Gasket Design Criteria

08.07.
07
Gasket Design Criteria

Table of Contents
Page
Worldwide Customer Service Network
Introduction
Section I - Gasket Selection

Soft Cut Gaskets ..............................................................................................................................
Thermiculite ...................................................................................................................................
PTFE Products - Sigma ................................................................................................................
PTFE Products - Fluoroseal ............................................................................................................
Flexitallic Flexicarb ..........................................................................................................................
Compressed Fiber Gaskets .............................................................................................................
Sheet Materials Chemical Compatibility Chart .................................................................................
Insulating Sets ..................................................................................................................................
Metal Jacketed Gaskets ...................................................................................................................
Spiral Wound Gaskets
...................................................................................................................
Sizing Parameters for Spiral Wound Gaskets .................................................................................
Flexpro Gaskets ..............................................................................................................................
MRG Gaskets .................................................................................................................................
Ring Type Joints ..............................................................................................................................
Specialized Ring Type Joints ..........................................................................................................
Lens Rings .......................................................................................................................................
Weld Gaskets ..................................................................................................................................
4
6
7
10
12
13
14
15
18
19
22
29
31
32
33
35
36
37
Section II - Joint Integrity Calculations

ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Calculations ........................................................................
PVRC Method ..................................................................................................................................
38
39
43
Section III - Gasket Installation

Bolt Torque Sequence .....................................................................................................................
Troubleshooting ..............................................................................................................................
Metallic Gasket Materials ................................................................................................................
Useful Material Data ........................................................................................................................
Bolting Data .....................................................................................................................................
Useful Technical Data ......................................................................................................................
Torque Required To Produce Bolt Stress ........................................................................................
Ordering Flexitallic Gaskets for Special Flange Designs .................................................................
Metric Unit Conversions ..................................................................................................................
Terms ................................................................................................................................................
45
47
49
51
53
54
56
58
59
61
62
Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology
Worldwide Customer Service Network

Owned Manufacturing Plants
Flexitallic Ltd.
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Licensees - contd.
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Licensees
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Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Seoul, Korea
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GB&G Die & Gasket Co., Inc.

New Orleans, LA
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GHX, Inc.
Houston, TX, USA
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Greenville, SC, USA
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Torrance, CA, USA
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James E. Dooley Co.
Broomall, PA, USA
Tel: +1 610 328 2720
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Lake Charles, LA, USA
Tel: +1 337 433 1002
Liaoning Cartec Sealing
Technologies, Inc.
Benxi City, China
Tel: 86 414 481 3300
Saudi Gasket Factory
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Tel: +996 2 665 2966
Special Piping Material Ltd.
Delta State, Nigeria
Tel: +234 53 254 767
Note: Over 500 stocking distributors in

over 40 countries strategically located
to serve the world.
Specialised Gaskets PTY Ltd.

Auckland, New Zealand
Tel: +64 98284119
FLEXITALLIC GASKET DESIGN CRITERIA

Introduction
FLEXITALLIC, the worlds leading manufacturer and supplier of static seals and the originator of the Spiral Wound Gasket, is
committed to sealing solutions for todays industry. With greater emphasis than ever before placed on joint tightness, more attention is focused toward variables associated with the integrity of the bolted gasketed joint. Flexitallic Gasket Design Criteria manual offers the engineer and end user assistance in meeting the goal of providing fundamentally sound static sealing practice.
Developed and collated by Flexitallics worldwide team of engineers, this publication is the engineers handbook of static seals
technology.
Flexitallic has identified three factors which must be considered to achieve a leaktight joint
Gasket Selection
Gasket Design
Gasket Installation
The Gasket
A gasket is a compressible material, or a combination of materials, which when clamped
between two stationary members prevents the passage of the media across those members.
The gasket material selected must be capable of sealing mating surfaces, resistant to the
medium being sealed, and able to withstand the application temperatures and pressures.
Overcoming Flange Imperfections

Scorings
Distortion
trough
How Does It Work?

A seal is effected by the action of force upon the gasket surface. This force which compresses the gasket, causes it to flow into the flange macro and micro imperfections. The
combination of contact stress, generated by the applied force between the gasket and the
flange, and the densification of the gasket material, prevents the escape of the confined fluid
from the assembly.
Non-parallel
mounted
flanges
Surface
imperfections
Flange Imperfections
On seating, the gasket must be capable of overcoming the macro and micro imperfections.
Macro defects are imperfections such as flange distortions, non-parallelism, scoring,
troughs, while superficial imperfections such as minor scratches and minor scores are considered micro imperfections.
Bolt
Load
Hydrostatic
End Force
Forces On The Gasket

In order to ensure the maintenance of the seal throughout the life expectancy of the assembly, sufficient stress must remain on the gasket surface to prevent leakage. The residual bolt
load on the gasket should at all times be greater than the hydrostatic end force acting against
it.
The hydrostatic end force is the force produced by the internal pressure which acts to separate the flanges.
Blow Out
Force
Gasket
Considerations For Gasket Selections

Many factors should be considered when selecting a gasket to ensure its suitability for the
intended application. Gasket properties as well as flange configuration and application
details are part of the selection process.
Internal Pressure is exerted

against both the flange and the
gasket.
SECTION I
Gasket Selection
Gaskets can be classified into three categories: soft cut, semi-metallic and metallic types.
The physical properties and performance of a gasket will vary extensively, depending on the type of gasket selected and the materials
from which it is manufactured.
Physical properties are important factors when considering gasket design and the primary selection of a gasket type is based on the following:
Temperature of the media to be contained
Pressure of the media to be contained
Corrosive nature of the application
Criticality of the application
Soft Cut
Sheet materials are used in low to medium pressure services. With careful selection these
gaskets are not only suitable for general service but also for extreme chemical services and
temperatures.
Types: Compressed Fiber Sheets, PTFE, Biaxially Orientated Reinforced PTFE, Graphite,
Thermiculite, Insulating Gaskets.
Semi-metallic
These are composite gaskets consisting of both metallic and non-metallic materials. The
metal provides the strength and the resilience of the gasket and the non-metallic component
provides the conformable sealing material. These gaskets are suitable for low and high pressure and temperature applications. A wide range of materials is available.
Types: Spiral Wound Gaskets, Flexpro Gaskets (covered serrated metal core), Metal
Jacketed Gaskets, MRGs (metal reinforced gaskets).
Metallic
These gaskets can be fabricated in a variety of shapes and sizes recommended for use in high
pressure/temperature applications. Except for weld ring gaskets, high loads are required to
seat metallic gaskets, as they rely on the deformation or coining of the material into the
flange surfaces.
Types: Ring Type Joints, Lens Rings, Weld Rings, Solid Metal Gaskets.
Gasket Selection
Service > Class 300
Yes
No
Critical Service
RTJ type flange or

> Class 600
Yes
Flange intended
for RTJ type
Yes
Use
RTJ
No
Use
SWG,
Flexpro, or
Weld Ring
No
Yes
No
Critical Service
Yes
Use
SWG,
Flexpro, or
Weld Ring
No
Use LS,
SWG,
Flexpro,
MRG, or
Weld Ring
Use Soft Cut
Use
SWG,
Flexpro,
MRG,
Weld Ring,
Thermiculite 815,
or ST/RGS3
Select sealing material and metal type (when appropriate) on basis of service, temperature, and nature of medium.
Soft cut gaskets should always be of the minimum thickness consistent with the style of the flanges to be sealed, and
compatible with the medium.
Soft Cut Gaskets

Compressed Asbestos Fiber
(CAF) gaskets served industrys
needs for many years. With the
shift to Comrpessed Fiber gaskets, gasket manufacturers have
developed a myriad of replacement products. Some of the initial materials developed proved
inferior to their asbestos based
predecessors in regard to temperature, chemical resistance, creep
resistance and sealing characteristics.
More recently Flexitallic has
developed compressed fiber gasket sheet products approaching,
and in some instances surpassing
the capabilities of asbestos sheet
gaskets. Some of these products
have been fiber reinforced grades, manufactured by the traditional calendering or sheeter process. Other
product ranges are fiber-free and some of these materials have exceptionally good properties which exceed
the capabilities of CAF.
Flexitallic Thermiculite is a versatile gasket material based upon the exfoliated vermiculite mineral. The
product is available with a metal reinforced core or coreless and is designed for use at temperatures which
exceed the capability of graphite based sheets. The temperature capability of CAF is also exceeded by
Thermiculite.
The Flexitallic Sigma range of biaxially orientated PTFE products has superb chemical resistance, far
exceeding that of CAF. These materials can be used at temperatures from cryogenic to 260C (500F).
Being intrinsically clean they are especially suitable for use in the food, pharmaceutical and electronics
industries.
Flexicarb is the name given to Flexitallics range of graphite based products. The range includes graphite
foil as well as graphite laminates which contain reinforcing metal cores to overcome the fragility of the
non-reinforced foil. Graphite products have excellent stress retention properties and are resistant to most
chemical media with the exception of strong oxidizing agents. Reinforced Flexicarb sheets are the standard sealing product for many arduous applications in the petrochemical and refining industries.
The Flexitallic SF product ranges are rubber bound, fiber reinforced sheets made by the traditional calendering or sheeter process. A wide range of fiber types are used, often in combination, ranging from cellulose, rockwool and glass to aramid and carbon.
Soft cut gasket sheets are typically used in Class 150 or Class 300 flanges. The temperature capability of
the fiber/rubber products is highly thickness dependent, with thin gaskets having a wider service envelope
than thicker ones.
Thermiculite
Exclusive to Flexitallic, this revolutionary material comprised of chemically and thermally
exfoliated vermiculite simulates the structure of exfoliated graphite, with one notable exception it maintains integrity through a wide range of extreme temperatures. Vermiculites
thin, flexible, soft plates can be exfoliated like graphite. They retain the sealability and low
porosity of graphite, but unlike graphite, Flexitallics Thermiculite sheet materials will not
oxidize at high temperatures.
Graphites stress-loss due to oxidation has led to many examples of gasket failure.
Independent testing of industrial grade graphite indicates a temperature limit of 650F
(340C) for continuous service over 5 years. Thermiculite however is thermally stable and
maintains its integrity at temperatures up to 1800F (982C), protecting against thermal oxidation (see graph on page 8). Independent testing at TTRL (Tightness, Testing, and
Research Laboratory) in Montreal illustrates Thermiculites excellent sealing properties.
Vermiculites thin, flexible, soft plates

can be exfoliated like graphite. They
retain the sealability and low porosity
of graphite, but Flexitallics new
Thermiculite sheet gaskets will not
oxidize at high temperatures.
Product Range
Flexitallic has developed two exceptional sheet materials Thermiculite 715 and 815 that demonstrate the broad range of chemical
and temperature resistance of the vermiculite mineral. Both materials are extremely versatile, fire safe, and not susceptible to oxidation.
Performance Series
Thermiculite 715
Part A
100000
High performance coreless sheet material (i.e. no

metallic reinforcement). Generally replaces
compressed fiber sheet line SF2401, 2420,
3300, 5000 and graphite sheet. Available in
thicknesses of 1/32, 1/16 and 1/8 in cut gaskets and 60 x 60 sheet.
Part B2
Part B3
10000
Gasket Stress, Sg (psi)
With its wide service capability, Thermicuulite

715 presents an opportunity for gasket standardization and inventory consolidation.
Filled Markers - 400 psi

