Answers, Solutions and Explanations for the Practice Problems

Even though there are example problems in the Personal Tutor and Worked Examples in the textbook you
may not yet feel fully confident with your work on every problem. The solutions and explanations for most
of the problems have been included here so you can compare your work and your answer to this key.
Hopefully, you will be able to examine your work and see where is differs from the solutions given here.
Who knows, you may be able to uncover some errors that we have made! The answers, like the examples
elsewhere, are only of benefit if you actually use them. Be sure to work the problems and then check your
answers. The reward for doing the work and then revising it if need be will be far greater than if you
simply look at the problems and their answers. The original questions are also included here to help you.
Good luck!

Measurement and the Metric System (page 5)

1.

2.

Which metric unit and prefix would be most convenient to measure each of the following?
a.

meter

b.

micrometer

c.

millisecond

d.

kilogram

e.

nanogram

f.

milligram

g.

megagram

What word prefixes are used in the metric system to indicate the following multipliers?
a.

kilo

b.

milli

c.

centi

d.

micro

3.
An antacid tablet contains 168 mg of the active ingredient ranitidine hydrochloride. How many
grams of ranitidine hydrochloride are in the tablet?

1g
1000 mg

168 mg

4.

0.168 g

There are 1.609 km in exactly 1 mile. How many centimeters are there in 1 mile?
1000 m

1.609 km
1 km

5.

100 cm

1.609 x 10 5 cm
1
m

A paper clip is 3.2 cm long. What is the length of the paper clip in millimeters?
10 mm
32 mm
1 cm

3.2 cm

6.

State at least one advantage of SI units over the customary US units.

The advantage to the SI units is that they are based on multiples of ten. This makes it easy to vary
the size of the units by changing the power of ten. Other advantages might include wide
international use, common trade pricing, or the flexibility of the system.

Derived Units (page 7)

1.

The average person in the United States uses 340 L of water daily. Convert this to
milliliters.
1000 mL
340,000 mL 3.0 x 10 5 mL
1
L

A quart is approximately equal to 946 mL. How many liters are in 1 quart?
340 L

2.

1L
.946 L
1000
mL

One hundred fifty milliliters of rubbing alcohol has a mass of 120 g. What is the density of
rubbing alcohol?
946 mL

3.

120 g
0.80 g mL1
150 mL

4.

A ruby has a mass 7.5 g and a volume of 1.9 cm3. What is the density of this ruby?

7. 5 g
3.9 g cm 3
3
1.9 cm
5.

What is the density of isopropyl alcohol if 5.00 mL weigh 3.93 g?

3.93 g
0..786 g mL1
5.00 mL

Dimensional Analysis (page 9)

1.

The distance between New York and San Francisco is 4 ,741,000 m. Now, that may sound
impressive, but to put all those digits on a car odometer is slightly inconvenient. (Of course,
in the United States the odometer measures miles, but that is another story.) In this case,
kilometers are a better choice for measuring distance. Change the distance to kilometers.
1 km
4741 km
4,741,000 m
1000 m

2.

Convert 7,265 mL to L.

1L
7.265 L
1000 mL

7,265 mL

3.

The 1500 meter race is sometimes called the metric mile. Convert 1500 m to miles. (1 m =
39.37 in). NOTE: now the mile race is the 1600 meter.
39.37 in

1 m

1500 m

4.

1 ft

12 in

1 mile
5280
ft

0.93 mile

The density of aluminum is 2.70 g cm3. What is the mass of 235 cm3
of aluminum?

 2.70 g
634 g
235 cm 3
3
1 cm
5.

How many 250 mL servings can be poured from a 2.0 L bottle of soft drink?
1000 mL

1L

2.0 L

6.

1000 m

1 km

0.17 g
1L

1 hr

60 min

1 min

27.8 m s 1
60
s

0.92 g

Liquid bromine has a density of 3.12 g/mL. What volume would 7.5 g of bromine occupy?
1 mL
7.5 g
3.12 g

9.

8.0 servings

The density of helium is 0.17 g/L at room temperature. What is the mass of helium in a 5.4 L
helium balloon?
5.4 L

8.

The speed limit in Canada is 100 km/hr. Convert this to meters/second.

100 km
1 hr

7.

1 serving

250 mL

2.4 mL

An irregularly shaped piece of metal has a mass of 147.8 g. It is placed in a graduated

cylinder containing 30.0 mL of water. The water level rises to 48.5 mL. What is the density of
the metal?
48.5 mL 30.0 mL = 18.5 mL (This is the volume of the piece of metal.)
147.8 g
7.99 g mL1
18.5 mL

Precision and Accuracy (page 11)

Groups of students determined the density of an unknown liquid in the laboratory. Calculate the average
and range for each groups measurements.
1.

Group 1 obtained the following values: 1.34 g mL1, 1.32 g mL1 , 1.36 g mL1. The actual
value is 1.34 g mL1.
The sample data is precise and accurate. The average equals 1.34 g mL1, which is equal to the
actual value. The range is only 0.02 g mL1.

2.

Group 2 obtained the same results, but the actual value is 1.40 g mL 1 .
The data is precise (range is only 0.02 g mL1), but the accuracy is lower. The average is
1.34 g mL1, but significantly varied from the actual value of 1.40 g mL1.

3.

Group 3 obtained the following values: 1.66 g mL1, 1.28 g mL1, 1.18 g mL1. The actual
value is 1.34 g mL1.
The average is 1.37 g mL1 and the actual value is 1.34 g mL1, so the accuracy is good. The range
is 0.48 g mL1, so the precision is not very good

4.

Group 4 obtained the following values: 1.60 g mL1, 1.70 g mL1, 1.40 g mL1. The actual
value is 1.40 g mL1.
The average is 1.57 g mL1 and the range is 0.30 g mL1, so the measurements are neither very
accurate or precise.

Percent Error (page 12)

Calculate the percent error for all four groups in the previous set of practice problems. Use the average for
each group as the experimental value. The actual values are your accepted values.
1.

experimental value = 1.34 g mL1

accepted value = 1.34 g mL1

% Error
2.

1.34 g mL1 1.34 g mL1

x 100 % 0.00 %
1.34 g mL1

experimental value = 1.34 g mL1

accepted value = 1.40 g mL1

% Error

1.34 g mL1 1.40 g mL1

x 100 % 4.29%
1.40 g mL1

NOTE: The percent error is negative because the experimental value is less than the accepted
value.

3.

experimental value = 1.37 g mL1

accepted value = 1.34 g mL1

% Error
4.

1.37 g mL1 1.34 g mL1

x 100 % 2.24 %
1.34 g mL1

experimental value = 1.57 g mL1

accepted value = 1.40 g mL1

% Error

1.57 g mL1 1.40 g mL1

x 100 % 12.1 %
1.40 g mL1

Significant Figures (page 15)

1.

How many significant figures are in each of the following?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

451 000 m
6.626 X 1034 J s
0.0065 g
4056 V
0.0540 mL

3 significant figures
4 significant figures
2 significant figures
4 significant figures
3 significant figures

For the centimeter rulers below record the length of the arrow shown.
a.

The ruler is marked to the 0.1 cm. It is clear that the tip of the arrow is past
seven. The tip appears to be right on the eight. We can say with certainty that
the measurement is 8.0 cm. We are allowed to estimate one digit farther than the
markings on the ruler. The ruler is marked to the tenths of a centimeter so we
can estimate the hundredths place. Since the tip of the arrow seems to be
exactly on the 8 that makes the measurement 8.00 cm.
8.00 cm
b.

10.50 cm

Using Significant Figures in Calculations (page 17)

1.

Answer the following problems using the correct number of significant figures.
a.

16.27 + 0.463 + 32.1

48.833 = 48.8

Since this is an addition problem the answer can only be as precise as the term with the least
precision. The least precise measurement is 32.1 with a precision of .1 so the answer must be
rounded to the nearest tenth.

b.

42.05 3.6

38.45 = 38.5

Since this is a subtraction problem the answer can only be as precise as the term with the least
precision. The term with the least precision is 3.6 which has a precision of .1 (the precision of
42.05 is .01). The answer must be rounded to the nearest tenth.
c.

15.1 x 0.032

0.4832 = 0.48

Since this a multiplication problem the answer can only have as many significant figures as the
term in the problem with the fewest significant figures. In this case 15.1 has 3 significant figures
and 0.032 has 2 significant figures. The answer can only have 2 significant figures since this is the
smaller number of significant figures.
d.

13.36 0.0468

285.470086 = 285

Since this is a division problem the answer can only have as many significant figures as the term
in the problem with the fewest significant figures. In this case 13.36 has 4 significant figures and
0.0468 has 3 significant figures. The answer can only have 3 significant figures since this is the
smaller number of significant figures among the terms in this problem.
e.

(13.36 0.046) x 12.6

1.424

118.6558 = 119

This problem is a combination of addition, multiplication and division. The rules for order of
operation tell us that the calculation within the parenthesis is done first. The calculation within the
parenthesis is addition and the answer to that part of the overall computation can have an answer
that is only as precise as the least precise term. That means the answer for the calculation within
the parenthesis would be 13.41 since the precision of the least precise term is 0.01. The rules for
multiplication and division are the same. The final answer can only have as many significant
figures as the term with the fewest number of significant figures. In this case 12.6 is the term with
the fewest significant figures. That means the final answer can only be expressed to 3 significant
figures.
2.

In the laboratory a group of students was assigned to determine the density of an unknown
liquid. They used a buret to measure the liquid and found a volume of 2.04 mL. The mass
was determined on an analytical balance to be 2.260 g. How should they report the density of
the liquid?
Density is mass over volume, so
2.260 g
1.107843 g mL1 1.11 g mL1
2.04 mL
Since this is a division problem the answer may have as many significant figures as the term with
the fewest significant figures. In this case the volume (2.04 mL) has 3 significant figures and the
mass (2.260 g) has 4 significant figures. The answer should have 3 significant figures.

3.

In the first laboratory activity of the year, students were assigned to find the total area of
three tabletops in the room. To save time, each of the three students grabbed a ruler and
measured the dimensions. They then calculated the area for each tabletop and added them
together. Figure 6 presents the students measurements. What is the total area of the three
tabletops?

Student
A
B
C

Length

Width

127 cm
1.30 m
50. in

74 cm
0.80 m
29.5 in

Figure 6 Tabletop Dimensions

Area = length x width
One thing the students forgot to do was decide upon one unit of measurement. It will be necessary
to convert the units before the values can be added. You cannot add values with different units
together. In this case it might be easiest to convert all the measurements to centimeters (cm) and
then find the areas.
Student As measurements are already in centimeters so they do not need any conversion.
Student Bs measurements are in meters. 1 m = 100 cm.
100 cm
130 m
1 m

100 cm
80. cm
1 m

1.3 m

0.80 m

Student Cs measurements are in inches. 1 in = 2.54 cm

2.54 cm
127 cm
1 in

2.54 cm
74.9 cm
1 in

50.0 in

29.5 in

Table 1 (Student A): 127 cm x 74 cm = 9398 cm2 = 9400 cm2

(only 2 significant figures)

Table 2 (Student B): 130 cm x 80. cm = 10400 cm2 = 1.0 x 104 cm2 (2 significant figures)
Table 3 (Student C): 127 cm x 74.9 cm = 9512.3 cm2 = 9510 cm2 (3 significant figures)
The total area is the sum of these three values.
9,400 cm2 + 10,000 cm2 + 9,510 cm2 = 28,910 cm2 = 29,000 cm2
Since this is an addition problem the answer can only be as precise as the least precise
measurement. In other words, the answers last digit must be the same place value as the
term with the last digit in the highest place value. The second term in this group has the
last digit in the thousands place (that was why it was written 1.0 X 104 cm2). It is the
least precise measurement. Student As value has a precision of 100 cm2, Student Bs
value has a precision of 1000 cm2, and Student Cs value has a precision of 10 cm2.
That means our answer must have the last digit in the thousands place. It can only have a
precision of 1000 cm2.

Scientific Notation (page 19)

1.

2.

Convert the following numbers to exponential notation.

a.

0.0000369

3.69 x 105

b.

36
1000

3.6 x 102

c.

0.0452

4.52 x 102

d.

4 520 000

4.52 x 106

e.

365 000

3.65 x 105

Carry out the following operations:

a.

(1.62 x 103) + (3.4 x 102) = (1.62 x 103) + (0.34 x 103) = 1.96 x 103

b.

(1.75 x101) (4.6 x 102) = (1.75 x 101) (0.46 x 101) = 1.29 x 101

c.

(15.1 x 102) x (3.2 x 102) = 48.32 = 48 or 4.8 x 101

d.

(6.02 x 1023) x (2.0 x 102) = 1.204 x 1026 = 1.2 x 1026

e.

