Lecture 1.2 Measurements'ppt
Lecture 1.2 Measurements'ppt
Lecture 1.2 Measurements'ppt
Measurements
Measurements
Quantitative observations
2 parts: number & scale (unit)
Process of getting the actual measure of an object’s
dimension or property in comparison with the standard
unit of acquiring the value.
Two major systems
English system used in the United States
Metric system used by most of the rest of the industrialized world.
International System (SI system)
This system is based on the metric system and units
derived from the metric system.
Fundamental Quantities
referred to as the basic quantities
measured by the direct method
Units assigned are fundamental units
The fundamental units meter, kilogram and second (MKS) are the
standard units for length, mass, and time, respectively.
for smaller quantities, centimeter gram, and second are use as
fundamental units(CGS).
Basic Types of Quantities
Derived Quantities
2.1 Leading zeros that precede all the non-zero digits. These do not count as significant figures.
2.2 Captive zeros – zeros between non zero digits are always significant figures
2.3 Trailing zeros – zeros at the right end of a number. They are significant only if the number
contains a decimal point.
22.13 + 17.0 + 2.024 = 41. 154 17.0 limiting term has 1 decimal places
Final answer is 41.2
Precision and Accuracy
Accuracy
refers to the agreement of a particular value with the true value
Precision
refers to the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same
quantity.
Reflects the reproducibility of a given type of measurement.
Precision and Accuracy
Systematic Error
Determinate error
Occurs in the same direction each time
Either always high or always low
Precision and Accuracy
Types of Error
Solution:
2.54 cm = 1 in
2.54 𝑐𝑚
7.00 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
1 𝑖𝑛
Dimensional Analysis
Example 2:
A student has entered a 10.0 km run. How long is the run in miles?
Solution:
1 m = 1.094 yards
1 km = 1000m
1760 yards = 1 mi
1000 𝑚 1.094 𝑦𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖
10.0 𝑘𝑚 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒊
1 𝑘𝑚 1𝑚 1760 𝑦𝑑
Since the distance was originally given as 10.0 km, the result can have only three significant figures and should be rounded to
6.22 mi
10.0 km = 6.22 mi
Dimensional Analysis
Example 3:
The speed limit on many highways in the United States is 55 mi/h.
What number would be posted in kilometres per hour?
Solution:
𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒊 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒚𝒅 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏 𝒌𝒎
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝒉 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝒚𝒅 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎
Dimensional Analysis
Example 4:
A Japanese car is advertised as having a gas mileage of 15 km/L.
Convert this rating to miles per gallon.
Solution:
Solution:
1 𝑓𝑡 3 (12 𝑖𝑛)3 𝟑
6.20 𝐿 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝐢𝐧
28.32 𝐿 (1 𝑓𝑡)3
Temperature
Temperature scales arise from the choice of two standard reference points that can be
used to calibrate temperature with the use of a thermometer
The familiar Fahrenheit scale originally chose body temperature as one reference and
set it at 100°F.
The second reference point was the coldest temperature that could be achieved by
adding salt to ice water, a practice that lowers the melting point of ice.
The scale is now defined by setting the freezing point of water at 32 °F and the boiling
point of water at 212°F.
The Celsius scale was developed in a similar way, but with the freezing point of pure
water set at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
Temperature
Conversion:
Temperature
Useful Temperature Facts
Celsius and Fahrenheit are the same at -40°.
Water boils at 100°C or 212°F.
Water freezes at 0°C and 32°F.
Absolute zero is 0 K.
Celsius and Fahrenheit are degree scales. The degree symbol is not
used to report temperature using the Kelvin scale.
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: