lean paste and compacted paste. Before starting
to apply the paste, a brush is applied to the wall to remove dust. Afterwards, a first coat is applied
with lean plaster, with the help of a trowel. Subsequently the second coat is applied, and finally,
the third coat or compacted coat is applied, the purpose of which is to smooth and compact
the paste squeezing it by tracing circles with the trowel. The final thickness of the stucco can
reach up to 2 cm.
The thickness of each of the coats is defined by the size of aggregate used. The first coats to be
applied are those with the thickest aggregates and, subsequently, those with a finer grain.
The material should always be applied on a moist surface. The ideal time to apply a coat of stucco is when a hand passed across the mixture does not sink into or become soiled by the mix,
even as it is still fresh. The drying out and carbonation of the middle coats should be avoided to
achieve the adherence and consistency of the stucco.
47
Recommendations: the lime putty should remain in basins for at least 6 months, the sand should
be white calcium carbonate (known as domestic white marble) and the pigments should be
resistant to ultraviolet rays (to remain stable under sunlight), alkalis (so that the lime does not
consume them and they remain unalterable) and acids (to resist weather and acid rain).
The highest quality of materials used as pigments should be ensured, in particular their micronisation and colour regularity.
There are three ranges of pigments:
Figure 33: Internal and external lime stuccos made with lime putty and white aggregates selected and pigmented.
Courtesy:
Calcinor
chromium oxide, of green

colour,
cobalt oxide, which results
in a blue colour and
those based on iron oxides,
which go from yellow to
black, and include ochre,
sienna, leather, mangra and
brown, among others.
Figure 34: External lime stuccos in Len.

Courtesy:
Ibercal
48
Pigments suitable for use with lime should be stable to alkalis, sunlight, the action of atmospheric agents and acidic attack (to avoid the formation of efflorescence).
The amount of pigment necessary for a stucco mix is between 3 and 5%. A higher quantity will
result in a change of the proportion of binder/load (lime putty/aggregate).
8.3 Dosages
Table 14: Dosages for stucco mixes
Hydrated
lime
Maximum size of sand

(mm)
Type of
mix
Use
Lean
First coat on ruled plaster
156 kg
Lean
First coat on floated plasters
156 kg
150 kg 25 kg
Lean
First coats and compacted coats
156 kg
175 kg
Rich
Finish for fine textured stuccos
156 kg
50 kg
2,5
1,2
125 kg 50 kg
0,8
0,4
25 kg
25 kg
49
9. LIMEWASH WITH
PUTTY OR
LIME WHITEWASH
As it is an economic and hygienic process, limewash has been used throughout history to
paint external and internal walls.
The limewashes considered here are applied
through a "lime whitewash" (1 part slaked
lime per 5 parts water, in volume) or lime
putty. This whitewash can be produced with
hydroxide power and water or with lime putty
or slaked lime.
Figure 35: Slaked lime and lime whitewash.

Courtesy:
Calcinor
Lime paint is a more elaborated product than whitewash. It is produced with an added lime
putty and can be pigmented. It represents
one of best finishing systems from the aesthetic point of view, because of its chromatic
effects, transparency and luminosity of the
surface. Lime fully complies with all of the general criteria of bio-compatibility: biodegradable, components with natural origins, durability, easy to maintain and compact, hygienic,
breathable and absorbs CO2.
Limewashes can achieve transparent "water
Figure 36: Lime putty.
coloured" colours, superimposing 2 or 3 coats Courtesy:
Calcinor
of different tones on a uniform and clear backing. They dry quickly and should be applied on a wet or moistened coating. They can have a
sealing effect on coatings with microcracks or cracks and can eliminate defects relating to their
appearance (mixing, lack of whiteness, poor pigment dispersion).
To achieve a stable limewash an addition of polyvinyl acetate should be used.
When using fixatives to achieve more vibrant colour it is advised to carry out tests beforehand
with the selected fixative.
50
9.1 Execution
9.1.1 Preparation of the substrate
Limewashes should be applied on backings which are solid, clean, free from dust and nonfloury; in addition they should have a certain roughness. The limewash does not have adherence on coatings which contain waterproofing agents and on synthetic resin paints. When
limewashes are carried out on a coating after two to four hours of its application, the finish coat
is called "al fresco" (while fresh) the limewash becoming integrated into the coating. After this
time, the coatings cannot be applied before the complete hardening of the substrate; in this
case they are called "al seco" (while dry), it being necessary to moisten the substrate before each
coat, especially during periods which are very sunny and dry, or with strong winds or on very
absorbent backings.
9.1.2 Preparation of the limewash