(6.02 x 1023) (12.0) = 7.224 x 1024 = 7.22 x 1024

Bar Graphs (page 22)

1.

What happens to atomic radius as you go across a series on the periodic table from left to
right?
The atomic radius decreases as you from left to right across a series on the periodic table. The
arrows help show the pattern of decreasing atomic radius in the first three periods of the periodic
table. (NOTE: Horizontal rows on the periodic table may be called either series or periods.
Vertical columns are called either groups or families.)

Atomic Radius (nm)

Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

2 3

5 6

7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number
2.

What element(s) have the smallest atomic radius among these 19? Give the name of the
element.
Helium, He, and Neon, Ne, have the smallest atomic radii.
Elements 2 and 10 have the smallest atomic radii among the first nineteen elements. Element 2 is
Helium and element 10 is neon.

Atomic Radius (nm)

Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

2 3

5 6

7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number

3.

What happens to atomic radius as you go down a group on the periodic table?
Atomic radius seems to increase as you go from top to bottom in a group/family on the periodic
table.
The ovals show the radii of elements within group 1 (the alkali metals) on the periodic table. The
atomic radii increase as you go farther down the group. The rectangles illustrate the trend with
group 2 (alkaline earth) elements.

Atomic Radius (nm)

Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

2 3

5 6

7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number
4.

What is the second period element with the largest atomic radius?
Lithium, Li
The second period elements are elements 3 to 10, i.e., the elements from lithium to neon in the
second row of elements on the periodic table. Since atomic radius decreases as you go from left to
right the largest radius should be found in the first element of the series. This is consistent with
the graph. Element 3, lithium, has the largest atomic radius of the elements in the second period.

Atomic Radius (nm)

Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

2 3

5 6

7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number

10

Multiple Bar Graphs (page 23)

1.

What happens to the first ionization energy as you go from left to right across the second period of
the periodic table? How does this compare to the trend you found for atomic radius?
First ionization energy generally increases as you go from left to right across the second period of
the periodic table. There are two exceptions to this, but the general trend is for the first ionization
energy to increase. This is just the opposite of the trend with the atomic radius. While first
ionization energy increases from left to right the atomic radius decreases.

Comparison of Atomic Radius and First Ionization Energy

Atomic Radius
(nm)
Ionization Energy
(eV)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number
Atomic Radius

2.

Ionization Energy

Does the trend for first ionization energy hold for the third period elements as well?
The trend across the period holds for the third period elements as well.

Comparison of Atomic Radius and First Ionization Energy

Atomic Radius
(nm)
Ionization Energy
(eV)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number
Atomic Radius

3.

Ionization Energy

Which of the first nineteen elements has the largest first ionization energy?
Helium, He, has the largest first ionization energy of the first nineteen elements.

11

Comparison of Atomic Radius and First Ionization Energy

Atomic Radius
(nm)
Ionization Energy
(eV)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number
Atomic Radius

4.

Ionization Energy

What is the relationship between atomic radius and first ionization energy?
The larger an elements atomic radius, the smaller its first ionization energy. There is an indirect
relationship between atomic radius and first ionization energy. This means as one variable gets
larger, the other variable gets smaller.

Comparison of Atomic Radius and First Ionization Energy

Atomic Radius
(nm)
Ionization Energy
(eV)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Atomic Number
Atomic Radius

Ionization Energy

x-y Graphs (page 25)

Alkanes are compounds of carbon and hydrogen with the general formula, CnH2n+2. Suppose that you
did an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of several alkanes and noticed that the heat of
combustion/mole increased as the number of carbons in the alkane increased. The data taken are
shown in Figure 14.
Alkane
Number of Carbon Atoms
Heat of Combustion
(kJ mol1)
Methane, CH4
1
891

12

Ethane, C2H6
2
Propane, C3H8
3
n-Butane, C4H10
4
n-Pentane, C5H12
5
Figure 14: Heat of Combustion of Some Alkanes
1.

1561
2219
2879
3509

Plot a line graph of the data.

Heat of Combustion as a Function of

the Number of Carbon Atoms
Heat of
Combustion
(kJ/mol)

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

Number of Carbon Atoms

2.

Examine the line graph of the data. What is the relationship between the number of carbon
atoms in an alkane and the heat of combustion?
The larger the number of carbon atoms the higher the heat of combustion according to the graph of
the data.

3.

Predict the value for the heat of combustion for n-hexane, C6H14.

13

Heat of Combustion
(kJ/mol)

Heat of Combustion as a Function of

the Number of Carbon Atoms
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

y = 655.4x + 245.6
0

Number of Carbon Atoms

4200 kJ mol1
When a trend line is added to the graph the value for hexane, C6H14, can be estimated. The trend
line intersects the line for 6 carbons just barely less than half way between the two gridlines. The
lower grid line is 4000 kJ mol1 and the higher grid line is 4500 kJ mol1. Exactly halfway
between them would be 4250 kJ mol1. Since it is just a bit less than this we might estimate it to
be 4200 kJ mol1.
4.

Predict the value for the heat of combustion for a substance with no carbon atoms. Why is
the value not 0? (Hint: Consider what remains in the formula when there are no carbon
atoms.)
250 kJ mol1
The same trend line we used in number 3 can be used to estimate the heat of combustion with zero
carbons. Using the formula CnHn+2 a value of zero for n would still give 2 hydrogen atoms in a
molecule. What we are estimating from the trend line is the heat of combustion of H2.
You may also notice that the formula for the trend line is given on the graph. The formula of a
straight line is y = mx + b. The x and y are the two variables being graphed, m is the slope of the
line, and b is the y-intercept. The y-intercept, b, is where the trend line crosses a vertical line
where the number of carbon atoms would be zero. The value of b in the equation is 245.6 kJ
mol1. This is in close agreement with our estimate from the trend line. You can utilize the power
of your graphing software to help you analyze your data.

14

Could you use this same graph to predict the heat of combustion for other kinds of
hydrocarbons? Why or why not?
It is possible that this graph could be used to predict the heat of combustion for other straight
chain hydrocarbons of greater length. However, it is likely that the farther out we estimate from
this data the more inaccurate it will become. It is not possible to use this graph to predict the heat
of combustion of other types of hydrocarbons. If the hydrocarbon is branched, cyclic, or there are
elements besides carbon and hydrogen present this graph would be inappropriate for making any
predictions. A graph can only be used to make predictions and estimates that are appropriate. Do
not generalize to far from a limited set of data in a graph!

Interpreting Tables (page 33)

Substance

Formula

Water
H2O
Benzene
C6H6
Naphthalene
C10H8
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Methane
CH4
Magnesium fluoride MgF2
Methanol
CH3OH
1.

Melting Point
(oC)
0
5
80
800
183
1248
97.8

Molar Mass
(g mol1)
18
78
128
58.5
16
62
32

Stucture
Molecular
Molecular
Molecular
Ionic
Molecular
Ionic
Molecular

Polarity of
Molecule
Polar
Nonpolar
Nonpolar
Not applicable
Nonpolar
Not applicable
polar

Compare the characteristics of methane, benzene, and naphthalene. What factor seems to be
responsible for differences in the melting points of these three substances?
With these three substances molar mass seems to be the factor that explains the differences in
melting point. All three are nonpolar molecules. The melting points increase as the molar mass
increases.

The previous three questions use only some of the information available in the table. Write
two more questions that might be asked about the table.
The questions you write might look at comparisons of polarity or composition and their
relationship to melting point.

3.

It is important to use all of the information available in a table. However, you should not make
sweeping generalizations that are supported by only a small number of facts. Look at your answer
to Question 1 and state what other information you might wish to look up to support your
statement.
Information that might be good to add to this table are: boiling point, density, intermolecular
forces in solids, and shape of molecule.

15

Graphing Problems (page 33)

1.

The graph in Figure 26 shows the approximate level of CO2 in the atmosphere from 1900 to
1990 for available decades. Study the graph and answer these questions:
a.

Predict the CO2 levels in 1910, 1950, and 2000.

There seems to be a consistent increase in CO2 levels from 1900 to 1940. The estimate
for 1910 would be intermediate between the values for 1900 and 1920 or approximately
290 ppm.
The values for 1940 and 1960 are nearly identical. Although it would not be
unreasonable to assume that the value for 1950 could be slightly lower or higher, we have
no reason to assume that is was anything other than the approximately 320 ppm found in
the decade before and after.
There is a consistent increase in CO2 levels from 1960 to 1990. Extending a trend line
gives us an estimate of approximately 370 ppm for 2000.

b.

What other type(s) of graph might also be useful to study this data?
An x-y graph with a mathematically derived trend line would be very useful.

Figure 26: CO2 Levels from 1900 to 1990

2.

Graphically determine the density of ethylene glycol for the following data collected in the
laboratory. The density will be the slope of the straight line best fit curve for the data points.

Mass
(g)
11.20
16.72
22.14
17.78
33.42

Volume
(mL)
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

Figure 27: Ethylene Glycol Density Data

16

Mass (g)

Mass/Volume Ratio (Density) of

ethylene glycol
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Volume (mL)

slope

y 2 y1
x 2 x1

Point A: 22 mL, 25 g
Point B: 31 mL, 35 g
slope

35 g 25 g
10 g

1.111 g mL1 1.1 g mL1

31 mL 22 mL
9 mL

In this case using a trend line mathematically determined by your graphing software might lead to
a problem. There is one data point which does not seem to match the others. It is likely that this is
a result of experimental error. Ideally your analysis should include all the data. However, it is
often the case in the laboratory for a chemistry course that time will be limited so you will not be
able to do extra trials in the case of inconsistent results and some erroneous data points may be
eliminated from your analysis. In a research setting all the data would be included and further
trials would be done to minimize the impact of one stray data point.
3.

The data below was collected when water was heated to its boiling point. Decide which type
of graph to use and graph this data. Answer the questions that follow based upon your
graph.

Time
(seconds)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

Temperature
(oC)
23.0
27.0
34.0
43.0
58.0
69.0
75.0
17

3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5

83.0
90.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0
100.0
100.5

Figure 28: Data from Heating Water to Boiling

Temperature
(oC)

Time vs. Temperature for Heating

Water
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Time (min)

Temperature (oC)

Time vs. Temperature for Heating

Water
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

Time (min)
a.

What type of graph did you choose to plot? Explain why you chose this type.

18

A line graph or an x-y graph are the most likely choices here since you are asked to make
some predictions about temperatures. A bar graph could also be used. Regardless of the
type of graph time would be best placed on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis.
b.

Describe the change in temperature with time.

Temperature increases very rapidly during the first three minutes. From three to five
minutes the temperature still increases but at a slower rate of increase. After 5 minutes
the temperature changes only slightly.

c.

Predict the temperature at 4.3 minutes.

The temperature at 4.3 minutes is about 90. oC from the trend line. Averaging the values
between 4.0 and 4.5 minutes would give an estimate of 92 oC.

d.

Predict the temperature at 8.5 minutes.

Extending the trend line out to 8.5 minutes gives a value of approximately 102 oC.

e.

During what time period was there the greatest change in temperature?
The largest increase in temperature comes between 1.5 and 2.0 minutes

Molar Mass (page 36)

Find the molar mass (grams in one mole) of each of the following:
1.

Ethanoic acid (acetic acid), CH3COOH

C: 12.01 g mol1 x 2 moles of carbon atoms = 24.02 g
H: 1.01 g mol1 x 4 moles of hydrogen atoms = 4.04 g
O: 16.00 g mol1 x 2 moles of oxygen atoms = 32.00 g
24.02 g + 4.04 g + 32.00 g = 60.06 g is the mass of 1 mole of ethanoic acid (60.06 g mol1)

2.

Methanal, (formaldehyde), HCHO

H: 1.01 g mol1 x 2 moles of hydrogen atoms = 2.02 g
C: 12.01 g mol1 x 1 mole of carbon atoms = 12.01 g
O: 16.00 g mol1 x 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16.00 g
2.02 g + 12.01 g + 16.00 g = 30.03 g is the mass of 1 mole of methanal (30.03 g mol1)

3.

2-Dodecanol, CH3(CH2)9CH(OH)CH3
C: 12.01 g mol1 x 12 moles of carbon atoms = 144.12 g
H: 1.01 g mol1 x 26 moles of hydrogen atoms = 26.26 g
O: 16.00 g mol1 x 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16.00 g
144.12 g + 26.26 g + 16.00 g = 186.38 g is the mass of 1 mole of 2-dodecanol (186.38 g mol1)

4.

Glucose, C6H12O6

19

C: 12.01 g mol1x 6 moles of carbon atoms = 72.06 g

H: 1.01 g mol1 x 12 moles of hydrogen atoms = 12.12 g
O: 16.00 g mol1 x 6 moles of oxygen atoms = 96.00 g
72.06 g + 12.12 g + 96.00 g = 180.18 g is the mass of 1 mole of glucose (180.18 g mol1)
5.