Unfilled Markers - 800 psi
Part B1
a = 0.243
1000
Tp Max = 92899
Gb = 1031
To Gs = 9.68
TH715
100
1
10
1000
100
10000
100000
1000000
Tightness Parameter, Tp
Gb
Gs
TPMIN
TPMAX
1,031
0.243
9.68
456
92,899
S100
S1000
S3000
S10000
3,158
5,529
7,222
9,678
Thermiculite 715 Coreless Sheet
Thermiculite
Critical Service Series
Thermiculite 815
High temperature sheet reinforced with a 0.004 316 stainless steel tanged core. Available in
thicknesses of 1/32, 1/16, and 1/8 in meter by meter (standard) and 60 x 60 sheet. Cut
gaskets available in all shapes and sizes.
Time Since Start of Test (days)
100
90
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
Each specimen held

successively for 3 days at
each temperature and the
change of weight recorded
80
Cumulative Weight Loss (%)
70
BEST EXFOLIATED
GRAPHITE TESTED
60
WORST EXFOLIATED
GRAPHITE TESTED
50
40
30
20
THERMICULITE
SHEET MATERIAL
10
0
392
200
482
250
572
300
662
350
752
400
842
450
932
500
1022 1112 1202 1292 1382 1472 1562 1652

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Thermiculite 815 is the original

grade developed in the entire
range of Thermiculite series.
This product has proven itself as
an effective long-term sealing
solution in the most versatile
demanding industrial sealing Thermiculite 815 Tanged Sheet
applications.
Thermiculite 815 chemical compatibility exceeds that of graphite and
will successfully seal up to 1800 (982C). Thermiculites high temperature capabilities make it ideal for use in combustion engine
exhaust, nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing, steam, and much more.
Unlike graphite, Thermiculite resistance to galvanic corrosion will
make it an excellent candidate for seawater and offshore cooling applications.
Temperature F
Temperature C
100000
Cumulative Iso-thermal weight loss results for the best and

worst exfoliated graphite tested
Gasket Stress, Sg (psi)
100
90
80
% Load Retention
70
60
Filled Markers - 400 psi

Unfilled Markers - 800 psi
Part B1
Part B2
Part B3
Part A
10000
a = 0.200
Gb = 1,906
1000
50
Gs = 456
40
FL28RT01
FL28RT03
30
100
20
10
100
10
0
10
100
1000
Elapsed Time (Hours)
10000
1000
10000
Tightness Parameter, Tp
100000
Gb
Gs
TPMIN
TPMAX
1,906
0.2
456
18
58,645
Graphite @ 700F (370C)
S100
S1000
S3000
S10000
Graphite @ 950F (510C)
4,788
7,588
9,400
12,026
1000000
Thermiculite @ 700F (370C)

Thermiculite @ 950F (510C)
This graph illustrates that, unlike graphite, the load

loss at operational temperatures does not increase
with time.
Room Temperature Tightness (ROTT) behavior characterization

(Refer to page 43 for new method for determining factors.)
The above graphs are taken from the actual tests performed by TTRL.
Thermiculite
Sheet Property Summary
Thermiculite 715
Thermiculite 815
Type
Coreless
0.004 316SS Tanged

Reinforced
Color
Light Brown
Golden Brown
in. (mm)
1/16 (1.5)
1/16 (1.5)
108 (1.73)
75 (1.16) facing only
Material Description
Properties
Thickness
Density
lb/ft (g/cc)
ASTM F 36 Compressibility
12
44
ASTM F36 Recovery
41
ASTM F152 Cross Grain Tensile Strength
psi (MPa)
1305 (9)
n/a
ASTM F38 B Creep Relaxation 1/32
20.6
23.5
ASTM F37 Liquid Leakage

Fuel A 10 psi, Stress 1000 psi
ml/hr
1.4
n/a
DIN 3754 Gas Permeability
ml/min
<0.1
0.13
BS 7531 Stress Retention @ 570F (300C)
psi (MPa)
3,630 (25)
4500 (31)
ASTM F146 Thickness Increase IRM 903
1.4
n/a
ASTM F146 Thickness Increase Fuel B
0.2
n/a
ASTM F146 Weight Increase IRM 903
17.7
n/a
ASTM F146 Weight Increase Fuel B
11.3
n/a
Maximum Temperature1
F (C)
850 (454)
1800 (982)
Maximum Pressure1
psi (bar)
2030 (140)
2900 (200)
3.0
2.0
Gasket Constants
ASME m
ASME Y
psi (MPa)
1,500 (10.4)
2,500 (17.25)
PVRC Gb
psi (MPa)
1,031 (7.1)
1,906 (13.1)
0.243
0.2
9.68 (0.07)
456 (3.1)
92,899
58,645
PVRC a
PVRC Gs
psi (MPa)
Tpmax
1 Temperature and pressure guides cannot be used simultaneously and do not apply to all thicknesses.
PTFE Products - Sigma

Flexitallic Sigma offers outstanding chemical resistance while the unique manufacturing process results in a biaxially fibrillated structure
ensuring high seal integrity in the most demanding applications.
Pure PTFE sheet products are highly susceptible to creep relaxation which can be reduced by the incorporation of selected fillers (Filled
PTFE). The maximum reduction in creep is achieved by combining these fillers in a biaxially orientated structure such as Sigma.
Flexitallic Sigma materials are inherently clean, making them suitable for use in industries where product contamination may be of concern such as food, pharmaceuticals and electronics. The components of the Flexitallic Sigma range comply with the requirements of FDA
regulations and the materials outstanding chemical resistance make them suitable for sealing virtually every chemical medium across the
whole pH range (0 - 14).
Sigma products give unparalleled levels of sealing performance, especially when compared to conventional materials used in applications
involving aggressive chemical media. These comparisons are supported by data generated by recognized, independent, international bodies in the field of static sealing. Sigma products are ideally suited for applications where seal integrity is paramount, an important consideration where stringent emission controls may be in force.
All products in the Flexitallic Sigma range are capable of sealing from cryogenic temperatures up to 500F (260C). For intermittent use
even higher temperatures can be tolerated. Pressures from 1230 psi (8.5 MPa) down to vacuum can be accommodated. Furthermore,
applications involving low gasket stresses such as glass lined, plastic and ceramic flanges, will not result in loss of sealing performance.
The Sigma range of products has been engineered to be user
friendly:
Materials can be cut easily using conventional tools
and techniques
Complex geometric shapes can be accommodated,
including narrow cross sections
Gaskets are easy to install and remove
All products are non-toxic
Product Range
Sigma 500 - Sheet material with higher compression specifically formulated for use on glass lined, plastic or ceramic flanges. Also suitable for use on flanges which are non-parallel, damaged or distorted. Compatible with acids and alkalis at all but the highest concentrations. Enhanced compressibility is achieved by the incorporation of hollow glass microspheres as the inorganic filler. Sigma 500 is listed in the Chlorine Institute Pamphlet 95.
Sigma 511 - Standard compression sheet material reinforced with a silica filler. Intended for use with concentrated acids (except hydrofluoric acid) and with most general aggressive chemicals: also suitable for medium concentrations of alkalis.
Sigma 522 - These products have rigid cores of biaxially reinforced PTFE with soft, conformable surface layers of pure PTFE. Designed
for use where low bolt loading is available.
Sigma 533 - Standard compression sheet material reinforced with barytes (barium sulphate) filler. Sigma 533 is the preferred choice for
sealing concentrated alkalis and is also compatible with Aqueous Hydrofluoric Acid. Restricted resistance to concentrated mineral acids.
Sigma 533 is listed in the Chlorine Institute Pamphlet 95.
Sigma 588 - Most compressible PTFE sheet without filler; biaxially orientated PTFE core with soft surfaces for higher, controlled compressibility.
Sigma 599 - Specially formulated PTFE sheet with hollow glass microspheres for higher compression.
10
PTFE Products - Sigma

Properties
SIGMA 500
SIGMA 511
SIGMA 522
SIGMA 533
SIGMA 588
SIGMA 599
Material Description
Composition PTFE
Color
PTFE, Glass
Microspheres
PTFE, Silica
PTFE, Barium
Sulfate
PTFE, Barium
Sulfate
PTFE
PTFE, Glass
Microspheres
Blue
Fawn
White w/Off white

core
Off white
White
White w/Blue core
Properties
Thickness
in (mm)
1/32 (0.8)
1/32 (0.8)
1/16 (1.6)
1/32 (0.8)
1/16 (1.6)
1/16 (1.6)
87 (1.4)
137 (2.2)
125 (2.0)
180 (2.9)
70 (1.1)
86 (1.4)
ASTM F36 Compressibility

%
42
10
30
11
55
38
ASTM F36 Recovery

%
40
44
25
46
24
39
1740 (12.0)
2175 (15.0)
1479 (10.2)
2260 (15.6)
1390 (9.6)
1810 (12.5)
ASTM F38-B Creep Relaxation

%
21.2
23.9
48
16.8
50
30
ASTM F37-A Sealability1

mL/hr
0.12
0.42
0.66
0.42
0.06
0.12
DIN 3754 Nitrogen Gas Permeability

mL/min
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
Density
3
lb/ft (g/cc)
ASTM F152 Cross Grain Tensile Strength

psi (MPa)
Maximum Pressure
940 - 1230 psi (depending on thickness)
Maximum Temperature
500F
Gasket Constants
ASME m
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
ASME Y
psi (MPa)
1885 (13.0)
2320 (16.0)
1885 (13.0)
2320 (16.0)
1595 (11.0)
1885 (13.0)
209
472
115
PVRC a (1/16)
0.804
0.356
0.25
0.382
PVRC Gs (1/16)
psi
0.12
0.005
0.037
0.000065
F452110E11M6
F428130E21M4
F456110E11M5
PVRC Gb (1/16)
psi
Product Designation
ASTM F104 Line Callout
F456110E11M5
F452110E11M6
F455120E12M4
Ingredients in all SIGMA grades comply with FDA requirements and can be cleaned for
oxygen service.
Applications
Acids & caustics @

moderate concentrations, Hydrocarbons,
Solvents, Hydrogen
Peroxide, Low bolt
loads, Glass lined
flanges, In place of
envelope gaskets
General service,
Strong acids,
Sulfuric acid,
Solvents,
Hydrocarbons,
Steam, Chlorine,
General Service
Hydrofluoric Acid,
Warped or glass
lined flanges, In
place of envelope
gaskets
Strong caustics,
Pharmaceutical &
Moderate acids,
Food service, Glass
Chlorine,
Lined, FRP,
Hydrocarbons,
Ceramic & Plastic
Food/pharmaceutical, flanges, Distorted &
Aqueous HF
Damaged flanges;
(Hydrofluoric Acid) @
HF
max. conc. 49%,
Aluminum Fluoride
Glass lined & Plastic

flanges, Replace
envelope gaskets,
Strong acids to
Moderate caustics
Anhydrous HF, Fluorine, Molten alkali metals, i.e. molten sodium, Potassium, Lithium, Bromine trifluoride, Chlorine trifluoride, molten
alkali, metals, Boron Trifluoride, Chlorine Trifluoride, Fluorine dioxide
Misapplications
Hydrogen fluoride gas, Hydrogen fluoride

Aluminum fluoride
gas, Hydrofluoric
acid, Black & green
sulfate liquors,
Caustic soda
Same as
Sigma 533
Aqueous HF
(Hydrofluoric Acid)
@ conc. higher
than 49%
Hydrogen fluoride gas,

Aluminum fluoride
Fuel A 10 psi; Gasket Stress 1000 psi
11
PTFE Products
Fluoroseal
Fluoroseal is an expanded, pure PTFE sealing material. Supplied in the form of a
highly conformable, flexible strip, it is ideal for use in applications involving nonstandard flanges. This material offers both versatility and convenience and is therefore often used as a backup sealing option in situations where conventional gaskets
are not immediately available.
Flexitallic Fluoroseal has outstanding chemical resistance and is inherently clean,
making the product particularly suitable for sealing against aggressive media or in
situations where feedstock contamination may be of concern.
The presence of an adhesive backed strip simplifies installation in large or complex
flange applications, such as air conveying and solvent recovery systems.
Widths and Thicknesses of Fluoroseal At Full Compression

Sealant Thickness
Sealant Width
Compressed Thickness
Compressed Width
1/16 (1.5mm)
3/32 (2.0mm)
3/32 (2.5mm)
5/32 (4.0mm)
5.0mm (3/16)
5.0mm (3/16)
6.0mm (7/32)
6.0mm (1/4)
6.0mm (1/4)
1/83mm (1/8)
3/16 (5mm)
1/4 (7mm)
3/8 (10mm)
1/2 (12.5mm)
9/16 (14mm)
11/16 (17mm)
3/4 (19mm)
1 (25mm)
0.010 (0.3mm)
0.015 (0.4mm)
0.018 (0.45mm)
0.022 (0.55mm)
0.031 (0.8mm)
0.031 (0.8mm)
0.039 (1.0mm)
0.049 (1.25mm)
0.049 (1.25mm)
0.24 (6mm)
0.40 (10mm)
0.50 (13mm)
0.80 (20mm)
0.95 (24mm)
1.00 (22mm)
1.14 (29mm)
1.34 (34mm)
1.77 (45mm)
Fluoroseal is suitable for cryogenic application, and for temperatures up to 500F (260C).
Typical applications:
Hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, water supply systems, ventilation ducts, fan housing,
fume ducts, engine case doors etc.
Bolt Forces per Unit Length of Seal
Fluoroseal
Universal Joint Sealant
Nominal Sizes
Gas Tight (lbf/in.)