In order to avoid joints, it is necessary to prepare all the quantities needed for a coat at the same
time. An electric mixer makes the mixing easier and avoids the formation of clots during the
mixing of the lime with the water. It ensures the homogeneous distribution of the pigments
and prevents the sedimentation of the lime. The mix is easily stored from one day to the next
if it does not contain additives, since hydrated lime does not harden upon contact with water.
Dosage of the mix:
Depending on the required transparency, the dosage will vary from 1 volume of lime per 2 volumes of water to 1 volume of lime per 5 volumes of water.
The weight of the pigment additions should never exceed 10% of the dry binder weight for
oxides and 25% for earth based pigments.
Generally, the following mix is used:
25 kg of lime in 100 litres of water plus 2 litres of commercial polyvinyl acetate solution.
9.1.3 Application of the limewash

The limewash should not be applied when the temperature of the substrate is less than 5 C, nor
on substrates which have been treated with curing or waterproofing products.
51
A flexible brush (never use nylon) should be used or a dense paintbrush; the application should
be from top to bottom.
After moistening, the first diluted white coat is applied to unify the substrate and after 24 hours
the second coat, white or pigmented.
Figure 37: Application of the lime putty.

Courtesy:
Calcinor
Figure 38: Result of the application of the lime putty.

Courtesy:
Calcinor
9.1.4 Observations
Limewashes made from
hydrated air lime can be
easily applied on coatings
which are plaster based.
The colours will lighten as

they dry. Shaded areas will
fade away over time.
It is necessary to lightly
moisten the first coat before applying the second.
On new surfaces the
application of a diluted
first coat is recommended.
52
Figure 39: Blue and lime, Formentera, Balearic Islands.

Courtesy: Ministry of Education, Social Policies and Sports
It is recommended to add a small amount of liquid soap (it serves as a moistening agent) to
the second coat when it is coloured, in the order of 5 ml per 10 litres of lime wash, so that the
whole becomes more homogeneous and to aid dispersion of pigments.
In the case of well prepared lime paint it can be applied with a roller, taking into account that
it can splash more than a plastic paint. The drops are easily cleaned with water, more easily
if they have not dried.
9.2 Additional uses and properties of limewashes

9.2.1 Treatment of wood
Limewash destroys and prevents the growth of bacteria, because of the high pH of the water
contained in the wood. The subsequent finish of wood panels reinforces the disinfectant action
of lime washes.
9.2.2 Disinfection using lime wash on the walls of cellars, basements,

barns, etc.
Lime whitewash destroys bacteria and larva, providing a more pleasing aspect to the premises.
Figure 40: Disinfecting a basement using lime wash.

Courtesy:
Calcinor
53
10. Gypsum and

lime mixtures
Gypsum with the addition of lime is used to update coatings and for the production of mouldings, ceiling decorative elements, etc.
The incorporation of hydrated lime to gypsum improves its workability, adherence, mechanical
strength and weather resistance. This incorporation gives it a basic pH (> 7), and thus avoids the
risk of the possible corrosion of metals, in the presence of humidity, and the growth of bacteria is
reduced, as well as the growth of mould patches caused by fungi and the appearance of stains.
This plaster with additives is used above all in internal coatings, although it has also been used
with success in external coatings, there being a tradition of these coatings applied onto faades.
It is not recommended to locate plaster nor hydrated air lime at the foot of walls in order to
avoid splashes because they are water soluble.
A dosage used in the manufacture of plaster mortars for interior as well as external use is as
follows:
Gypsum
39 %
Sand
29 %
Hydrated lime
7%
Water
25 %
The components of the mix should comply with the following characteristics:
The hydrated lime should be calcic, types UNE-EN 459-1 CL 90-S, CL 80-S and CL 70-S can be
employed, all other types being excluded, according to the UNE EN 459-1 standard.
The gypsum (without additions); should comply with the characteristics included in the current UNE-EN 13279-1:2006 and UNE 102.011 Standards.
The sand should be clean and of the suitable maximum sizes for the thickness of each coat
and its finish; it can be coloured with inorganic pigments (for example: ground ceramic
brick, stone dust, chamotte, metallic oxides, etc.).
Add water until reaching the correct consistency.
In many cases, additives that regulate setting and retain water are used to modify the characteristics of the mix.
54
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1. Lime mortar tests
a) Statutory tests
The UNE EN 998-1 and UNE EN 998-2 standards, in their ZA Annexes, describe the mandatory
tests for mortars for render and plasterwork (apparent dry density, compressive strength,
adherence, water absorption by capillary action, durability...) and for masonry mortars (usage
time, ion chloride content, air content, compressive strength, adherence, water absorption...)
respectively. Those which are effected on site are not described in these standards but there
are a series of illustrative tests.
b) Illustrative tests
As illustrative tests, there are
a series of technological tests
complementing the above.
It is recommended, for each
specific case, to determine the
optimal dosage of slaked lime
by means of the glass sheet
test (to be carried out in the
laboratory) or rasilla (long and
thin brick) test (to be carried
out on site), which is described
below, to verify that the mix is
neither too rich nor too poor in
lime.
Figure 41: Laboratory.