Ethanol, C2H5OH
C: 12.01 g mol1 x 2 moles of carbon atoms = 24.02 g
H: 1.01 g mol1 x 6 moles of hydrogen atoms = 6.06 g
O: 16.00 g mol1 x 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16.00 g
24.02 g + 6.06 g + 16.00 g = 46.08 g is the mass of 1 mole of ethanol (46.08 g mol1)

6.

Phosphoric acid, H3PO4

H: 1.01 g mol1 x 3 moles of hydrogen atoms = 3.03 g
P: 30.97 g mol1 x 1 mole of phosphorus = 30.97 g
O: 16.00 g mol1 x 4 moles of oxygen atoms = 64.00 g
3.03 g + 30.97 g + 64.00 g = 98.00 g is the mass of 1 mole of phosphoric acid (98.00 g mol1)

MassMole Conversions (page 39)

1.

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, and salicylic acid, C7H6O3, combine to form aspirin. If a chemist
uses 5.00 g salicylic acid and 10.53 g acetic acid, calculate the number of moles of each
compound used.

1 mol
5.00 g C 7 H 6 O3
138
.13 g

0.0362 mol C 7 H 6 O3

1 mol
10.53 g CH 3 OOH
60.06 g

2.

0.1753 mol CH 3 COOH

2-Dodecanol, CH3(CH2)9CH(OH)CH3 is used in synthesis of wetting agents. A manufacturer

orders 500.0 kg of the compound. How many moles are ordered?
1000 g
1 kg

500.0 kg C12 H 26 O

1 mol

186
.38 g

20

2682 mol C12 H 26 O

3.

Calcium chloride hexahydrate, CaCl2 6 H2O, is sprinkled on sidewalks to melt ice and snow.
How many moles of the compound are in a 5.0 kg sack of the material?
NOTE: When finding the molar mass of hydrates you must also include the mass of the water
molecules that are included as water of crystallization with the formula.
The molar mass of CaCl2 is 110.98 g mol1 and the mass of six water molecules is 108.12 g. That
makes the molar mass of the calcium chloride hexahydrate, CaCl26H2O 219.10 g mol1.
1000 g
1 kg

1 mol

219.10 g

5.0 kg CaCl 2 6 H 2 O

4.

23 mol CaCl 2 6 H 2 O

1.5 mol sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are required to prepare a solution. What is the equivalent
number of grams?
40.00 g
1 mol

1.5 mol NaOH

60. g NaOH

NOTE: It is necessary to put the decimal point in to show that there are 2 significant figures in the
answer.
5.

The laboratory technician must prepare a solution that requires 0.123 mol silver nitrate,
AgNO3. How many grams are necessary?
169.91 g
1 mol

0.123 mol AgNO3

20.9 g AgNO3

VolumeMole Conversions (page 41)

1.

How many moles are there in:

A.

125 mL of 0.0996 M hydrochloric acid, HCl

1L

125 mL HCl
1000 mL

B.

0.0996 mol

0.0124 mol HCl

1L

250.0 mL of 0.145 M methylamine, CH3NH2

1L

250.0 mL CH 3 NH 2
1000 mL

C.

5.00 mL of 0.0100 M acetic acid, CH3COOH

1L

5.00 mL CH 3 COOH
1000 mL

2.

0.145 mol

0.03625 mol CH 3 NH 2
1L

0.0100 mol

5.00 x 10 5 mol CH 3 COOH

1L

How many milliliters of 0.0500 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are needed to provide 0.025
moles of NaOH?

21

1L

0.025 mol NaOH

0.0500 mol

3.

How many milliliters of 0.225 M hydrofluoric acid, HF, are needed to provide 0.0125 moles
of HF?

1L

0.0125 mol HF
0
.
225
mol

4.

1000 mL

55.6 mL HF
1L

How many grams of potassium chlorate, KClO3, are there in 25.00 mL of a 0.l250 M
solution?

1L

25.00 mL KClO3
1000
mL

5.

1000 mL

5.0 x 10 2 mL NaOH
1
L

0.1250 mol

1L

122.55 g

1 mol

0.100 mol

1L

Balance these molecular equations

Zn (s)+ HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Al (s) + O2 (g) Al2O3 (s)
4 Al (s) + 3 O2 (g) 2 Al2O3 (s)

3.

C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

2 C4H10 (g) + 13 O2 (g) 8 CO2 (g) + 10 H2O (g)

4.

84.01 g

1 mol

Balancing Equations (page 44)

2.

.3830 g KClO3

How many grams of sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, are there in 100.00 mL of a 0.100 M ?

1L

100.00 mL NaHCO3
1000 mL

1.

KClO3 (s) KCl (s) + O2 (g)

2 KClO3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)

22

0.840 g NaHCO3

5.

Fe (s) + H2O (l) Fe3O4 (s) + H2 (g)

3 Fe (s) + 4 H20 (l) Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)

6.

CaC2 (s) + H2O (l) C2H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)

CaC2 (s) + 2 H20 (l) C2H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)

7.

MnO2 (s) + HCl (aq) MnCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + Cl2 (g)
MnO2 (s) + 4 HCl (aq) MnCl2 (aq) + 2 H20 (l) + Cl2 (g)

8.

Fe2O3 (s) + CO (g) Fe (s) + CO2 (g)

Fe2O3 (s) + 3 CO (g) 2 Fe (s) + 3 CO2 (g)

9.

H2O2 (aq) H2O (l) + O2 (g)

2 H2O2 (aq) 2 H2O (l) + O2 (g)

10.

CH3CH2OH (l) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

CH3CH2OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l)

Write the balanced molecular equation for the reactions that occur in each of the following situations.
11.

When liquid benzene, C6H6, reacts with oxygen gas, O2, the products are gaseous carbon
dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O.

2 C6H6 (l) + 15 O2 (g) 12 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)

12.

When photosynthesis takes place in a green plant, carbon dioxide gas and liquid water
combine to produce solid glucose, C6H12O6, and oxygen gas.

6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g)

13.

Nitroglycerin, C3H5N3O9, a drug used for heart pain problems, is synthesized from
glycerin, C3H8O3, and nitric acid, HNO3, in the presence of a catalyst. What is also a
product of the reaction.

C3H8O3 + 3 HNO3 C3H5N3O9 + 3 H20

14.

Some antacids contain solid aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, which reacts with the aqueous
hydrochloric acid, HCl, in the stomach to produce aqueous aluminum chloride, AlCl3, and
liquid water.

