M5 Equations

M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Comprehensive Anesthesiology Question Bank
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Respiratory
Alveolar Gas Equation
Dead Space (Bohr Equation)
PAO2 = FI O2 ( PATM PH 2O ) PaCO2 / RQ
VD Pa CO2 PECO2
=
VT
Pa CO2
PAO2
Pa CO2
= Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
PaCO2 = Arterial partial pressure of CO2

FI O2
PECO2
= Inspired O2
PATM
= Atmospheric pressure
PH 2O
= Saturated vapor pressure
RQ
= Respiratory Quotient
Qs
Respiratory Physiology: Q14

Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q7
Qs
= Partial pressure of CO2 from all

expired gases
Ventilation/Perfusion Index (ratio)

VQI =
Shunt Equation
Q shunt (CcO2 - Ca O2 )
=
Q total (CcO2 - CmvO2 )
= Arterial partial pressure of oxygen
Qs
(1 Arterial Hbsat)
(1 Mixed Venous Hbsat )

CcO2 = Post-capillary blood oxygen content

(typically assumed to be the
Saturation of haemoglobin utilizing

the PAO2 haemoglobin
concentration 1.34)
Ca O2 = Arterial Hbsat Hb 1.34

CmvO = Mixed venous Hbsat Hb 1.34
2
Qs
Ohms Law
Pressure Gradient = Air Flow Airway Resistance
Qs
p1
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Respiratory
Airway Resistance for Laminar Flow
(Poiseuilles Law)
Laminar Flow = ( 8 Length Viscosity of gas )
Resistance
( Radius4 )
Qs
Law of LaPlace
Pressure =
Note:
Qs
2 Wall Tension
Radius
Wall thickness is typically not
considered for alveoli
Reynolds Number
R=
(Velocity Density Diameter )

Viscosity
>2000 consistent with turbulent flow
Qs
Time Constant
TC = Compliance Resistance
Qs
Static Compliance
Static compliance =
Qs
Volume
Tidal volume delivered
=
Pressure ( Plateau pressure PEEP )
Dynamic Compliance
Dynamic compliance =
Qs
Volume
Tidal volume delivered
=
Pressure ( Peak pressure PEEP )
p2
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Respiratory
Transpulmonary Pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Qs
= Alveolar pressure Pleural pressure
ICU: Advanced Cardiopulmonary: Q1
Transthoracic Pressure
Transthoracic pressure = Pleural pressure Atmospheric pressure
Qs
ICU: Advanced Cardiopulmonary: Q1
Predicted PaO2 by Age

Predicted PaO2 = 110-(age 0.4)
Qs
Special Situations: Q12

Boyles Law
Pressure1 Volume1 = Pressure2 Volume2
Qs
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q12
p3
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Respiratory
Henrys Law
Partial Pressure = k C
k = Henrys Law Constant

C = Concentration of dissolved gas
Ohms Law
Pressure = Cardiac Output Resistance
Qs
Cardiac Physiology: Q14
Henderson-Hasselbach
pH = pK + log[HCO3-/ (0.03 PaCO2)]
p4
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Cardiac
Myocardial Perfusion Pressure
MPP = Aortic diastolic pressure LVEDP
Qs
Cardiac Physiology: Q23
LaPlace Law
Tension = (Pressure Radius)/(2 Wall Thickness)
Note: Notice that as opposed to the equation in the Respiratory Section, the equation is solved
for wall tension
Qs
Poiseuilles Law
Flow Rate = ( Pressure radius4)/(8 viscosity length)
Note: Notice that as opposed to the equation in the Respiratory Section, the equation is solved for flow.
Qs
p5
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Cardiac
Fick Principle
CO = VO2/(CaO2 CmvO2)
CO = Cardiac Output
VO2 = Oxygen consumption
CaO2 = Arterial content of oxygen
CmvO2 = Mixed venous content of oxygen
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
Consumption of Oxygen (not including O2 dissolved in blood for simplicity)

VO2 = Hb (Sata - Satmv) X 1.34 CO
Rearranged: Satmv = Sata [VO2/ (Hb 1.34 CO)]

CO = Cardiac Output
Sata = Arterial saturation of haemoglobin
Satmv = Mixed venous saturation of haemoglobin
Hb = Haemoglobin
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
ICU Principles: Q2
ICU Principles: Q19
p6
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Cardiac
Arterial Content of Oxygen
Oxygen Delivery
CaO2 = [Hb Sata 1.34] + 0.003 PaO2
DO2 = CaO2 CO
Sata = Arterial saturation of haemoglobin
CaO2 = Arterial content of oxygen
Pa O2 = Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
CO = Cardiac Output
Qs
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
ICU Principles: Q1
Elimination of CO2
Oxygen Extraction Ratio
VCO2 = Hb X SatmvCO2 CO
ER = VO2/DO2
SatmvCO2 = CO2 saturation in mixed venous blood

DO2 = Delivery of oxygen
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
ICU Principles: Q3
Respiratory Quotient
Cardiac Output
RQ = VCO2/VO2
CO = Stroke Volume Heart Rate
VCO2 = Elimination of CO2

Qs
ICU Principles: Q15
p7
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Cardiac
Stroke Volume
Cardiac Index
SV = End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume
CI = CO/BSA
Qs
CO = Cardiac Output
BSA = Body Surface Area
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

PVR = [(PAP-Wedge)/CO] 80
Systemic Vascular Resistance
PAP = Pulmonary Arterial Mean Mressure
SVR = [(MAP-CVP)/CO] 80
CO = Cardiac Output
Qs
ICU Principles: Q6
MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure

CVP = Central Venous Pressure
CO = Cardiac output
Stroke Work
Qs
SW = Stroke volume mean arterial pressure
Qs
p8
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Cardiac
Starling Equation
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
Q = kA X [(Pc Pi) + (i-c)]
CPP = MAP ICP
Q = Net Fluid Filtration
MAP = Mean arterial pressure
k = Capillary Filtration Coefficient (of water)
ICP = Intracranial pressure
A = Area of the Membrane

= Reflection Coefficient (of albumin)
Qs
Clinical Neurophysiology: Q2
Clinical Neurophysiology: Q3
Pc = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

Pi = Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
i = Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure
c = Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure.
Qs
Perfusion Pressure
PP = MAP Venous Presure
Allowable Blood Loss

ABL = EBV X [(Hb Minimum allowable Hb)/Hb]
EBV= Estimated Blood Volume
p9
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Pharmacology
It is important to understand the concepts of pharmacokinetics, but few
equations need to be memorized. Memorizing complex clearance and
half-life equations, accounting for peripheral compartments are very low
yieldjust understand the concept.
Volume of Distribution
VD = Dose / Concentration
Qs
Basic Pharmacology: Anesthesia Adjuncts Q1

Basic Pharmacology: Induction Agents Q12
Half Life
Half-life = Volume of distribution / Rate of clearance
Qs

Clearance
Clearance = dose/ area under time concentration curve
Clearance = (Urine concentration Urine flow) / Plasma concentration
Qs

p10
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Pharmacology
Opioid Conversions
Drug
IV
Oral
Morphine
10 mg
30 mg
Hydromorphone
1.5 mg
7.5 mg
Fentanyl
100 mcg
N/A
Codeine
N/A
200 mg
Hydrocodone
N/A
30 mg
Oxycodone
N/A
20-30 mg
p11
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Equipment
Endotracheal Size (for children)
Endotracheal Depth
Size = 4 + (Age/4)
Depth = 12 + (Age/2), or 3 ETT size
Qs
Pediatrics: Q4
Gas Tanks (E)
Gas
Oxygen
Nitrous Oxide
Qs
Volume
Pressure
625 L (US)
2200 psig
1590 L
745 psig
Equipment: Q1
Equipment: Q2
p12
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Statistics
Incidence & Prevalence
Incidence = Number of occurrences / Sum of person-time at risk

Prevalence = Number of cases/ Number of individuals sampled
Measure of Effect
Absolute measure of effect = Rate Difference = Rate of risk exposed Rate of risk not exposed
Relative measure of effect = Rate Ratio = Rate of risk exposed /Rate of risk not exposed
Pressure
2200 psig
745 psig
p13
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Statistics
Disease Screening
Pressure
Has Disease
2200
Nopsig
Disease
Positive Test
True Positive (TP)
False Positive (FP)
Negative Test
False Negative (FN)
True Negative (TN)
Sensitivity = TP/ (TP + FN)

Specificity = TN/ (TN + FP)
Positive Predictive Value = TP/ (TP + FP)
Negative Predictive Value = TN/ (TN + FN)
Qs
Statistics: Q17
Statistics: Q18
p14
M5 BOARD REVIEW
Equations
Statistics
Disease Screening
Has Disease
No Disease
Exposed
Not Exposed
Odds Ratio = AD/BC

Relative Risk = [A/(A+B)] / [C/(C+D)]
Qs
Statistics: Q16
Number needed to Treat

NNT = 1 / ARR
ARR = Absolute Risk Reduction = Control event rate Experimental event rate
Qs
Statistics: Q19
p15

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M5 BOARD REVIEW

Comprehensive Anesthesiology Question Bank

Dead Space (Bohr Equation)

PAO2 = FI O2 ( PATM PH 2O ) PaCO2 / RQ

= Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen

PaCO2 = Arterial partial pressure of CO2

= Saturated vapor pressure

Respiratory Physiology: Q14

= Partial pressure of CO2 from all

Ventilation/Perfusion Index (ratio)

= Arterial partial pressure of oxygen

(1 Mixed Venous Hbsat )

CcO2 = Post-capillary blood oxygen content

Saturation of haemoglobin utilizing

Ca O2 = Arterial Hbsat Hb 1.34

Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q17

Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q17

Comprehensive Anesthesiology Question Bank

(Velocity Density Diameter )

>2000 consistent with turbulent flow

Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q5

Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q33

Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q33

= Alveolar pressure Pleural pressure

ICU: Advanced Cardiopulmonary: Q1

ICU: Advanced Cardiopulmonary: Q1

Predicted PaO2 by Age

Special Situations: Q12

Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q12

k = Henrys Law Constant

Cardiac Physiology: Q14

Cardiac Physiology: Q23

Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q12

Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q12

Consumption of Oxygen (not including O2 dissolved in blood for simplicity)

Rearranged: Satmv = Sata [VO2/ (Hb 1.34 CO)]

Comprehensive Anesthesiology Question Bank

CaO2 = [Hb Sata 1.34] + 0.003 PaO2

Sata = Arterial saturation of haemoglobin

CaO2 = Arterial content of oxygen

Pa O2 = Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

Oxygen Extraction Ratio

SatmvCO2 = CO2 saturation in mixed venous blood

VO2 = Oxygen consumption

CO = Stroke Volume Heart Rate

VCO2 = Elimination of CO2

ICU Principles: Q15

Comprehensive Anesthesiology Question Bank

SV = End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume

Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q29

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

Systemic Vascular Resistance

PAP = Pulmonary Arterial Mean Mressure

MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure

Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q13

SW = Stroke volume mean arterial pressure

Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q29

Comprehensive Anesthesiology Question Bank

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Q = kA X [(Pc Pi) + (i-c)]