Should additives be used to modify any of the characteristics of the mortars it is recommended to carry out the pertinent tests to establish the optimal dosage of the additive in order
to obtain the desired results.
55
b.1) Glass sheet test:

A sufficient amount of mortar is prepared for testing and a biscuit of this mortar of
about 6 to 8 mm in thickness is made on top of a glass sheet. After 24 hours, the quality
of the mix can be assessed, based on the following observations:
a)

b)

If the biscuit falls apart:

The mix does not have enough lime (lack of adherence and strength)
If the biscuit cracks:
The mix is too rich in lime (risk of cracking)
b.1) Rasilla test:

A quantity of mortar is prepared and applied on a rasilla. If after 24 hours of having
applied the mix the following is observed:
a) it falls apart: the mix does not have enough lime (lack of adherence and strength)
b) the surface develops cracks: the mix has a high level of lime (risk of cracking)
c)
the mix does not crack and is sufficiently strong (the trowel does not penetrate into
the mortar): the mortar has the correct dosage
a
Figure 42: Mix lacking lime
Figure 43: Mix with excessive

lime
Figure 44: Mortar with

correct dosage
Annex 2. Standards and
Marking
The
Marking is obligatory for all construction products contained in Directive 89/106/CEE
in accordance with the conditions it establishes (transposed to Spanish legislation by means
of "RD 1630/1992, of 29 December, by which Instructions are Issued for the Free Circulation of
Construction Products, in Application of Directive 89/106/CEE") among them are air and hydraulic limes, aggregates and industrial mortars.
56
For limes the applicable harmonized standard is UNE-EN 459, for cement UNE-EN 197 (common
cements), for aggregates UNE-EN 13139, for mortars for render and plasterwork UNE-EN 998-1
and for masonry mortars UNE-EN 998-2.
The
Marking is a label given by an authorized body
which indicates that the manufacturer's products comply with the applicable harmonized standards. It is the
manufacturer's responsibility to maintain this compliance and update the renewals of its markings in accordance with the respective regulations.
The consequence of the above is that no air or hydraulic lime, cement, aggregate or mortar can
be used in any construction work which does not carry the aforementioned marking .
The marking is a guarantee that the product complies with the respective specifications and
is subjected to the appropriate monitoring of its production in order to ensure its quality, with
the advantages that result for the purchaser or user, from having the manufacturer's guarantee
that the product is fully compliant with the essential requirements, as set out in the referred to
directive, as a construction product.
In accordance with the Marking Regulations, the documents which should accompany an air
or hydraulic lime for its use in construction should be the following:
Identification No. of notified body: i.e.: 1170
Name or brand and address of the manufacturer: i.e.: Cales ANCADE, S.A. Goya, 23, 3 Dcha,
Madrid (28001)
Two last digits of stamp date: i.e.: Year 07
Certificate of Compliance No: i.e.: 1170/CPD/CL002
Reference to the European Standard: UNE-EN 459-1
Description of the product: i.e.: CL 90-S slaked lime for construction
Essential requirements:
CaO + MgO > 90 %; MgO < 5 %; CO2 < 4 %; SO3 < 2 %
Stability of volume < 20 mm
Retained 0.09 mm < 7 %; Retained 0.20 mm < 2 %
Penetration > 10 and < 50 mm
57
In the case of mortars for render and plasterwork, the documents to include are as follows:
Name or brand and address of the manufacturer
Two last digits of stamp date
Description of the product: i.e.: General purpose (GP) mortar for render for external use
Product information regarding the regulated characteristics
"No Performance Determined" (NPD), for suitable characteristics, depending on the case
Figure 45: Example of
marking information .
And in the case of mortars for masonry, the documents to include are as follows:
Certification Body Identification No.
Name, or identification, and registered address of the manufacturer
Two last digits of stamp date
58
No. of conformity Certificate or of the factory production record

Description of the product
Product information regarding the regulated characteristics
"No Performance Determined" (NPD), for suitable characteristics, depending on the case
The legislation related to the
Marking is as follows:
Directive 89/106/EEC Construction Products OJ/EC (11.02.89)

Directive 93/68/EEC
Marking
Royal Decree 1630/1992 Transposition of Directive 89/106/CE (B.O.E., Boletin Oficial de Estado [Official Journal of the State] 9.2.93)
Royal Decree 1328/1995 Directive Transposition of
Figure 46: Example of
marking information.
Marking (B.O.E. 19.8.95)
59
Annex 3. Precautions to be taken during the use of

quicklime or slaked lime
Quicklimes or hydrated limes are not toxic materials; however, taking into account their alkalinity
it is advised to use appropriate protection methods while manipulating them, because they can
provoke irritation in nasal mucous membranes. Skin and eye contact should also be avoided.
In all cases the instructions of the Safety Data Sheets should be followed which are supplied by
the lime manufacturer.
Annex 4. Bibliography
Lime and Lime Mortars
AD Cowper, Donhead Publishing LTD.
ISBN 1-873394-27-6 (2000)
Observations on Limes
CW Pasley, Donhead
ISBN 1-873394-27-6 (1997)
Cales y Cementos [Limes and Cements]
L Mazzocchi (1919)
Building with Lime.
Stafford Holmes and Michael Wingate
WC 1 B 4H14, UK (2000)
Techniques et practique de la Chaux [Lime techniques and practices]
Ecole DAvignon (2001)
UNE-EN 459 1, 2 and 3: Building Lime
UNE-EN 197: Common Cements
UNE-EN 13139: Aggregates for mortars
UNE EN 998-1: Mortars for Rendering and Plastering: Specifications.
UNE EN 998-2: Mortars for masonry: Specifications
Durability of Mortar and Masonry
Efflorescence of Masonry NLA Arlington, VA 22201 (1989)
60
Gua Prctica de La Cal y el estuco (Practical guide for lime and stucco)
Editorial de los oficios Len
Morteros. [Mortars]. Gua General [General Guide]
AFAM (Asociacin Nacional de Fabricantes de Mortero [National Association of Mortar Manufacturers])
Morteros de Revestimiento [Mortars for Linings]
AFAM
Morteros para Fbricas [Mortars for Masonry]
AFAM
CONSTRUMAT 2007: Lecture by Oriol Garcia Conesa
CONSTRUMAT 2007: Lecture by Joan Ramon Rosell
Technical Data Sheets of Hidrocal Morteros
Doctoral Theses:
Study of Mortars of the Continuous Coatings of the Buildings of the Historic Centre of Valencia. Preparation of Mixed Lime-Pozzolan Mortars for Restoration. Year: 2005. Author: Piles Selma Vernica. Centre:
Chemistry. Universidad Politcnica de Valencia [Valencia Technical University]
Study of the Reactivity of Artificial Pozzolans: Fly Ash and Silica Fumes, and their Reuse in Civil Engineering. Year: 2000. Author: Amahjour Fouad. Centre: Civil Engineering. Universidad Politcnica de Valencia
[Valencia Technical University]
Restoration of Roman Mortars of Lime and Chamote in Current Applications. Year: 1999. Author: Gonzlez Cortina Mariano. Centre: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid [Superior Technical
School of Architecture of Madrid]. Universidad Politcnica de Madrid [The Technical University of Madrid]
Influence of Pozzolanic Additives in Mortars for the Restoration of Masonry of Historical-Artistic Interest. Year: 2005. Author: Sepulcre Aguilar Alberto. Centre: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de
Madrid [Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid] Universidad Politcnica de Madrid [The
Technical University of Madrid]
Development of New Repair Mortars Resistant to Biological Attack: Use of Sepiolite as a Supporting
Material for Biocides. Year: 1994. Author: Martnez Ramrez M Sagrario. Centre: Chemistry Department.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid [Complutense University of Madrid]
Lime Mortars. Use on Historic Structures. Year: 2001. Author: Cazalla Vzquez Olga. Centre: Sciences.
Universidad de Granada [University of Granada]
61
Annex 5. ANCADE Members