Al(OH)3 (s) + 3 HCl (aq) AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

23

15.

An antacid remedy contains solid sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, and solid citric acid,
H3C6H5O7, which react to produce gaseous carbon dioxide (the source of the familiar fizz),
aqueous sodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7, and liquid water.

3 NaHCO3 (s) + H3C6H5O7 (s) 3 CO2 (g) + Na3C6H5O7 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
16.

When solid table sugar (sucrose), C12H22O11, is heated, gaseous water and solid elemental
carbon are produced.

C12H22O11 (s) 11 H2O (g) + 12 C (s)

Stoichiometry (page 46)
1.

Acetylene burns in air to form carbon dioxide and water:

5 C2H2(g) + 2 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

How many moles of CO2 are formed from 25.0 moles C2H2?

4 mol CO 2
25.0 mol C 2 H 2
5 mol C 2 H 2

20.0 mol CO 2

NOTE: The coefficients in the balanced equation are treated as exact numbers. That means they
have an infinite number of significant figures. In other words, the coefficients will not be used to
determine the number of significant figures in the answer.
2.

If insufficient oxygen is available, carbon monoxide can be a product of the combustion of

butane:

9 C4H10(l) + 2 O2(g) 8 CO(g) +10 H2O(l).

What mass of CO could be produced from 5.0 g butane?

1 mol C 4 H 10
5.0 g C 4 H 10
58.14 g C 4 H 10
3.

8 mol CO

9 mol C 4 H 10

28.01 g CO

2.1 g CO
1 mol CO

15.0 g NaNH2 is required for an experiment. Using the following reaction, what mass of
sodium metal is required to produce the NaNH2?

2 Na(s) + 2 NH3(g) 2 NaNH2(s) + H2(g)?

1 mol NaNH 2
15.0 g NaNH 2
39.02 g NaNH 2

2 mol N a

2 mol NaNH 2

24

22.99 g Na

8.84 g Na
1 mol Na

4.

Ethanol and acetic acid react to produce ethyl acetate according to the reaction C2H5OH +
CH3C(O)OH CH3C(O)OC2H5 + H2O. If the reaction is only 35% efficient at the conditions
used, what mass of CH3C(O)OH will be necessary to produce 100 g CH3C(O)OC2H5? Assume
that sufficient ethanol is available.
First calculate the theoretical yield as if the reaction is 100 % efficient.

1 mol

100. g CH 3 C (O )OC 2 H 5
88.12 g

1 mol CH 3 COOH
1 mol CH 3 C (O)OC 2 H 5

60.06 g CH 3 COOH

1 mol CH 3 COOH

68.2 g CH 3 CO

Since the reaction is only 35% efficient the starting amount of acetic acid must be larger than 68.2
grams. In fact 68.2 g is 35% of the amount of acetic acid actually needed for this reaction. The
actual starting material multiplied by 0.35 (the decimal equivalent of 35%) will equal 68.2 g.
Solving for the starting material will involving dividing both sides by 0.35.

? x 0.35 = 68.2 g CH3COOH

? = 68.2 g 0.35 = 195 g CH3COOH
5.

Heating CaCO3 yields CaO and CO2. Write the balanced equation. Calculate the mass of
CaCO3 consumed when 4.65 g of CaO forms.

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

1 mol CaO

56.08 g CaO

4.65 g CaO

1 mol CaCO3

1 mol CaO

100.09 g CaCO3

1 mol CaCO3

8.30 g CaCO3

Understanding Limiting Reactants (page 49)

1.

In the synthesis of sodium amide (NaNH2), what is the maximum mass of NaNH2 possible if
50.0 g of Na and 50.0 g NH3 were used?
2 Na(l) + 2 NH3(g) 2 NaNH2(s) +H2(g)

1 mol Na

50.0 g Na
22.99 g Na

2 mol NaNH 2

2 mol Na

1 mol NH 3
50.0 g NH 3
17.04 g NH 3

39.02 g NaNH 2

1 mol NaNH 2

2 mol NaNH 2

2 mol NH 3

84.9 g NaNH 2

39.02 g NaNH 2

1 mol NaNH 2

114 g NaNH 2

Starting with 50.0 grams of each reactant the maximum amount of product that can be
theoretically made is 84.9 g. There is only enough sodium, Na, present to produce this much
product.
NOTE: In the last unit conversion the molar mass of NaNH2 is used. It is still the number of
grams per one mole regardless of the coefficients in the balanced equation.

25

2.

The fuel methanol, CH3OH, can be made directly from carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen
(H2).
a.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) CH3OH (l)

b.

Calculate the maximum mass of methanol if one starts with 5.75 g CO

and 10.0 g H2.

1 mol CO

5.75 g CO
28
.
01
g
CO

1 mol H 2
10.0 g H 2
2.02 g H 2

1 mol CH 3 OH

1 mol CO

1 mol CH 3 OH

2 mol H 2

32.05 g CH 3 OH

1 mol CH 3 OH

32.05 g CH 3 OH

1 mol CH 3 OH

6.58 g CH 3 OH

79.3 g CH 3 OH

Starting with 5.75 g carbon monoxide, CO, and 10.0 g hydrogen, H2, the maximum
amount of product that can be made is 6.58 g.
c.

Which reactant is the limiting reactant?

The carbon monoxide, CO, is the limiting reactant. It limits the amount of product that
can be made is would be used up completely in this reaction.

d.

How much of the excess reactant remains?

1 mol CO

28
.
01
g
CO

5.75 g CO

2 mol H 2

1 mol CO

2.02 g H 2

1 mol H 2

0.829 g H 2 used

10.0 g of H2 (initially in the reaction) 0.829 g H2 (used in reaction) = 9.2 g H2 (remaining)

3.

Aspirin (C7H8O4) is synthesized in the laboratory from salicylic acid (C7H6O3) and acetic
anhydride (C4H6O3):
C7H6O3(s) + C4H6O3(l) C9H8O4(s) +CH3COOH(l)
a.

What is the theoretical yield of aspirin if you started with 15.0 g salicylic
acid and 15.0 g acetic anhydride?

1 mol C 7 H 6 O3

15.0 g C 7 H 6 O3
138.13 g C 7 H 6 O3
1 mol C4 H 6O3

15.0 g C4 H 6O3
102
.
10
g
C
H
O
4
6 3

1 mol C 9 H 8 O 4

1 mol C 7 H 6 O3

180.17 g C 9 H 8 O4

1 mol C 9 H 8 O 4

1 mol C9 H 8O4

1 mol C4 H 6O3

180.17 g C9 H 8O4

1 mol C9 H 8O4

19.6 g C 9 H 8 O 4

26.5 g C9 H 8O4

Start with 15.0 g each of the two reactions the maximum amount of aspirin that can be
synthesized is 19.6 g.