Width (in.)
1/8
3/16
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
Water Tight (lbf/in.)

Smooth
Flanges
Rough
Flanges
500
1260
1260
1540
1540
1680
1960
2520
2800
2940
2940
3360
Width (in.)
Spool Length (ft.)
1/8
3/16
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
100
75
50
25
15
15
15
15
280
280
390
390
390
420
420
Gas tight is based on compressed air at 600 psi.

Water tight is based on water at 30 psi.
12
Flexitallic Flexicarb
The Flexitallic Flexicarb range of sheet sealing materials is manufactured from high purity exfoliated graphite flake, and is available
with or without a reinforcing metallic core. The standard product range is based upon graphite with a minimum carbon content of
98% and, for nuclear applications, graphite with a minimum carbon content of 99.85% is available. The graphite foils can be attached
to the reinforcing core by mechanical means or by the use of selected adhesives.
Flexicarb laminates are particularly suited for applications involving moderately high temperatures and pressures in a wide range of
media. They are widely used in demanding industrial applications and in the petrochemical/refining industries. Because these products do not contain any rubber or polymeric binders they have the highest levels of stress retention, ensuring that gasket stress applied
during assembly is maintained during service.
Graphite based products are resistant to most industrial chemicals but are susceptible to attack by oxidizing agents such as nitric acid.
Sulfuric acid can also attack graphite at certain combinations of concentration and temperature. When selecting a graphite laminate for
use in chemical service, consideration must be given to any possible reaction between the chemical medium and the reinforcing metallic core.
In air or in services where oxygen is present, graphite can burn away at high temperatures as it is converted to oxides of carbon. The
rate at which this occurs depends on the graphite purity, temperature and the concentration of oxygen present. In a well bolted flange
only the inner edge of the gasket will be exposed to oxygen in the pipe; the graphite will burn away very slowly with service life being
affected by the land width of the gasket. In high temperature applications where the fluid being sealed does not contain oxygen, consideration must be given to possible attack of the graphite by
Required
Maximum Service Temperature
oxygen from the external atmosService Life
phere surrounding the flange.
Years
C
F
For long term service, work by
1
3
independent testing has shown
5
that maximum service tempera10
ture should be much lower than
that usually quoted in manufacturers literature. This work has been validated by the Tightness Testing
Research Laboratory (TTRL) at Ecole Polytechnique in Montreal on behalf of
the Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC). The TTRL report included the
maximum service temperatures for various periods of service for graphite
sheet gaskets as shown in the table.
370
330
320
305
691
630
610
580
Product Range
Flexicarb Laminated Sheet LS (GS 600*) - Homogeneous Graphite foil. This
product is used for the production of graphite laminates.
Flexicarb SR (RGS 4*) - This laminate contains a 0.002 (0.05mm) thick 316
stainless steel core with adhesively bonded graphite facing.
Flexicarb ST (RGS 3*) - This laminate contains a tanged 0.004 (0.1mm)
thick 316 stainless steel core onto which the graphite faces are mechanically
attached. This gasket is used where high pressures have to be contained and
is particularly suitable for use in superheated steam service.
Metal Core
Flexicarb
Foil
Flexicarb NR (RGS 1*) - Laminate in which the graphite is adhesively bonded onto a 0.0005 (13 micron) thick nickel core using a chemically resistant
nitrile phenolic adhesive.
* UK designation
13
Compressed Fiber Gaskets

Product Range
SF 2401 - A general purpose sheet material reinforced with aramid fibers and bound with
nitrile rubber. SF 2401 complies with the British Standard for compressed fiber sheet sealing
materials - BS 7531 Grade Y. SF 2420 with an SBR (Styrene Butadiene Rubber) is also available.
SF 3300 - A premium quality sheet material reinforced with a blend of aramid and glass fibers
and bound with nitrile rubber. SF 3300 complies with the highest grade of the British
Standard for compressed fiber sheet sealing materials - BS 7531 Grade X. For applications
in split case pumps where a thin, complex gasket capable of withstanding a high surface stress
is required, SF 3500, a variant of SF 3300 is recommended.
Where caustic liquors have to be sealed a variant of SF 3300 reinforced with a blend of aramid
and carbon fibers is offered: this material, SF 5000 is widely used in the pulp and paper
industry.
Flexitallic Compressed Fiber Sheet Application Guide

Relative
Cost
(1 = lowest)
Material
Composition
Applications
SF 2401
Synthetic/NBR
Excellent high performance, general purpose sheet for steam, water, gases,
oils, mild solvents and alkalis;
max temp 350 to 662F (177 - 350C)
min temp -40F (-40C)
SF 2420
Aramid/SBR
Same as SF 2401 except SBR binder; ideal for the paper making Industry;
max temp 350 - 750F (177 - 400C)
SF 3300
Aramid/Glass/NBR
Top Grade sheet for general industrial applications;

max temp 350 - 825F (177 - 440C)
SF 3500
Aramid/Glass/NBR
More aramid fiber than SF 3300 for increased strength in split casing pumps;
max temp 440C (825F) @ 1/64 thk
SF 5000
Carbon/Aramid/NBR
Especially suitable for sealing caustic liquors;

max temp 177 - 440C (350 - 825F)
Note: Maximum temperature based on material thickness.
14
Sheet Materials Chemical Compatibility Chart

Sigma
Thermiculite
SF2401
SF3300
SF3500
SF2420
SF5000
815
Flexicarb
(FG)
Air
Alkaline lye
Aluminum chloride
Ammonia gas
Ammonia
Amyl acetate
Amyl alcohol
Aniline
Aqua-regia
Aviation fuel
Beer
Benzene
Benzoyl chloride
Biphenyl
Blast furnace gas
Bleach (solution)
Boiler feed water
Brine
Bromine
Calcium chlorate
Capro-lactam
Carbolic Acid
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulphide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chile saltpetre
Chlorine dry
Chlorine wet
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Chloroacetic acid
Chloro benzene
Chromic acid
Copper sulphate
Creosote
Cresol
Crude oil
Cyclohexanol
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Diesel Oil
Dowtherm
Dye Liquor
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Ethyl ether
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
O
O
Y
Y
Based on free immersion

at room temperature.
500
511
599
522
533
588
715
Acetic acid glacial
Acetone
Acetylene
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
LEGEND:
Y = Suitable for Application
O = Suitability Depends On Operating Conditions
N = Not Suitable
15

Sigma
Thermiculite
Flexicarb
(FG)
SF2401
SF3300
SF3500
500
511
599
522
533
588
715
815
Ethylene
Ethylene chloride
Fatty acids
Ferric chloride
Fluorine
Fluorosilicic acid
Formaldehyde
Formic acid 85%
Formic acid 10%
Freons
Gas oil
Gasoline
Heating oil
Hydraulic oil (glycol)
Hydraulic oil (mineral)
Hydraulic oil (phosphate ester)
Hydrazine
Hydrocarbons (aromatic)
Hydrocarbons aliphatic (sat.)
Hydrocarbons aliphatic (unsat.)
Hydrochloric acid (37% HCl)
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Isopropyl acetate
Isopropyl alcohol
Kerosene
Lime
Lubrication oil
Machine oil
Magnesium sulphate
Malic acid
Methane
Methyl acrylate
Methyl alcohol
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methylene chloride
Mineral oil
Mobiltherm
Naphthalene
Natural gas
Nitric acid (concentrated 50%)
Nitric acid (fuming 95%)
Nitrogen
Oleum
Oxygen
Paraffin
Pentachlorophenol
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
SF2420
SF5000
LEGEND:
N = Not Suitable
16

Sigma
Thermiculite
Flexicarb
(FG)
SF2401
SF3300
SF3500
SF2420
SF5000
Phthalic anhydride
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium nitrate
Potassium permanganate
Producer gas
Pyridine
Sea water
Silicone oil
Soda ash
Sodium bi-carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium cyanide
Sodium hydroxide (40%)
Sodium hydroxide (dilute)
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium nitrate
Starch
Steam
Steam condensate
Styrene
Sulphur
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur trioxide
Sulphuric acid (concentrated)
Sulphuric acid (fuming)
Tar
Turpentine
Toluene
Towns gas
Transformer oil
Tributyl phosphate
Triethanolamine
Urea
Vegetable Oil
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
Water
Water condenstate
Water distilled
Whisky
Wine
White Spirit
Zylene

500
511
599
522
533
588
715
815
Perchloric acid
Petroleum
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphoric acid (concentrated)
Phosphoric acid (dilute)
Phosphorous
LEGEND:
N = Not Suitable
17
Insulating Sets
Insulating sets comprise of a phenolic laminate or neoprene faced phenolic laminate gasket (Style NCA and NCB only) which is located
between the flange sealing faces, phenolic laminate bolt sleeves, two
insulating washers per bolt for maximum protection and two plated
mild steel washers per bolt. Stainless steel washers can be supplied
upon request.
One 1/8
(3mm) thick
plated
steel washer
for each nut.
One
Insulating
washer for
each nut
One full
length
insulating
sleeve for
each bolt
1/8 (3mm)
thick
insulating
gasket or
oval ring for
ring joint
flanges
One
insulating
washer for
each nut
One 1/8
(3mm) thick
plated steel
washer for
each nut
Insulating sets are essentially used for pipeline flange corrosion protection, where a seal is required between dissimilar flange materials. The
use of dissimilar metallic flanges with a conductive gasket material
accompanied with a suitable electrolyte may set up a galvanic cell
which will corrode the anodic metal. Insulating sets are also used to
electrically isolate flange joints, preventing the flow of electrostatic
charge along pipelines.
There are three standard styles of insulating sets available to suit raised face, flat face, and ring grooved flanges, as illustrated below.
Standard Styles
1/8 thick steel washer