As of 1st May 2009 the following companies are members of ANCADE:
MEMBERS
ANDALUZA DE CALES (ANCASA)
Ctra. Morn - Montellano, km. 3
41530 - Morn de la Frontera (Seville)
Tel: 954851112 - Fax: 954852959
calcinor@calcinor.com
http://www.calcinor.com
CALES DE LLIERCA
Afueras s/n
17853 - Argelaguer (Girona)
Tel: 972687020 - Fax: 972687416
info@calesdellierca.com
http://www.calesdellierca.com
CALERA DE ALZO
Factory in Alzo Guipzcoa
Factory in Mondragn
Egileor Auzoa, 101
20268 - Alzo (Guipuzcoa)
Tel: 943653243 - Fax: 943654895
CALES DE PACHS
Montaa de San Jaime
08796 - Pacs del Penedes (Barcelona)
Tel: 938903011 - Fax: 938903689
http://www.calespachs.com
CALCINOR
Egileor Auzoa, 101
20268 - Altzo (Guipuzcoa)
Tel: 943653243 - Fax: 943654895
CAL DE CASTILLA (CALCASA)
Ctra. Valencia, km. 31
28500 - Arganda del Rey (Madrid)
Tel: 918715481 - Fax: 918700867
CALES DE LA PLANA (CAPLANSA)
La Pedrera, s/n
12592 - Chilches (Castelln)
Tel: 964590105 - Fax: 964583046
62
CALERAS DE SAN CUCAO

San Cucao de Llanera
33425 - Llanera (Asturias)
Tel: 985770858 - Fax: 985770133
caleras@sancucao.flcnet.es
http://www.caleras.com
CAL GOV
Ctra. Fuente de Santiago, km. 2.5
41560 - Estepa (Seville)
Tel: 955912600 - Fax: 955912899
CAL INDUSTRIAL (CALINSA)
Pedro I, 19-21
31007 - Pamplona (Navarre)
Tel: 948268511 - Fax: 948170202
http://www.lhoist.com
CALES PASCUAL
Ctra. Valencia Ademuz km. 9.3
43980 - Paterna (Valencia)
Tel: 9613211273 - Fax: 961324358
http://www.calespascual.com
ASSOCIATED MEMBERS
CALESTEP
Pozo de la Albujea s/n
41560 - Estepa (Seville)
Tel: 955912696 - Fax: 955912908
http://www.calestep.com
HIDROCAL MORTEROS
C/ Electrnica n 9 Pol. Ind. URTINSA II
28923 Alcorcn (Madrid)
Tel: 914 86 12 59
Fax: 916 41 12 69
http://www.hidrocalmorteros.com
COMERCIAL E INDUSTRIAL ARIES (CIARIES)

Factory in Olesa de Bonesvalls (Barcelona)
Factory in La Puebla Albortn (Zaragoza)
Al-Bei, 25 7 1
08010 - Barcelona (Barcelona)
Tel: 938984140 - Fax: 938984227
info@ciaries.com
http://www.ciaries.com
IBERCAL MORTEROS
Ctra. Badajoz, km. 55.8
06200 - Almendralejo (Badajoz)
Tel: 924677002 - Fax: 924677005
info@ibercalmorteros.es
http://www.ibercalmorteros.es
DERIVADOS CLCICOS (DECSA)

Pont Major-Despoblado, 14
17007 - Gerona (Gerona)
Tel: 972207350 - Fax: 972213636
SODIMATE IBERICA S.L.

Pol. Ind. Fontsanta, C/ Samonta 6A
08970 Sant Joan Despi
Tel: 934525135
Fax: 933231582
http://www.sodimateiberica.com
DOLOMITAS DEL NORTE

Barrioa de Santullan, s/n
39706 - Castro Urdiales (Cantabria)
Tel: 942879294 - Fax: 942879300
SEGURA S.L.
Mina Matagallar
41566 - Pedrera (Seville)
Tel: 954819061
http://www.ugeycia.com/segura/segura.html
TUDELA VEGUN
Argelles, 25
33003 - Oviedo (Asturias)
Tel: 985981100 - Fax: 985981105
http://www.tudela-veguin-sa.es
TALLERES CARLOS DOMENECH, S.L.

