Lecture 1.2 Measurements'ppt

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Lecture 1

Measurements
Measurements
 Quantitative observations
 2 parts: number & scale (unit)
 Process of getting the actual measure of an object’s
dimension or property in comparison with the standard
unit of acquiring the value.
 Two major systems
 English system used in the United States
 Metric system used by most of the rest of the industrialized world.
International System (SI system)
 This system is based on the metric system and units
derived from the metric system.

The Fundamental SI Unit


International System (SI system)

Prefix used in the SI unit


International System (SI system)

One physical quantity that is very important in chemistry is volume,


which is not a fundamental SI unit but is derived from length.

The most common conversion factors for volume


1 L = 1 𝑑𝑚 3 = (10𝑐𝑚) 3
1 𝑐𝑚 3 = 1 mL
1L = 100 𝑐𝑚 3 = 100 𝑚𝐿
Basic Types of Quantities

 Fundamental Quantities
 referred to as the basic quantities
 measured by the direct method
 Units assigned are fundamental units
 The fundamental units meter, kilogram and second (MKS) are the
standard units for length, mass, and time, respectively.
 for smaller quantities, centimeter gram, and second are use as
fundamental units(CGS).
Basic Types of Quantities

 Derived Quantities

 Quantities that emanate or a result of the combination of fundamental


quantities after a set of operations.
 Area, volume, and density are some examples of derived quantities.
Measurements
Significant Figures
Lecture 1
General Chemistry
Significant Figures
Table shows that the first three numbers (20.1) remain
the same regardless of who makes the
measurement; these are called certain digits.
However, the digit to the right of the 1 must be
estimated and therefore varies; it is called an
uncertain digit. We customarily report a
measurement by recording all digits that are
known with certainty plus the first uncertain digit.
This is done by always recording the certain digits
and the first uncertain digit (the estimated
number). These numbers are called the significant
figures of a measurement.
Rules for Counting Significant Figures
1. Non-zero integers are always count as significant figures.
Example: 1458 = 4 significant figures
2. Exact numbers:
Examples : 10 experiments
3 molar
8 molecules
2 in 2𝜋𝑟
Rules for Counting Significant Figures
3. Zeros

2.1 Leading zeros that precede all the non-zero digits. These do not count as significant figures.

Example: 0.0025 – 2 significant figures

2.2 Captive zeros – zeros between non zero digits are always significant figures

Example : 1.008 = 4 significant figures

2.3 Trailing zeros – zeros at the right end of a number. They are significant only if the number
contains a decimal point.

Example: 100 = 1 significant figure

1.00 x10^2 = 3 significant figures

100. = 3 significant figures


Rules for Counting Significant Figures
Practice
3.0500
81, 955 3.0500 = 5 sig.digits
81, 955 = 5 sig.digits
81, 900 81, 900 = 3 sig.digits
0.0101 = 3 sig.digits
0.0101 205 = 3 sig.digits
4.8 x10^-3 = 2 sig.digits
205 8200. M = 4 sig.digits
820 m = 2 sig.digits
4.8 x10^-3
8200. m
820 m
Scientific Notation
Form of shorthand used to write an extremely large and exceedingly small numbers.
𝑁 𝑥 10𝑛

The exponent n can be + or – integer.


1. To write numbers in scientific notation, move the decimal point such that you
have a number between 1 & 10.
2. Determine the correct exponent by counting the number of times the decimal
point is moved.
3. When the decimal point is move to the right, the exponent is written as a
negative number.
4. When the decimal point is move to the left, the exponent is written as a positive
number.
Rules for Significant Figures in Mathematical
Operations

 For multiplication or division


– The number of significant figures in the results is the same as the number in
the least precise measurement used in the calculation.

4. 56 x 1.4 = 6.38 1.4 is the limiting term (2 significant figures)


Final answer = 6.4
Rules for Significant Figures in Mathematical
Operations

 For addition or subtraction


– The result has the same number of decimal places as the least precise
measurement used in the calculation.

22.13 + 17.0 + 2.024 = 41. 154 17.0 limiting term has 1 decimal places
Final answer is 41.2
Precision and Accuracy

Accuracy
 refers to the agreement of a particular value with the true value

Precision
 refers to the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same
quantity.
 Reflects the reproducibility of a given type of measurement.
Precision and Accuracy

Poor Precision Good Precision Good Precision


Poor Accuracy Poor Accuracy Good Accuracy
Precision and Accuracy
Types of Error
Random Error
 Indeterminate error
 means that a measurement has an equal probability of being high or low
 Occurs in estimating the value of the digit of a measurement.

Systematic Error
 Determinate error
 Occurs in the same direction each time
 Either always high or always low
Precision and Accuracy
Types of Error

small random error small random error


Large random error
Large systematic No systematic error
Poor technique
error
Measurements
Dimensional Analysis
Lecture 1
General Chemistry
Dimensional Analysis
 Unit factor method
 It is often necessary to convert a given result from one
system of units to another
Dimensional Analysis
Equivalents in English and Metric System
Dimensional Analysis
Example 1:
A pencil is 7.00 in long. What is its length in centimeters?

Solution:
2.54 cm = 1 in

2.54 𝑐𝑚
7.00 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
1 𝑖𝑛
Dimensional Analysis
Example 2:
A student has entered a 10.0 km run. How long is the run in miles?

Solution:
1 m = 1.094 yards
1 km = 1000m
1760 yards = 1 mi

1000 𝑚 1.094 𝑦𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖
10.0 𝑘𝑚 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒊
1 𝑘𝑚 1𝑚 1760 𝑦𝑑
Since the distance was originally given as 10.0 km, the result can have only three significant figures and should be rounded to
6.22 mi

10.0 km = 6.22 mi
Dimensional Analysis
Example 3:
The speed limit on many highways in the United States is 55 mi/h.
What number would be posted in kilometres per hour?

Solution:

𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒊 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒚𝒅 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏 𝒌𝒎
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝒉 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝒚𝒅 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎
Dimensional Analysis
Example 4:
A Japanese car is advertised as having a gas mileage of 15 km/L.
Convert this rating to miles per gallon.

Solution:

𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝒚𝒅 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏𝑳 𝟒 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔


𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒊/𝒈𝒂𝒍
𝒉 𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏.𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒚𝒅 𝟏.𝟎𝟔 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝟏 𝒈𝒂𝒍
Dimensional Analysis
Example 5:
The latest model Corvette has an engine with a displacement of
6.20L. What is the displacement in units of cubic inches?

Solution:

1 𝑓𝑡 3 (12 𝑖𝑛)3 𝟑
6.20 𝐿 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝐢𝐧
28.32 𝐿 (1 𝑓𝑡)3
Temperature
 Temperature scales arise from the choice of two standard reference points that can be
used to calibrate temperature with the use of a thermometer

 The familiar Fahrenheit scale originally chose body temperature as one reference and
set it at 100°F.

 The second reference point was the coldest temperature that could be achieved by
adding salt to ice water, a practice that lowers the melting point of ice.

 The scale is now defined by setting the freezing point of water at 32 °F and the boiling
point of water at 212°F.

 The Celsius scale was developed in a similar way, but with the freezing point of pure
water set at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
Temperature
Conversion:
Temperature
Useful Temperature Facts
 Celsius and Fahrenheit are the same at -40°.
 Water boils at 100°C or 212°F.
 Water freezes at 0°C and 32°F.
 Absolute zero is 0 K.
 Celsius and Fahrenheit are degree scales. The degree symbol is not
used to report temperature using the Kelvin scale.

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