1/8 thick insulating washer
Insulating sleeve
1/8 thick insulating gasket
1/8 thick insulating washer
1/8 thick steel washer
Style NCB
Inside Bolt Location
Gasket Insulating Set
Assembly
Utilizes a central gasket which
locates within the bolts.
It is also recommended that for complete

electrical insulation protection that selfStyle NCA
adhesive tape is wrapped around the outside diameter of the flange to prevent the
Full Face Gasket
ingress of foreign matter.
Insulating Set Assembly
Suitable for flat face and raised
With style NCA and NCB insulating sets
face flanges. This style miniit is imperative that the bore of the gasket
mizes the ingress of conductive
foreign matter between the poris equal to that of the pipe. This will pretion of the flanges outside the
raised faces and reduces the risk
vent any foreign matter from accumulatof bridging.
ing in the annular space between the bore
of the gasket and the bore of the pipe thus
preventing bridging.
Phenolic laminate provides excellent
insulating properties as well as corrosion resistance. See table for typical properties of
1/8 (3mm) thick phenolic. Other gasket styles such as Sigma and compressed fiber
sheets may also be suitable.
As standard, Flexitallic insulating kits are dimensioned to suit schedule 80 pipe suitable for use on standard and non-standard flange assemblies up to and inclusive of
Class 2500.
Typical Properties of Phenolic Gaskets

Maximum axial compressive stress
Axial electric strength in oil @ 190F (90C)
Maximum operating temperature
Minimum operating temperature
45,700 psi (315MPa)

58kV/in (23kV/cm)
250F120C (250F)
-76F (-60C)
Style NCC
Ring Joint Gasket
Insulating Set Assembly
Insulating oval section ring joint
will fit into a standard RTJ flange
ring groove.
18
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Offshore installations, sea water environments, hydrocarbon service, chemical installations, oil refining pipelines requiring galvanic corrosion protection and electrical
insulation.
Metal Jacketed Gaskets

Metal Jacketed Gaskets, as the name suggests, consist of a metallic outer shell with either a metallic or non-metallic compressed fiber
filler. The filler material gives the gasket resilience, while the metal jacket protects the filler and resists pressures, temperatures and
corrosion.
A wide range of materials are available to suit specific temperature and corrosive conditions.
Metallic:
Soft Iron
Carbon Steel
Nickel
Aluminum
Stainless Steel
Brass
Flexicarb
Inconel
Copper
Ceramic
Non-Metallic:
Compressed Fiber Millboard

PTFE
(Other materials on request)
Monel
Metal Jacketed Gaskets are available in a wide range of sizes and configurations. They are traditionally used for heat exchanger applications, pumps, and valves, however the resilience and recovery properties of these gaskets are limited. Metal Jacketed Gaskets require
smooth flange surface finishes, high bolt loads, and flange flatness in order to seal effectively.
When pass partition bars are required, it is sufficient to use a gasket with a welded pass bar construction, as opposed to an integral pass bar construction. Jacketed gaskets standard tolerances:
Jacketed Gaskets Standard Tolerances
Gasket Outer Diameter
I.D.
O.D.
Up to 6
6 to 60
Above 60
+1/32 / -0
+1/16 / -0
+1/8 / -0
+0 / -1/32
+0 / -1/16
+0 / -1/8
INTEGRAL CONSTRUCTION
A
WELDED CONSTRUCTION
SECONDARY
SEAL
A
FILLER
MATERIAL
A
FILLER
MATERIAL
NO PRIMARY
SEAL
METAL
JACKET
SECTION AA
PRIMARY
SEAL
SECONDARY
SEAL
PRIMARY
SEAL
GASKET OD
GASKET ID
METAL
JACKET
SECTION AA
NUBBIN
DOUBLE JACKETED GASKET
If leakage occurs across the pass

partition bar, the fluid will flow
along the length of the pass bar
arrangements, and then flow to the
outer diameter of the gasket being
retained only by the secondary seal.
The intermediate part of the gasket
does very little to effect the sealing
capabilities of the gasket.
With a welded pass bar arrangement the fluid is retained by the

primary seal at the inner diameter
of the gasket. Thus the primary
seal maintains its function, providing a seal of higher integrity.
Due to the high bolt loads required

to seat metal jacketed gaskets,
designers often incorporate stress
raising nubbins on the flange sealing face, the principle being that the
majority of the applied bolt load is
acting on a relatively small proportion of the gasket surface area, thus
high surface stresses result. It is
essential that the gasket is installed
with the smooth side toward the
nubbin.
19
Style 123
Style 126
Style 127
Style 130
Style 131
Style 132
Style 120
Style 124
Style 100
Style 102
DOUBLE JACKETED GASKETS (Styles 123, 126, 127)
Style 129
The filler material is completely enclosed by a two piece metal jacket, which covers both the inside and
outside diameters and both contact surfaces. Style 126 is similar to Style 123 with the exception that the
metal jacket is formed from a corrugated jacket providing better resilience than the Style 123, since the
corrugations form multi-seals across the flange sealing face. Style 127 is a double shell gasket constructed of two reversed wrap-round shells. This provides handleability and better resistance to high
pressures.
Double Jacketed Gaskets are used in boiler and heat exchanger applications when ample bolting is available to correctly seat the gasket. They are designed for high pressure and temperature applications up to and inclusive of Class 900. The temperature limitation of
the gasket is dictated by the combination of metallic and non-metallic materials used in its construction. Gasket widths as narrow as
5/16 (8mm) can be manufactured dependent on diameter. Very large gasket diameters can also be produced. Nominal gasket thickness is 1/8 (3.2mm). Gaskets can be manufactured with either integral or welded pass partition bars, in a variety of complex configurations. Some of the most common pass bar configurations are shown on page 21.
FRENCH-TYPE GASKETS (Styles 130, 131, 132)

The filler material is enclosed in a metal jacket, which covers the inside diameter of the gasket and completely covers the sealing faces
on both sides. Available in three styles which are ideal for both small and large diameters in narrow as well as wide flange widths and
in both circular and non-circular configurations. Typical applications include vacuum seals and valve bonnet seals of low pressure.
Minimum gasket width 1/4 (6.4mm). Nominal gasket thickness 1/8 (3.2mm).
SINGLE JACKETED GASKETS (Styles 120, 124)

The filler material is enclosed in a metal jacket which covers the inside and outside diameter of the gasket. Style 120 has one of its
contact surfaces covered and is ideally suited for comparatively narrow flange widths in circular and non-circular configurations. Style
124 is an overlapped Single Jacketed Gasket, where the filler is completely enclosed on the inside and outside diameters and on both
contact surfaces. Style 124 is more suited for high temperature applications of narrow gasket widths. Typical low pressure applications include boilers, compressors, pumps, and diesel and gasoline engines. Style 120 is not recommended for standard pipe flanges.
Minimum flange width 1/4 (6.4mm). Nominal gasket thickness 1/8 (3.2mm).
SOLID CORRUGATED METAL GASKETS (Styles 100, 102, 129)

As the name suggests, the solid corrugated metal gasket is comprised solely of metal and does not contain any non-metallic fillers in
its construction. The temperature limitation of the gasket is therefore only affected by the metal selected. The corrugations provide
multi-seals across the face of the gasket. A minimum of three corrugations is recommended and gasket thickness is approximately 50%
of the corrugation pitch. Pitch corrugations can be 1/8 (3.2mm), 3/16 (4.8mm) or 1/4 (6.4mm). Typically used for high temperature applications and applications involving steam, water, gas, oil, etc. up to 1000 psi for Style 129 and 102, and up to 500 psi for Style
100. Style 100 is also available with soft conformable facings such as graphite, PTFE and others.
20

Schedule of Standard Shapes for Heat Exchanger Gaskets
C1
C2
D1
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
I-1
I-2
I-3
I-4
I-5
I-6
I-7
I-8
I-9
I-10
I-11
I-12
J1
J2
J3
J4
J5
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K9
K10
K11
N2
N3
N4
N5
N7
N8
N18
N19
N20
Other bar configurations available on request.
21

Metal Strip
A requirement of any gasket is the ability to recover under variable loads. The effects of pressure and temperature fluctuations, the temperature difference across the flange face, along
with flange rotation, bolt stress relaxation and creep, demand a gasket with adequate flexibility and recovery, to maintain a seal under variable working conditions. The spiral wound gasket, invented by Flexitallic, meets these requirements.
Filler Material
A spiral wound gasket is manufactured by spirally winding a preformed metal strip and a filler
on the outer periphery of metal winding mandrels. The winding mandrel outside diameter
forms the inner diameter of the gasket and the superposed metal and non-metallic windings
are continually wound until the required outer diameter is attained. Normal practice is to reinforce the inner and outer diameters with several plies of metal without fillers. This engineered
product is tailor made to be compatible with the flange closure in which it is to be used.
For example, a closure designed for vacuum service may require a gasket of exactly the same
dimensions as a closure designed for 1500 psi service. The closure designed for the vacuum
service would have relatively light bolting indicating the necessity for a soft gasket, while the
1500 psi application would have heavy bolting requiring a relatively dense gasket. It is usually within our capability to satisfy both requirements.
CHART NO. 1
GASKET COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS
6 Style CG Gasket
Contact Area: 14.7 Square Inches
Original Gasket Thickness 0.175
This chart shows compression to 0.130 under stud stress of 30,000 psi of root area
262,000
Class 900
GASKET LOAD IN THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
250
200
198,000
Class 600
150,000
Class 400
150
100
50
.180
.170
.160
.150
.140
.130
GASKET THICKNESS IN INCHES
GASKET DENSITY
The service conditions under which a FLEXITALLIC spiral
wound gasket is expected to hold its seal dictate the density
of the gasket. Gaskets that have identical inside and outside
diameters can be either hard or soft as shown on the left.
The available compressive force is the basis for calculating
the density of the gasket structure to support specific loads.
22
Style R
STYLE R
Basic construction, inner and outer diameters are reinforced with several plies of metal without filler to
give greater stability and better compression characteristics. Suitable for tongue and groove or male and
female or groove to flat face flange assemblies.
STYLE RIR
Style RIR
Solid inner metal ring acts as a compression stop and fills the annular space between flange bore and the
inside diameter of the gasket. Designed to prevent accumulation of solids, reduce turbulent flow of
process fluids and minimize erosion of flange faces. Suitable for male and female pipe flanges.
STYLE CG
Utilizes an external ring which accurately centers gasket on flange face; provides additional radial
strength to prevent gasket blowout and acts as a compression stop. A general purpose gasket suitable
for use with flat face and raised face flanges.
Style CG
STYLE CGI
Suitable for use with flat face and raised face flanges and specified for high pressure/temperature service or where corrosive or toxic media are present.
Note on use of inner rings: ASME B16.20, which covers spiral wound gaskets, requires the use of solid
metal inner rings in:
Pressure Class 900, nominal pipe sizes 24 and larger
All PTFE filled gaskets.
Inner rings for flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets shall be furnished unless the purchaser specifies otherwise.
Style CGI
Multi-Class
Flexitallic also recommends the use of inner rings for the following applications:
Vacuum service or suction side of rotary equipment such as pumps and compressors
Aggressive media, high pressure or temperature
Surface finishes smoother than 125 Ra
If over compression of the gasket is a concern.
It is customary to select inner ring material to be the same as the metal winding.
MULTI-CLASS
One gasket accommodates both Class 150 and 300 flanges. Multi-Class Gasket features are as follows:
One gasket accommodates both Class 150 and 300 flanges, available pipe size 1/2 - 24
(Class 150 to 600 in NPS 1/2 through NPS 3)
Low Stress (Style LS) gasket for Class 150 and 300 Flanges
Reduces inventory requirements
Easy to install . . . Less than half the studs need to be removed to change the gasket.
Style HE
Style HE-CG
STYLE HE
Style HE gaskets are used for heat exchangers where pass bars may be required. The outer portion is of
standard spiral wound construction, whereas the pass bar is normally of single or double jacketed style,
securely fastened to the I.D. of the spiral wound portion.
STYLE HE-CG
This style is identical to the Style HE, except that it is fitted with an outer guide ring. Note: Style HE and Style HE-CG gaskets have
a primary seal of spiral wound construction with its inherent resiliency and excellent sealing quality. It is necessary that dimensional
drawings locating the pass bar and the configurations be submitted for all inquiries and orders for these style gaskets.
23