Pol.Ind. Pla de la Vallonga. Calle 6. Parcela 116
03006 Alicante
Tel: 965114508
Fax: 965280412
http://www.domenechmaquinaria.com
UNICMALL, S.L.
C/ Puigverd s/n Apto 46
07200 Felanitx
Mallorca (Balearic Islands)
Tel: 971 580 634
Fax: 971 582 609
http://www.unicmall.com
63
Edited by:
Asociacin Nacional de Fabricantes de Cales y Derivados de Espaa

[Spanish National Association of Manufacturers of Lime and Lime Derivatives]
C/ Goya, 23, 3 Derecha
28001 Madrid
Tel.: 914 261 291
Fax: 914 315 799
www.ancade.es
info@ancade.es
Photographs courtesy of:

Calcinor
Caleras de San Cucao
Cales de Pachs
Hidrocal Morteros
Ibercal
Tudela Vegun
Design and layout:

Mythagos Estudio, S.L.
Printing coordination:
Boceto Producciones Grficas, S.L.

Practical Guide To Lime Mortars

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PRACTICAL GUIDE TO

LIME MORTARS: DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATIONS........................................................................................ 9

3. COMPONENTS: CHARACTERISTICS AND REGULATIONS................................................................................. 12

6. LIME MORTARS PRODUCED ON SITE............................................................................................................................... 30

9. LIMEWASHES WITH LIME PLASTER OR WHITEWASH.......................................................................................... 50

Figure 1: Building restoration work using lime mortar.

ROMAN - MEDIEVAL BRIDGE "Puentecillas

Restoration in July 2005

Figure 3: Lime render. Sgraffito and Scraped. C/ Beln, Madrid.

INSULAR TOWN HALL

Figure 4: Insular Town Hall (Tenerife).

TOLEDO MUNICIPAL FUNERAL HOME

Figure 5: Composite mortar (lime-cement). Toledo Municipal Funeral Home.

1.2 Current status: Technical Building Code (CTE)

2.1 Mortars defined by their composition

2.2 Mortars defined by their application

b) Mortars for coatings

e) Mortars for repair work

c) Mortars for paving

2.3 Mortars defined by their requirements

2.4 Mortars defined by their production method

b) Semi-finished factory produced masonry mortar:

2.5 Mortars defined by their supply method

c) Wet mortar: principally produced with lime

Calcium limes: Calcinated pure limestones >95% richness

Limestone contains clays rich in silica, aluminium and iron,

3.1.1 Air limes

Production of calcic air limes (CL)

Figure 7: Parallel Flow Regenerative Vertical Kiln.

Figure 8: Horizontal kiln with Pre-heater.

Hydration or slaking of the quicklime

The slaking of the quicklime can be done in two ways:

Hardening of hydrated lime. Carbonation

3.1.2 Hydraulic limes

Table 2: Chemical requirements for Hydraulic Lime a

Free lime as Ca(OH)2 in accordance with section 4.9, of

Table 3: Chemical requirements for Formulated lime a

Figure 10: Kiln.

3.3 Active additives

3.3.1 Materials with pozzolanic properties

3.3.2 Materials with latent hydraulic properties

Figure 13: Interior of blast furnace complex in Avila, Asturias.

3.5.1 Aerating agents: Air content modifiers

3.5.2 Plasticizer: Rheology modifiers while in fresh condition

3.5.3 Retardants: Modifiers of setting

3.5.4 Water repellents: Water absorption reducers

3.5.5 Water retainers

Chloride content, expressed in Cl - < 6 g/l (UNE 7178 Standard)

In general, waters whose use

Figure 14: Laboratory.

Figure 15: Traditional smooth wash finish lime

Does not cause efflorescence due to the absence of soluble salts.

Lime and cement composite mortars

Figure 16: Partial restoration with composite mortar. De Moreruela (Zamora).

Dry mortar in silos

Figure 17: Industrial lime mortars.

In addition, other possible problems are avoided such as:

Figure 18: Gravity silo mixer.

Calcium limes: Calcinated pure limestones >95% richness

Figure 15: Traditional smooth wash finish lime

Walls particularly exposed to impacts and

6.1 Recommended dosages for pure lime mortars

6.2 Recommended dosages for combined lime and