26

b.

Which reactant is the limiting reactant?

The salicylic acid, C7H6O3, is the limiting reactant and will be used up completely in this
reaction.

c.

What mass of the excess reactant remains?

1 mol C7 H 6O3

15.0 g C7 H 6O3
138.13 g C7 H 6O3

1 mol C4 H 6O3

1 mol C7 H 6O3

101.10 g C4 H 6O3

11.1 g C4 H 6O3 used
1 mol C4 H 6O3

15.0 g C4H6O3 (initial) 11.1 g C4H6O3 (used) = 3.9 g C4H6O3 (remaining)

Writing Lewis Structures (page 56)

Write the Lewis structures for these molecules and ions.
1.

carbon tetrachloride, CCl4

C: 4 valence electrons; Cl: 7 valence electrons
32 total valence electrons to distribute

Once the 32 valence electrons are distributed among these five atoms all them has an octet of
electrons.
2.

carbonate ion, CO32

C: 4 valence electrons; O: 6 valence electrons
22 valence electrons are available from the carbon and oxygen plus 2 more since it is a divalent
anion, i.e., has a 2 charge; 24 total electrons to distribute

After all the electrons have been distributed the three oxygen atoms each have an octet of electrons.
However, the carbon atom only has 6 electrons around it. It is necessary to make a double
bond, i.e., share two pairs of electrons, between one of the oxygen atoms and the carbon
atom. Once the double bond is made all four atoms have an octet of electrons.
3.

sulfur dioxide, SO2

27

S: 6 valence electrons; O: 6 valence electrons

18 valence electrons to distribute

After the 18 valence electrons are distributed among the three atoms the sulfur atom remains
without an octet of electrons. The formation of a double bond between one of the oxygen atoms
and the sulfur atoms solves this problem.
4.

sulfur trioxide, SO3

S: 6 valence electrons; O: 6 valence electrons
24 valence electrons to distribute

It is necessary to form a double bond between one of the oxygen atoms and the sulfur atom in
order to have an octet of electrons for all four atoms.
5.

methanol, CH3OH
C: 4 valence electrons; H: 1 valence electron; O: 6 valence electrons
14 valence electrons to distribute

Here is a situation where the bonding patterns for hydrocarbons can be applied. Knowing that
hydrogen will form only one bond it is clearly not put between two other atoms. Since carbon can
make four bonds it is logical to put it as the central atom. If carbon is placed as the central atom
the oxygen logically is bonded to the carbon and one of the hydrogen atoms. The condensed
formula that was given, CH3OH, helps guide the bonding as well. It would have been more
challenging if the molecular formula, CH4O, would have been given. However, applying the
bonding patterns for hydrocarbons and the other rules for writing Lewis structures would have still
lead to a successful representation of methanol.

28

6.

acetone, CH3C(O)CH3
C: 4 valence electrons; H: 1 valence electron; O: 6 valence electrons
24 valence electrons to distribute

In this case there must be a double bond between one of the carbon atoms and the oxygen atom so
that the octet rule can be satisfied for every atom in the molecule. This is also consistent with
the bonding patterns for hydrocarbons. In the final Lewis structure all the hydrogen atoms
make one bond, the three carbon atoms make four bonds each and the oxygen atom makes
two bonds. Remember that a double bond counts as two bonds in the bonding pattern. This
is appropriate since the double bond is a sigma and a pi bond between those two atoms.
Chapter 5 gives more details about the bonding between atoms.

7.

sulfate ion, SO42

S: 6 valence electrons; O: 6 valence electrons

30 valence electrons are available from sulfur and oxygen plus 2 more since the ion has a 2 charge;
32 total electrons to distribute

Remember that the Lewis structures for polyatomic ions should be written within brackets and the
charge of the ion should be placed at the upper right-hand corner of the brackets.

29

8.

phosphate ion, PO43

P: 5 valence electrons; O: 6 valence electrons
29 valence electrons from the phosphorus and oxygen atoms plus 3 more since the ion has a 3
charge; 32 total electrons to distribute

The phosphate ion is a polyatomic anion with a 3 charge. The brackets are used to indicate that
this is an ion and the charge in the upper right-hand corner tells how many addition electrons are
present in this anion.
9.

ammonium ion, NH4+

N: 5 valence electrons; H: 1 valence electron
9 valence electrons from the nitrogen and hydrogen atoms minus 1 since the ammonium ion is a
cation with a 1+ charge; 8 total electrons to distribute

The brackets and charge are once again used to indicate that the ammonium ion is a polyatomic
cation with a 1+ charge.
10.

hydrogen cyanide, HCN

H: 1 valence electron; C: 4 valence electrons; N: 5 valence electrons
10 valence electrons to distribute

With only 10 electrons to distribute it is necessary to make a triple bond between the carbon and
nitrogen atoms. Hydrogen will only make one bond in the hydrocarbon molecules. Carbon makes
four bonds and the nitrogen makes three bonds with the triple bond between them. A triple bond is
a sigma bond and two pi bonds between two atoms. Chapter 5 in the textbook gives more
information about the bonding in this molecule.

30

Formal Charge (page 58)

1.

Assign formal charges to each atom in both of these structural formulas.

H
H

B
O

Does the formal charge help you pick the more probable formula?
Structural formula A:

Structural formula B:

FChydrogen = 1 ((2) + 0) = 0
FCcarbon = 4 ((8) + 0) = 0
FCcarbon = 4 ((4) + 4) = 2
FCoxygen = 6 ((4) + 4) = 0
FCoxygen = 6 ((4) + 4 ) = 0
FChydrogen = 1 ((2) + 0) = 0

FChydrogen = 1 ((2) + 0) = 0
FCcarbon = 4 ((8) + 0) = 0
FCcarbon = 4 ((8) + 0) = 0
FCoxygen = 6 ((4) + 4) = 0
FCoxygen = 6 ((4) + 4) = 0
FChydrogen = 1 ((2) + 0) = 0

The formal charges of all the atoms in the structural formula B are zero. This would indicate that
this structural formula is the more likely of the two given here. The second structural formula is
also consistent with the bonding patterns seen for hydrocarbons.
2.