STYLE HE-CGI WITH SPIRAL WOUND OUTER RING
Style HE-CGI
The Style HE-CGI is a variation of the style CGI spiral wound gasket, developed for use on heat
exchanger, TEMA type flange arrangements. In conjunction with an inner ring, the standard spiral
wound construction also supports an outer wound steel nose, designed for the purpose of accurate
gasket location. It is also available with a solid metal outer ring. Consult Flexitallic Technical
Department for minimum cross sectional width of solid metal outer ring.
STYLE CG-RJ
This style designates a specially sized CG gasket to be used on standard ring joint flanges. The
outer ring is dimensioned to cover the ring joint grooves and to prevent the spiral wound portion
from entering the groove. This type of gasket should be used only as a maintenance repair item.
Style CG-RJ
CARRIER RING
The carrier ring gasket consists of two spiral wound gaskets placed in a specially machined metallic ring as illustrated. The major advantages of the carrier ring are its high recovery, and ease of
handling compared to standard spirals, due to its integral construction.
STYLE 625
Style 625 spiral wound gaskets are similar to Style R gaskets, with a thickness of 0.0625". These
gaskets are widely used wherever space restrictions indicate the need for a wafer thin gasket design
capable of sealing high pressures.
STYLE T
These gaskets are used for boiler handhole and tube cap assemblies. They are available in round,
oval, obround, square, pear and diamond shapes. Refer to our general catalogue for standard Style
T gaskets. Please note Style T gaskets rely on internal pressure in the boiler to properly seat the
gasket. This means, when a hydrostatic test is performed on the gasket, the pressure exerted against
the plate will further compress the gasket - and it is necessary to tighten each nut to compensate for
the additional compression of the gasket under load.
Carrier Ring
Spiral Wound
Sealing Element
Machined
Carrier Ring
Cross-Section Through Carrier

Ring Assembly
Style 625
STYLE M, MC & MCS

These styles are designed for boiler manhole cover assemblies. They are usually of round, obround
or oval shape, depending of course, upon the manhole plate configuration. Style MC gaskets have
pre-formed inner and/or outer rings made of spiral windings. This centering guide permits the gasket to assume its correct position and to compensate for inequalities in plate contours and fillets in
cold-pressed plates as well as to prevent shouldering and pinching caused by radial misplacement.
Style MCS gaskets are manufactured with a solid metal inner and/or outer ring which also prevents
over compression of the gasket in high pressure systems.
Style M
Style MC
Style MCS
Style T
24
FLEXITALLIC Low Stress Spiral Wound Gaskets

Style LS & LSI
The Style LS spiral wound gasket has been engineered by FLEXITALLIC to provide an alternative to sheet gaskets in Class 150 and Class 300 service. Style LS
gaskets have the inherent strength, resiliency and blowout resistance of spiral
wound gaskets, yet require low bolt load for seating. They are manufactured with
high purity flexible graphite, and PTFE filler for optimum sealability, and are
available for the full range of standard Class 150 and Class 300 flanges, as well as
other non-standard low pressure flanges. Consult Flexitallic Technical
Department for availability of other filler materials. PATENT NUMBERS
5161807 and 5275423.
The gasket allows designers to strictly adhere to ASME B and PV and ASME
B31.3 codes requiring that bolt stresses do not exceed 25,000 psi. Where ASME
flange design calculations indicate that flanges will be over stressed if a standard
Class 150 spiral wound gasket is used, the LS gasket is designed to compress at
significantly lower bolt load than standard Class 150 spiral wound gaskets, thereby maintaining flange stresses within allowable limits.
Filler Flush With Metal
Traditional Spiral Wound Gasket
Filler Protrudes Well Above Metal
LS Gasket
Style LS
Flexitallic LS Gasket
Flexitallic LS Gasket
Typical gasket compression under

an applied gasket stress of 5000 psi
Typical gasket sealing profile
Seal Pressure - psi
1400
Gasket Stress - psi

6
1200
5
1000
4
800
3
600
2
400
1
200
0
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0
0
Gasket Thickness - in.
Gasket Stress - Ksi
LS 4 150
LS 4 150
25

FILLER MATERIALS
THERMICULITE
Exclusive to Flexitallic, this revolutionary material
comprised of chemically and thermally exfoliated
vermiculite makes it an excellent filler material for
use in spiral wound gaskets.
Spiral Wound
Filler Guide
Filler Type
Thermiculite Thermiculite
Flexicarb
735
835
PTFE1
Flexite
Super2
Ceramic
Maximum
Temperature
1000F
538C
1800F
982C
900F
482C
500F
260C
480F
249C
2300F
1260C
Minimum
Temperature
-400F
-240C
-400F
-240C
-400F
-240C
-300F
-184C
-150F
-101C
-150F
-101C
This naturally occurring mineral, with a plate-like structure, simulates that of exfoliated graphite, with one notable exception it maintains sealing integrity through a wide range of extreme temperatures. It exhibits exceptional chemical resistance.
Flexitallic has developed two grades of Thermiculite filler materials: Grade 735 and 835. Both materials are versatile, fire safe and are
not susceptible to oxidation.
Performance Series Thermiculite 735

Thermiculite 735 filler material can be used to replace Flexite Super (mica-graphite filler), most Flexicarb (flexible graphite filler) and
most PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene filler). Thermiculite is ideal for gasket standardization.
Thermiculite 735 filled spiral wound gaskets are available in 304 and 316L windings. These gaskets are suitable for use on ASME B16.5
RF, WN standard pipe flanges.
Critical Service Series Thermiculite 835

Capable of sealing temperatures up to 1800 F Thermiculite 835 is an ideal material selection for critical and problematic applications.
Thermiculite excellent sealing characteristics is superior to other high temperature sealing materials such as mica and ceramic.
This filler material is offered with the use of a myriad of metal windings, such as Alloy 600, 800, C276, Titanium, just to name a few.
Metal selection is dependent on applications such as chemical compatibility and temperature.
FLEXICARB
A high purity flexible graphite with no binders or fillers. It exhibits superior sealability, and excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals. Its unique combination of low permeability, inherent lubricity, and compressibility make FLEXICARB suitable for critical gas and
vacuum service. Leachable chloride content of industrial grade FLEXICARB is 50 ppm maximum. Available in industrial, nuclear or
corrosion inhibited grades.
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE)
PTFE is used as a filler material in Flexitallic gaskets where extreme chemical inertness is required. PTFE is unaffected by any known
chemicals except molten alkali metals and fluorine precursors. Because of its low permeability, PTFE is also frequently used as a filler
material on FLEXITALLIC gaskets in vacuum applications. Gaskets wound with PTFE should be fully confined either by fitting in a
groove or providing both an external and internal ring.
FLEXITE SUPER
Low chloride filler material, developed by FLEXITALLIC, consisting of a Chlorite mineral with graphite and acrylic binder. This material may be used for general service applications.
CERAMIC FIBER
Consists of aluminum silicate fiber with an organic binder. This material possesses a lower sealability compared to other filler materials,
however, it has excellent high temperature stability to 1250C (2300F). It resists attack from most corrosive agents (except hydrofluoric and phosphoric acids) as well as concentrated alkalis. Recommended only where conditions preclude the use of Thermiculite filler.
1 Several types of PTFE are available. Please consult Flexitallic Engineering department.
2 Although Flexite Super has successfully been used at elevated temperatures we recommend that you consult our engineering
department for specific applications.
26

Gaskets are color coded to help expedite the selection and identity of the gaskets you need. The color on the outside edge
of the centering ring identifies both the winding and filler materials. The metallic winding material is designated by a solid
color. The filler materials are designated by color stripes at equal intervals on the outside edge of the centering ring.
Flexitallic color coding meets the industry standard for metal and filler materials listed in ASME B16.20.
METALLIC
WINDING
MATERIALS
The metallic winding
material is designated by
a solid color identification
around the outside edge
of the centering ring.
304SS
Yellow
316LSS
Green
317L
Maroon
321SS
Turquoise
347SS
Blue
31OSS
No color
304LSS
No color
309SS
No color
430SS
No color
Alloy 20
Black
Titanium
Purple
Inconel 600/625
Gold
Incoloy 800/825
White
Inconel X750
No Color
Hastelloy C276
Beige
Hastelloy B2
Brown
Nickel 200
Red
Zirconium
No color
Carbon Steel
Silver
PTFE
White Stripe
Flexicarb
Gray Stripe
Flexite Super
Pink Stripe
NON METALLIC
FILLERS
The gasket filler materials
are designated by a
number of stripes placed at
equal intervals around the
Monel
Orange
Ceramic
Light Green Stripe
outside edge of the

centering ring.
Thermiculite 735
Fluorescent Green Stripe
Thermiculite 835
Light Blue Stripe
27

Manufacturing Capabilities and Tolerances
Recommended Design Parameters

Gasket
Thickness
Maximum
Inside
Dimension
Maximum
Recommended
Crossectional Width
0.0625
0.0625
0.100
0.125
0.125 *
0.175
0.175 *
0.175 *
0.175 *
0.250
0.285
Up to 6
6 to 15
10
Up to 20
20 to 40
Up to 40
40 to 60
60 to 70
70 to 75
90
185
3/8
1/4
1/2
1
3/4
1
1
7/8
3/4
1
1
Recommended
Compressed
Thickness **
0.050
0.050
0.075
0.090
0.090
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.180
0.200
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
0.055
0.055
0.080
0.100
0.100
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.200
0.220
Preferred size range in relation to thickness shown in bold type.

* PTFE filled FLEXITALLIC gaskets in this size range are unstable and are subject to springing apart in shipping and
handling. Specify next gasket thickness up.
** The recommended compressed thickness is what experience has indicated to be the optimum range in order to
achieve maximum resiliency of the gasket. Additional compression of 0.010 may be tolerated on all gasket thicknesses with the exception of the 0.0625 and the 0.100 thick gaskets. This is on the assumption that the flange surface finishes are relatively smooth. Refer to Surface Finish Requirements on page 46. When attempting to contain
hard to hold fluids, or pressures above 1000 psi, it is suggested that compression be maintained at the lower range of
the recommended compressed thickness.
Tolerances
Gasket Diameter
Up to 10
10 to 24
24 to 60
60 & Above
Inside Diameter
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
Outside Diameter
1/32
1/16
1/16
1/16
Tolerance on gasket thickness is 0.005, (measured across metal winding) on all

thicknesses.
28
Sizing of Spiral Wound Gaskets

Of utmost importance, regardless of the type of flange facings in use, Flexitallic gaskets must be sized to ensure that the sealing element
is seated against flat surfaces. If the spiral wound element intrudes into the flange bore, or extends beyond the raised face outside diameter damage will result to the gasket, and ultimately failure will occur.
The windings of the gasket can become unwound when the gasket intrudes into the flange bore. Possible severe damage to components
and equipment can occur when the system is pressurized.
The gasket will grow radially during the compression phase and it is essential that proper clearances are used for grooves and recesses to
compensate for this.
The following general rules apply for sizing of spiral wound gaskets:
Gaskets confined on both I.D. and O.D.

These types of flange facings are tongue and groove and groove to flat face flanges. Standard practice is to allow 0.062 (1.5mm) nominal diametrical clearance between the inside diameter of the groove and the inside diameter of the gasket. A nominal diametrical clearance of 0.062 ( 1.5mm ) between the gasket outside diameter and the outside diameter of the groove is recommended.* It is also recommended that when using standard tongue and groove flanges a compression stop is provided to prevent any over-compression of the
gasket.
Gasket confined on the O.D. only

These types of flange facings are known as male to female and female to flat flanges. Standard practice is to allow 0.062 (1.5mm)
nominal diametrical clearance between the outside diameter of the gasket and the outside diameter of the groove.* Whenever possible
allow a minimum of 0.25 (6.35mm) diametrical clearance between the bore of the flange and the inside diameter of the gasket.
Gasket unconfined on both the I.D. and O.D.

Allow a minimum 0.25 (6.35mm) diametrical clearance between the gasket inside diameter and the inside diameter of gasket seating
surface.
The outside diameter of the sealing element should be kept as close as possible to the bolt circle to minimize the effects of flange bending moments.
If the gasket is used on raised face flanges, allow a minimum 0.25 (6.35mm) diametrical clearance between the gasket outside diameter
and the raised face outside diameter and determine the gasket inside diameter on the basis of the desired gasket cross sectional width.
Note: The above rules are established general limits for sizing of Flexitallic spiral wound gaskets. It is frequently necessary to adjust
dimensions to achieve a proper balance between gasket area and available bolt area in order to maintain a reasonable compressive force
on the gasket and the minimum gasket factor y. Refer to the section covering ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code on page 39.
Metal Guide Rings

When Flexitallic gaskets are required to be equipped with inner and/or outer metal rings, limitations on the minimum widths of the rings
are necessary due to machining limitations and rigidity of the complete assembly. Standard practice is to size outer rings with the outside
diameter equal to the diameter of the bolt circle less the diameter of one bolt for rings up to 60" O.D. Above 60" O.D. rings are sized to
the diameter of the bolt circle less the diameter of one bolt hole. The table below indicates the minimum width for solid metal rings based
on the ring I.D.
Diameter of Ring
*Note: 1/16" nominal O.D. clearance for gaskets up to 60"
O.D.; from 60" O.D. to 80" O.D., allow 5/64"; above 80" O.D
allow 3/32" nominal O.D. clearance.
**Note: Where space is limited and narrower ring widths are
necessary, it may be possible to supply inner and outer spacer
rings of metal spiral wound construction. Consult FLEXITALLIC Technical Department for advice.
Up to 10 Inside Diameter
10 to 24 Inside Diameter
70 and Larger
Minimum Width**
Outer Ring
Inner Ring
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
1/4
3/8
3/8
1/2
1/2
29
Sizing of Spiral Wound Gaskets

Non-circular Spiral Wound Gaskets
Spiral wound gaskets can be fabricated in non-circular shapes within limitations. As a general rule, if the ratio of the major I.D. to
the minor I.D. exceeds 3 to 1, and should any of these sides approach a straight line, it may not be possible to manufacture a stable
spiral wound gasket. Our product requires a definite radius or curvature to give it inherent strength and stability and to prevent it
from springing apart. Any application requiring a non-circular gasket should be submitted to our Technical Department for review
to determine the feasibility of producing a satisfactory gasket as early as possible in the design stage.
The comments above and on the previous page relating to availability of sizes and recommended clearances for proper sizing of
FLEXITALLIC gaskets are general in nature. Many applications will arise where the recommended clearances are impractical due
to space limitations. Frequently, clearances between gasket sealing member and grooves must be reduced in order to effectively
maintain a seal under operating conditions, particularly when higher pressures are encountered. Under such circumstances, FLEXITALLIC engineers should be consulted prior to finalizing designs.
Flange Face
Raised Face
Flat Face
Male and Female
Tongue and Groove
Flat Face to Recess
Style CG
Style CG
Style R*
Style R*
Style R*
Style CGI
Style CGI
Style RIR
Style RIR
Recommended
Gasket Style
For general duties
Recommended
Gasket Style
For high pressure/
temperature duty,
also for gaskets with
PTFE filler, corrosive
or fluctuating pressure or temperature
service conditions.
Style RIR
*NOTE:
It is essential that Style R gaskets are fitted with a compression stop. Without a correctly dimensioned stop the gasket can easily be over-compressed resulting in failure. To provide a compression stop the depth of the tongue, groove or recess should be controlled to provide optimum compressed gasket thickness with metal to metal contact on the flange faces (see table on Page 28).
30
Flexpro Gaskets
The Flexpro, also known as the kammprofile gasket, offers a safe and effective seal under the most severe operating conditions for use
in both standard pipe and equipment flanges. Flexpro gaskets are suitable for use in Class 150 to 2500 service. They are frequently
selected as a favorable replacement for jacketed gaskets commonly used on heat exchangers. The Flexpro gasket features excellent
compressibility and recovery characteristics providing seal integrity under pressure and temperature fluctuations.
The Flexpro gasket consists of a solid grooved metal core with soft conformable facing materials bonded on both sealing surface faces.
The precise concentric machined grooves enhance sealing performance by means of inducing high stress concentrations across the
peaks of the grooves during the seating of the gasket. Due to the precise machining of the grooves consistent and repeatable gasket
stresses are achieved. It is robust, blow out resistant, and does not require a compression stop to prevent over-compression. The soft
conformable facings require initial low stress for gasket seating, and the facing material is trapped within the grooves minimizing flow
or extrusion.
Graphite is offered as the standard sealing face material and the metal core is grade 316L stainless steel. Other soft conformable facings offered are Thermiculite, PTFE, Sigma, compressed
fiber, and soft metals.
Selection of facing and metal core material is dependent on application and design conditions,
such as chemical compatibility and/or temperature.
The Flexpro gaskets are manufactured with two types of core profiles: DIN and the more commonly used shallow profile.
Style PN
Style ZG
Style ZA
Style PN Flexpro gaskets are selected

for use in confined locations, including
male and female, tongue and groove,
and recessed flange arrangements.
Variation of the PN Flexpro, utilizing

an integral outer locating ring for correct gasket positioning within the mating flange bolt circle. Style ZG Flexpro
gaskets are recommended for use on
standard raised face and flat face flange
assemblies.
The Style ZA Flexpro is a slight variation

of the Style ZG. The integral outer locating ring is replaced by a loose fitting
independent ring which is preferred
where flange differential radial thermal
expansion may be encountered. These
rings may also be spot welded.
Flexpro Gasket Materials

Metallic Core Materials
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
316L SS
304 SS
309 SS
310 SS
317L SS
321 SS
347 SS
430 SS
Carbon Steel
Monel
Inconel 600
Inconel 625
Inconel X-750
Incoloy 800
Incoloy 825
Hastelloy B2
Soft Facing Materials

Hastelloy C276
Aluminum
Copper
Brass
Nickel 200
Alloy 20
Duplex
Titanium
Flexicarb
Thermiculite 845
Compressed Fiber
PTFE*
Sigma
Soft Metals
* Available in several types of soft facing PTFE. Consult Flexitallic Technical Department.
31
MRG Gaskets
An MRG (Metal Reinforced Gasket) is a laminated gasket consisting of a metal core, covered with soft conformable sealing materials on each face of the core.
While the solid metal core prevents gasket blowout, it provides high strength and rigidity; and the soft facings provide for an exceptional seal.
The metal core material is selected to suit the media to be sealed. A wide range of core materials is available. For chemical resistance
and temperature stability purposes, the correct core material must always be selected.
Standard core material is either 304 or 316L stainless steel, and standard core thickness is 1/8".
The soft gasket facings can be Flexicarb, PTFE, Sigma, Thermiculite, or compressed fiber gasket material. However, Flexicarb is the
standard and most widely used facing material supplied with the MRG gasket.
Construction
1/8 Thick
Metallic
Core
Soft Material
Bonded to
Each Face
Flexpro Gasket Materials

Metallic Core Materials
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
316L SS
304 SS
309 SS
310 SS
317L SS
321 SS
347 SS
430 SS
Carbon Steel
Monel
Inconel 600
Inconel 625
Inconel X-750
Incoloy 800
Incoloy 825
Hastelloy B2
Soft Facing Materials

Hastelloy C276
Aluminum
Copper
Brass
Nickel 200
Alloy 20
Duplex
Titanium
Flexicarb
Thermiculite 845
Compressed Fiber
PTFE*
Sigma
Soft Metals
* Available in several types of soft facing PTFE. Consult Flexitallic Technical Department.
Suitable up to pressure Class 300, the MRG is widely used in the chemical and petrochemical industries, where a high temperature,
corrosion resistant, high integrity joint is required. Although the MRG gasket can be utilized on standard flange applications in place
of conventional compressed fiber sheet gaskets, or in some instances spiral wound gaskets, it is on special type assemblies where the
MRG is mainly utilized. Due to laser manufacturing techniques, any type of gasket shape can be produced.
Where restricted or limited space precludes the use of spiral wound gaskets or limited bolt load is available to seat the gasket, the
MRGs narrow cross sectional width makes it ideal for use in floating head arrangements of heat exchangers.
32
Ring Type Joints

The ring type joint was initially developed for use in the petroleum industry, where high pressure/temperature applications necessitated the need for a high integrity seal. They are mainly used in the oil field on drilling and completion equipment. Ring type joints are also commonly used on valves and pipework assemblies, along with some high
integrity pressure vessel joints.
Style R
The Style R ring type joint is manufactured in accordance with API 6A and ASME
B16.20, to suit API 6B and ASME B16.5 flanges.
Style R
Style R ring type joints are manufactured in both oval and octagonal configurations.
Both styles are interchangeable on the modern flat bottom groove, however only the
oval style can be used in the old type round bottom groove.
Style R ring type joints are designed to seal pressure up to 6,250 psi in accordance
with ASME B16.5 pressure ratings and up to 5,000 psi in accordance with API 6A
pressure ratings.
Oval
Octagonal
Style RX
The Style RX ring type joint is manufactured in accordance with API 6A and ASME
B16.20, to suit API 6B and ASME B16.5 flanges.
Style RX
The Style RX is designed to fit the modern flat bottom groove, and is interchangeable with the standard Style R ring type joint. However, since the Style RX is significantly taller than a Style R, larger flange make up distances will result.
Style RX ring type joints are designed to seal pressures up to 6,250 psi in accordance with ASME B16.5 pressure ratings, and up to 5,000 psi in accordance with
API 6A pressure ratings. Selected sizes incorporate a pressure passage hole to allow
for pressure equalization each side of the sealing faces.
Style BX
Style BX
The Style BX ring type joint is manufactured in accordance with API 6A.
All BX ring type joints incorporate a pressure passage hole to allow for pressure
equalization each side of the sealing faces. On assembly, metal to metal contact of
the flange faces is achieved. The Style BX is not interchangeable with any other
style, and is only suited for API 6BX flanges. Style BX ring type joints are designed
to seal pressure up to 20,000 psi in accordance with API 6A pressure ratings.
Styles SRX and SBX

Styles SRX and SBX are derived from Styles RX and BX, and are produced in line
with the API Standard 17 D for use on subsea wellhead and Christmas tree equipment.
33
Ring Type Joints

How They Work
Under axial compressive load, ring type joints plastically deform and flow into the irregularities of the flange groove. Since the load
bearing area of the ring type joint is relatively small, very high surface stresses result between the sealing faces of the ring type joint
and the groove. These stresses are further increased on the Style RX and BX rings which allows for very high internal pressures to be
sealed.
Since ring type joints are solid metal, their recovery characteristics are poor. The seal is maintained by the action of axial load upon
the gasket.
Surface Finish Requirements

With all metal to metal type seals, it is imperative that the gasket and groove sealing faces are free from indentations, score marks,
tool/chatter marks and other imperfections. The surface finish of the gasket and groove sealing faces is also critical and should not
exceed the following:
Style R and RX
Style BX
63 microinches Ra maximum (1.6 micrometer Ra)