There are three structures suggested for the ion NCO.

[ N

O ]

[ N

O ]

[ N

O ]

Assign formal charges to each atom. Use the formal charges to predict which structure is
most probable.

Formula A
FCnitrogen = 5 ((2) + 6) = 2
FCcarbon = 4 ((8) + 0) = 0
FCoxygen = 6 ((6) + 2) = +1

Formula B
FCnitrogen = 5 ((4) + 4) = 1
FCcarbon = 4 ((8) + 0) = 0
FCoxygen = 6 ((4) + 4 ) = 0

Formula C
FCnitorgen = 5 ((6) + 2) = 0
FCcarbon = 4 ((8) + 0) = 0
FCoxygen = 6 ((2) + 6) = 1
The formal charges add up to 1 for all three structural formulas. Since this is an anion with a 1
charge this is appropriate and does not help determine which is the most likely structural formula
of the three. Formula A is probably least likely since it has two atoms with formal charges that are

31

not zero and the formal charge of oxygen is +1. In this case assigning formal charge will not help
us determine the more likely structural formula between Formula B and C. Further knowledge
about bonding is necessary to make the determination. It is clear that both of those structural
formula satisfy all the rules for writing Lewis structures and give reasonable values for formal
charge. Look in Chapter 6 to get more insight into the structure of molecules.

Understanding Gas Law Problems (page 66)

1.

The volume of a sample of gas is expanded from 2.5 L to 4.5 L. If the original pressure was
855 mm Hg, what is the pressure after the gas is expanded?
This is a Boyles law problem.

V1
P
2 or V1P1 = V2P2
V2
P1

V1 = 2.5 L
V2 = 4.5 L
P1 = 855 mm Hg
P2 = ?

P2
2.

P1 V1
(855 mm Hg ) ( 2.5 L)

475 mm Hg
V2
4.5 L

The volume of a sample of gas is compressed from 7.5 L to 1.0 L. If the initial temperature is
24.0 oC, what is the temperature of the gas after it has been compressed?
This is a Charles law problem.

V1
T
1 or V1T2 = V2T1
V2
T2

V1 = 7.5 L
V2 = 1.0 L
T1 = 24.0 oC = 297 K
T2 = ?
NOTE: Temperatures must always be expressed in Kelvin! K = oC + 273

T2
3.

V 2 T1
(1.0 L) ( 297 K )

39 K 230 o C
V1
7.5 L

A sample of gas occupying a volume of 75.0 mL contains 0.0250 moles. Gas is released until
the volume reaches 50.0 mL. How many moles of gas remain in the container?
This is an Avogadros law problem.

V1
n
1 or V1n2 = V2n1
V2
n2

V1 = 75.0 mL
V2 = 50.0 mL
n1 = 0.0250 mol
n2 = ?

32

n2

4.

V 2 n1 (50.0 mL) (0.0250 mol )

0.0167 mol
V1
(75.0 mL)

The pressure of a gas is decreased from 950.0 mmHg to 720.0 mmHg. If the temperature is
26.5 oC initially, what is the temperature after the pressure has been reduced?
This is a problem requiring Gay-Lussacs law.

T1
P
1 or T1P2 = T2P1
T2
P2

P1 = 950.0 mm Hg
P2 = 720.0 mm Hg
T1 = 26.5 oC = 299.8 K
T2 = ?

T2

5.

T1 P2
( 299.5 K ) (720.0 mm Hg )

227 K 46.0 o C
P1
(950.0 mm Hg )

A 120.0 mL sample of nitrogen gas, N2, has a pressure of 1.25 atm at 45.0 oC. What volume
will it occupy at STP?
This problem requires the use of the combined gas law.

P1V1
PV
2 2 or P1V1n2T2 =
n1T1
n2T2

P2V2n1T1
P1 = 1.25 atm
V1 = 120.0 mL
T1 = 45.0 oC = 318.0 K

V2
6.

P2 = 1 atm (standard pressure is defined as exactly 1 atm)

V2 = ?
T2 = 273 K (standard pressure is defined as exactly 273 K)

P1 V1 T2
(1.25 atm) (120.0 mL) ( 273 K )

129 mL
T1 P2
(318.0 K ) (1 atm)

A 75.0 mL sample of hydrogen gas, H2, has a pressure of 0.850 atm at 20.0 oC. What volume
will it occupy at 2.25 atm and 60.0 oC?
This is another problem that will use the combined gas law.
P1 = .850 atm
V1 = 75.0 mL
T1 = 20.0 oC = 293.0 K

V2

P2 = 2.25 atm
V2 = ?
T2 = 60.0 oC = 333.0 K

P1 V1 T2
(0.850 atm) (75.0 mL) (333.0 K )

32.2 mL
T1 P2
(293.0 K ) ( 2.25 atm)

33

7.

What would be the pressure of a 45.0 mL sample of hydrogen gas containing 0.750 moles at
31.0 oC?
This problem will use the ideal gas law. PV = nRT
P=?
V = 45.0 mL = 0.0450 L
N = 0.750 mole
R = 0.08206 L atm mol1 K1
T = 31.0 oC = 304.0 K
NOTE: If this value of R is used the volume must be expressed in liters and the pressure in
atmospheres. There are other values of R that can be used, e.g., 62.364 L Torr mol1 K1 or
8.31451 L kPa mol1 K1. In every case volume is still expressed in liters. Temperature is always
expressed in Kelvin. The only thing that varies among the possible values of the gas constant R is
the units of pressure.

8.

n RT
(0.750 mol ) (0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 ) (304.0 K )

416 atm
V
(0.0450 L)

What would the temperature of 500.0 mL of oxygen gas be if there were 1.10 moles of gas at
a pressure of 850.0 mmHg?
The ideal gas law is most appropriate for solving this problem.

PV = nRT

P = 850.0 mm Hg = 1.118 atm

V = 500.0 mL = 0.5000 L
n = 1.10 mol
R = 0.08206 L atm mol1 K1
T=?
NOTE: The units of pressure must be changed from mm Hg to atmospheres when using this value
of R. 1 atm = 760. mm Hg = 760. Torr = 101.325 kPa = 101,325 Pa = 14.7 psi These
equivalences will be helpful in making conversions between units of pressure. These are defined
equalities and are not usually considered when determining the proper number of significant digits
1 atm
in a numerical answer. The unit conversion for changing mm Hg to atm is:
.
760 mm Hg

PV
(1.118 atm) (0.5000 L )

6.19 K
nT
(1.10 mol ) (0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1

34