32 microinches Ra maximum (0.8 micrometer Ra)
Reuse
Ring type joints are designed to have a limited amount of positive interference, which ensures that the ring type joint seats correctly
into the groove on compression. Their reuse is not recommended for two reasons:
The initial seating of the gasket will be impaired.
When the gasket is plastically deformed, work hardening of the external metal surface occurs. This may result in
permanent damage to the groove.
Hardness of Materials
On compression of the flange assembly, it is imperative that the ring type joint be significantly softer than the flange groove so that the
gasket plastically deforms and not the groove. The use of harder ring type joints can result in flange groove damage. For this reason,
ring type joints are supplied with the following maximum hardness values:
Maximum Hardness
Material
Soft Iron
Low Carbon Steel
4 - 6% Chrome 1/2% Moly.
Type 304 Stainless Steel
Werkstoff
Number
Brinell*
Rockwell B
Identification
1.4301
1.4401
1.4550
1.4006
90
120
130
160
160
160
170
56
68
72
83
83
83
86
D
S
F5
S304
S316
S347
S410
* Measured with 3000Kg load except soft iron which is measured with 500Kg load
Measured with 100 Kg load and 1/16 diameter ball.
Some materials can be supplied with NACE certification on request.
Protective Coating
In accordance with API Specifications, soft iron, low carbon steel, and other ferrous materials ring type joints are protected from corrosion with electroplated zinc to a maximum thickness of 0.0003. Alternative material coatings can be supplied on request.
34
Special Ring Type Joints

For critical and non standard applications, where ring type joints are unsuitable
in their standard form, Flexitallic offers a range of specialized ring type joint
gaskets to suit the needs of the petrochemical industry.
Style R with
PTFE Inserts
Style R Ring Type Joints with PTFE Inserts

Oval and octagonal ring type joints can be supplied with a PTFE insert which
is located in a machined recess in the bore of the gasket. The insert reduces turbulent flow across adjoining flanges and also eliminates flange/gasket erosion
which can occur with high velocity fluids.
PTFE Insert
Style RX with
PTFE Inserts
PTFE Insert
Style RX Ring Type Joints with PTFE Inserts

Style RX ring type joints can also be supplied with PTFE inserts, in order to
reduce turbulent flow and eliminate gasket/flange erosion. The insert is specially designed with radially drilled pressure passage holes so that the self sealing performance of the RX Ring Joint is not impaired.
Rubber Coated Ring Type Joints

This is an oval ring type joint which is totally enclosed in a nitrile rubber coating. The ring type joint material is usually soft iron or low carbon steel. This
type of gasket has three main functions:
It is used in pressure testing to minimize damage to flanges.
The rubber contact points provide additional seals while protecting the flange
surfaces.
It provides increased assurance against corrosion, which can occur between
conventional ring type joints and the engaged surfaces of the groove.
RX Ring Type Joint
Rubber Coated
RTJ
Transition RTJ
Transition Ring Type Joints

These are combination rings which consist of two different sizes having the
same pitch circle diameter. They are used for sealing ring type joint flanges
where the mating flanges have different ring groove diameters. Transition ring
type joints are available with either oval or octagonal facings.
RX Ring Type Joint
Blind RTJ
Blind Ring Type Joints
Special ring type joints can be manufactured to blank off flanges and pipework.
They consist of standard ring type joints with integral solid metallic centers.
Flange Guards
Flange guards are supplied to suit all API, ASME, BS and MSS SP44 ring type
joint flanges. Flange guards are manufactured from closed cell neoprene foam,
which compresses readily under load. Once assembled, they protect the outside
diameter of the ring type joint in corrosive environments e.g. salt spray.
Flange Guards
35
Lens Rings
In certain applications, the specification of a high integrity metallic seal has usually lead to the selection of the Lens Ring concept,
rather than the more generally recognized ring type joint solution. The Lens Ring is covered solely by the DIN 2696 specification.
However, ASME B16.5 and other flange types can be modified to accept the Lens Ring.
The Lens Ring provides a metallic gasket design incorporating spherical
seating faces designed to suit specifically mating flange recesses, providing
the user with a high integrity, high pressure/temperature metal to metal seal.
d3
d2
DN
As with all metallic gaskets, the Lens Ring material should be specified
softer than the flange material, thus ensuring applied compressive load leads
to the elastic/plastic deformation of the lens ring and not the flange sealing
face. The distribution of high compressive loads leads to the spread of the
gasket facings, ensuring over stressing of the gasket is prevented.
20
S
In accordance with DIN 2696 general materials are limited to a range of

specified carbon steels and stainless steel grades, although alternative
grades are available upon request. Flexitallic requires a detailed drawing be
supplied when ordering non standard Lens Rings.
d
d1
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS
NPS
size
DN
d
min
d
d11
S for d max
max
d2 middle
contact
diameter
d3
d3
25
32
50
70
88
112
129
170
218
250
18
27
39
55
68
85
97
127
157
183
5.7
6
6
8
9
13
13
15
22
26
296
329
406
473
538
610
218
243
298
345
394
445
28
27
25
26
23
24
296
329
406
473
218
243
298
345
21
25
25
30
Nominal pressure PN64 - 400

10
15
25
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
10
14
20
34
46
62
72
94
116
139
14
18
29
43
55
70
82
108
135
158
21
28
43
62
78
102
116
143
180
210
7
8.5
11
14
16
20
22
26
29
33
17.1
22
34
48
60
76.6
88.2
116
149
171
Nominal Pressure PN64 and 100

[175]
200
250
300
350
400
176
198
246
295
330
385
183
206
257
305
348
395
243
276
332
385
425
475
31
35
37
40
41
42
202.5
225
277.7
323.5
368
417.2
Nominal pressure PN160 - 400

[175]
200
250
300
162
183
230
278
177
200
246
285
243
276
332
385
37
40
46
50
202.5
225
277.7
323.5
Avoid nominal pipe sizes in brackets.
36
Weld Gaskets
Another gasket concept with origins from the German industrial market are weld gaskets. As standard, two
variants exist; Weld Membrane Gaskets in accordance with DIN 2695 and Weld Ring gaskets.
Weld Membrane Gaskets

The Weld Membrane Gasket consists of two similar rings each of 0.157 (4mm) thickness. For chemical compatibility and in order to ensure controlled thermal conductivity and weld compatibility, the gasket material
must always be the same as the flange material. Each ring is individually welded to its mating flange. Upon
flange assembly, a second welding operation joins the two rings at their outer diameter which provides for a
fully welded joint.
Single Seal Ring
d3
4
4
d1
d2
R = 40
R = 40
20
4
d1
d2
Weld Ring Gaskets

As with Weld Membrane Gaskets, Weld Ring Gaskets are used in pairs. As standard, each ring is manufactured to similar materials to that of the flange, thus ensuring full compatibility. All welding can be conducted on the outside of the gasket and flange, thus ensuring ease of location, especially in restricted applications
where space is limited. Two styles exist, Style SR and Style SRL. Style SRL is recommended when there is
flange differential radial expansion.
Style SR
Style SRL
d2
10
d1
d1
R1
.5
1.2
30
15
80
10
5
R2
d2
R5
.5
Wire ring serves as

welding aid (sealing
of lip space against
penetration of
condensate.
37
SECTION II
Joint Integrity Calculations
This section is designed to enable a flange designer or gasket user to:
1. Calculate a bolt stress required for a particular gasket in a known flange.
2. Modify both gasket and bolting parameters in the relevant calculations to
arrive at a suitable gasket type and dimension, and bolt pattern to suit
a given application.
A Torque Guide is included to enable the user to obtain a torque figure once the bolt stress has been calculated.
See the installation section for a controlled bolting procedure in which to apply these torque values.
Gasket Type
The engineer must always be aware of the abilities and limitations of the gasket types and materials. Factors such as blow out resistance, creep resistance, stress retention, recovery characteristics and cost must be considered.
Application
When determining the type of gasket to be used, design pressures and temperatures must always be considered. Media will further dictate gasket selection and what materials may or may not be utilized, ensuring chemical compatibility. Always consider special conditions such as thermal cycling, thermal shock, vibration, and erosion.
Flange Design
Attention to the flange design is critical when designing a gasket. Flange configuration, available bolt
load and materials all have obvious effects on gasket selection. Flange configuration determines the
style and basic dimensions of the gasket. Compatibility between flange and gasket material must be
ensured, thus minimizing the possibility of galvanic corrosion.
2
1
3
When a joint assembly is placed in service, three basic forces become active and affect overall sealing
performance.
1) END FORCE -
Which originates with the pressure of confined gases or liquids

that tends to separate the flange faces.
2) GASKET LOAD -
The function of the bolting or other means which applies force

upon the flange faces to compress the gasket and withstand
internal pressure
3) INTERNAL PRESSURE -
Force which tends to move, permeate or bypass the gasket.
Taking the above factors into consideration, attention must be paid to the initial force applied to a joint. Firstly, the applied preload
must be sufficient to seat the gasket upon the flange faces, compensating for any surface imperfections which may be present. Secondly,
the force must be sufficient to compensate for the internal pressures acting against the flange assembly. i.e. the hydrostatic end force
and internal pressure. Finally, the applied force must be sufficient to maintain a satisfactory residual load upon the joint assembly.
38
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Calculations

Section VIII of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, establishes criteria for flange design and suggests values of "m" (gasket factor) and "y" (minimum gasket seating stress) as applied to gaskets. For the most part, the defined values have proven successful in actual applications. However, much confusion exists regarding these values, primarily due to a misunderstanding of the definitions of the
terms and their significance in practical applications. Mandatory Appendix II, in Section VIII of the Boiler Code, requires in the design
of a bolted flange connection, that complete calculations shall be made for two separate and independent sets of conditions.
Operating Conditions
Condition one (1) requires a minimum load be determined in accordance with the following equation:
2
(1)
Wm1 = 3.14G P + 2b 3.14GmP

4
This equation states the minimum required bolt load for operating conditions and is the sum of the hydrostatic end force, plus a residual gasket load on the contact area of the gasket times a factor times internal pressure. Stated another way, this equation requires the
minimum bolt load be such that it will maintain a residual unit compressive load on the gasket area that is greater than internal pressure when the total load is reduced by the hydrostatic end force.
Gasket Seating
Condition two (2) requires a minimum bolt load be determined to seat the gasket regardless of internal pressure and utilizes a formula:
(2) Wm2= 3.14bGy
The "b" in these formulae is defined as the effective gasket width and "y" is defined as the minimum seating stress in psi. For example, Section VIII of the Boiler Code suggests a minimum "y" value for a spiral wound gasket of 10,000 psi (Winter 1976 Addenda).
These design values are suggested and not mandatory. The term "b" is defined as:
b = bo when bo 1/4"
b = 0.5 bo when bo > 1/4"
After Wm1, and Wm2 are determined, the minimum required bolt area Am is determined as follows:
Am1 = Wm1 where Sb is the allowable bolt stress at operating temperature, and
Sb
Am2 =
Wm2
where Sa is the allowable bolt stress at atmospheric temperature.
Sa
Then Am is equal to the greater of Am1 or Am2. Bolts are then selected so the actual bolt area, Ab, is
equal to or greater than Am.
At this point, it is important to realize the gasket must be capable of carrying the entire compressive force applied by the bolts when
prestressed unless provisions are made to utilize a compression stop in the flange design or by the use of a compression gauge ring.
For this reason, FLEXITALLIC's standard practice is to assume W is equal to Ab Sa.
We are then able to determine the actual unit stress on the gasket bearing surface. This unit stress Sg is calculated as follows:
(3)
Sg (psi) =
Ab Sa
.785 [(do - .125*)2 - (di)2]
*Note: Based on 4.5mm (.175") thick spiral wound gasket. The v or Chevron shape on the gasket O.D. is not part of the effective
seating width, therefore .125 is subtracted from the actual gasket O.D.
Using the unit stress we can assign construction details which will lead to the fabrication of a gasket having sufficient density to carry
the entire bolt load.
39

Gasket Seating Stress "y"
Defined as the applied stress required to seat the gasket upon the flange faces. The actual required seating stress is a function
of flange surface finish, gasket material, density, thickness, fluid to be sealed and allowable leak rate.
Gasket Factor "m"

Appendix II, Section VIII, of the Boiler Code makes the statement the "m" factor is a function of the gasket material and construction. We do not agree entirely with this interpretation of "m". Actually, the gasket does not create any forces and can
only react to external forces. We believe a more realistic interpretation of "m" would be the residual compressive force exerted against the gasket contact area must be greater than the internal pressure when the compressive force has been relieved by
the hydrostatic end force. It is the ratio of residual gasket contact pressure to internal pressure and must be greater than unity
otherwise leakage would occur. It follows then, the use of a higher value for "m" would result in a closure design with a greater
factor of safety. Experience has indicated a value of 3 for m is satisfactory for flanged designs utilizing Spiral Wound gaskets regardless of the materials of construction. In order to maintain a satisfactory ratio of gasket contact pressure to internal
pressure, two points must be considered. First, the flanges must be sufficiently rigid to prevent unloading the gasket due to
flange rotation when internal pressure is introduced. Secondly, the bolts must be adequately prestressed. The Boiler Code recognizes the importance of pre-stressing bolts sufficiently to withstand hydrostatic test pressure. Appendix S, in the Code, discusses this problem in detail.
Notations
Ab
= Actual total cross sectional root area of bolts or section of least diameter under stress; square inches
Am
Am1
Am2
b
bo
2b
G
m
N
P
Sa
Sb
W
Wm1
Wm2
y
Sg
do
di
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Total required cross sectional area of bolts, taken as greater of Am1 or Am2; square inches
Total required cross sectional area of bolts required for operating conditions; square inches
Total required cross sectional area of bolts required for gasket seating; square inches
Effective sealing width; inches
Basic gasket seating width; inches
Joint-contact-surface pressure width; inches
Diameter of location of gasket load reaction; inches
Gasket factor
Radial flange width of spiral wound component
Design pressure; psi
Allowable bolt stress at atmospheric temperature; psi
Allowable bolt stress at design temperature; psi
Flange design bolt load; pounds
Minimum required bolt load for operating conditions; pounds force
Minimum required bolt load for gasket seating; pounds force
Minimum gasket seating stress; psi
Actual unit stress at gasket bearing surface; psi
Outside diameter of gasket; inches
Inside diameter of gasket; inches
The ASME boiler and pressure vessel code is currently under review by the Pressure Vessel Research Council. Details of
these proposed improvements, including the effects on gasket design procedures are highlighted on page 43.
40

Gasket Materials and Contact Facings
Gasket factors (m) for Operating Conditions and Minimum Design Seating Stress (y)
Gasket
Factor
(m)
Minimum
Design
Seating
Stress (y)
(psi)
Elastomers without fabric

Below 75A Shore Durometer
75A or higher Shore Durometer
0.50
1.00
0
200
Elastomers with cotton fabric insertion
1.25
400
Vegetable fiber
1.75
1100
2.00
2.00
2.00
900
900
2,500
(1a) (1b)
MRG
2.00
2,500
(1a) (1b)
Flexpro
2.00
2,500
(1a) (1b)
Spiral wound metal, with filler
3.00
10,000
(1a), (1b)
Spiral wound Style LS, Flexicarb Filled/PTFE filled, Thermiculite filled
3.00
5,000
(1a) (1b)
Corrugated metal
with filler
or
Corrugated metal jacketed
with filler
Soft aluminum
Soft copper or brass
Iron or soft steel
Monel or 4%-6% chrome
Stainless steels & Nickel based alloys
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
2900
3700
4500
5500
6500
(1a), (1b)
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
3700
4500
5500
6500
7600
(1a), (1b),
(1c), (1d)
Corrugated metal
Soft aluminum
Iron or soft steel
Flat metal jacketed,

with filler
Soft aluminum
Iron or soft steel
Monel
4%-6% chrome
3.25
3.50
3.75
3.50
3.75
3.75
5500
6500
7600
8000
9000
9000
(1a)2, (1b)2,
(1c), (1d),
(2)
Grooved metal
Soft aluminum
Iron or soft steel
3.25
3.50
3.75
3.75
4.25
5500
6500
7600
9000
10100
(1a), (1b),
(1c), (1d),
(2), (3)
Solid flat metal
Soft aluminum
Iron or soft steel
4.00
4.75
5.50
6.00
6.50
8800
13000
18000
21800
26000
(1a), (1b),
(1c), (1d),
(2), (3),
(4), (5)
Iron or soft steel

5.50
6.00
6.50
18000
21800
26000
Gasket Material
Self-Energizing Types
O-rings, metallic, elastomer, and other gasket types
considered as self-sealing
Flexicarb products
Ring Joint
NR
SR
ST
Sketches
and
Notes
Seating Width
(See Table)
Gasket
Group
Column
(1a), (1b)
(1c), (1d),
(4), (5)
II
(6)
Notes:
This table gives a list of many commonly used gasket materials and contact facings with suggested design values of m and y that have generally proved satisfactory in actual service when using
effective gasket seating width b given in the table on the next page. The design values and other details given in this table are suggested only and are not mandatory.
The surface of a gasket having a lap should not be against the nubbin.
41

Effective Gasket Seating Width - See Note (1)
Basic Gasket Seating Width, bo
Facing Sketch
Exaggerated
Column I
Column II
(1a)
N
(1b)
See Note (2)
N
2
N
2
(1c)
W
w<N
W+T
;
2
(1d)
W
See Note (2)
W+N
max.
4
W+T
;
2
W+N
max.
4
w<N
(2)
W
w < N/2
W+N
4
W + 3N
8
w < N/2
N
4
3N
8
3N
8
7N
16
N
4
3N
8
1/64 Nubbin
N
(3)
1/64 Nubbin
N
(4)
See Note (2)
(5)
See Note (2)
(6)
N
W
W
8
Effective Gasket Seating Width, b
b = bo, when bo < 1/4; b = 0.5 bo, when bo > 1/4
Location of Gasket Load Reaction
HG
HG
hG
hG
O.D. Contact Face

b
For bo > 1/4
Gasket
Face
For bo < 1/4
Notes:
(1) The gasket factors listed only apply to flanged joints in which the gasket is contained entirely within the inner edges of the bolt holes.
(2) Where serrations do not exceed 1/64 depth and 1/32 width spacing, sketches (1b) and (1d) shall be used.
42
PVRC METHOD
Current gasket design calculations for bolted
joints such as ASME VIII, DIN 2505, etc., have
many shortcomings surrounding the expected
tightness and optimum operating stress levels to
ensure against joint leakage. In general, current
design methods only ensure that the optimum
bolt load is available to seat the gasket and
accommodate the hydraulic loads created by the
internal pressure. Little information is given
regarding the tightness of the joint in service or
the optimum level of gasket stress to fulfill the
legislative, environmental and company emission
requirements at the source of application.
Idealization of Stress vs. Tightness showing the basis

for the gasket constants Gb, a and Gs
Gasket
Stress
Part A
Sa
Gb
Sgmin > P
Part B
Cycles
Flexitallic financially supports, and is actively

involved in the research efforts of the ASME's
Tp min
Tpn
Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC) to
10
100
1000
10000
review and update current gasket design methodGs
Tightness Parameter Tp
ology. The PVRC has, through many years of
research and development (involving hundreds of
actual gasket tests), conceived a new philosophy
that addresses the mechanisms of sealing that will benefit gasket manufacturers, vessel designers and the operators of process equipment in general. The result is a package that recommends minimum levels of gasket assembly stress to fulfill the operational requirements of the user. The new procedure is similar to the existing ASME Section VIII calculation, except it incorporates new gasket factors (to replace the traditional m & y gasket factors) that have been determined through an extensive test program.
The new gasket factors are (Gb), (a), and (Gs).
(Gb) and (a) represent the initial gasket compression characteristics and relate to the initial installation, while (Gs) represents the
unloading characteristics typically associated with the operating behavior.
The PVRC method has been developed over the years using the following parameters for bolted joint designs and determining gasket
constants:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Determine the tightness class 'Tc' that corresponds to the acceptable leak rate for the application (legislative, environmental, or
company emission legislation).
T2: Standard; represents a mass leak rate per unit diameter of 0.002 mg/sec/mm-dia.
T3: Tight; represents a mass leak rate per unit diameter of 0.00002 mg/sec/mm-dia.
Select the tightness constant that corresponds to the chosen tightness class
C = 1.0 for tightness class T2 (Standard).
C = 10.0 for tightness class T3 (Tight).
Select the appropriate gasket constants (Gb), a, and (Gs) for the gasket style and material, (see table, page 44).
Determine gasket parameters (N), (bo), (b), and (G) as per table (page 41).
Gasket seating area, Ag = 0.7854(OD2-ID2).
Hydraulic area, Ai = 0.7854G2
Minimum required tightness, Tpmin = 0.1243 x C x Pd ,
Pd = Design Pressure
8.
Assembly Tightness Tpa = 0.1243 x C x Pt, Pt = Test Pressure (Typically 1.5 x Pd)
Tightness Parameter Ratio, Tr = Log(Tpa)/Log(Tpmin)
10. Gasket Operating Stress, Sm1 = Gs[Gb/Gs x Tpaa]1/Tr
9.
43
PVRC Method
11. Gasket Seating Stress, Sm2 = Gb (Tpaa) / (e x 1.5) - Pd (Ai/Ag)
e = 0.75 for manual bolt up
e = 1.0 for hydraulic tensioners & ultrasonic
12. Design factor, Mo = the greater of Sm1/ Pd or Sm2 / Pd
13. Design Bolt load, Wmo = Ag x Smo + Ai x Pd
Smo is the greater of Sm1, Sm2, 2P, SL
SL = A minimum permitted value of operating gasket stress equal to 90% of the minimum gasket stress in the test that determined the
gasket constants. It is 6.21 MPa (900 psi) for the standard and soft ROTT test procedures, and 10.3 MPa (1500 psi) for the hard gasket procedure.
Note: Iterative method can be used for more exact results (Sm1 - Sm2).
Note: PVRC and ASME continue to refine data reduction techniques, and values are therefore subject to further review and revisions.
Gasket Factors
Type
Material
Gb (psi)
Gs (psi)
Spiral Wound LS
(Class 150 & 300)
SS/Flexicarb
SS/PTFE
598
698
0.385
0.249
0.03
0.00128
Spiral Wound
(Class 150 to 2500)
SS/Flexicarb
SS/Flexite Super
SS/Thermiculite 735
SS/Thermiculite 835
2300
2600
474
2,120
0.237
0.230
0.448
0.190
13
15
9.82
49
MRG
Carrier Ring
Flexpro
SS/Flexicarb
SS/Flexicarb
SS/Flexicarb
SS/Thermiculite 845
813
1251
387
1780
0.338
0.309
0.334
0.169
0.2
11
14
1080
Sheet Gaskets
(Class 150 to 300)
Flexicarb
Flexicarb NR
SF 2401
SF 3300
Sigma 500
Sigma 511
Sigma 522
Sigma 533
Thermiculite 715
Thermiculite 815
1047
818
290
2360
4
209
472
115
1031
1906
0.354
0.347
0.383
0.190
0.804
0.356
0.250
0.382
0.243
0.2
0.07
0.07
2.29
50.25
0.115
0.00498
0.037
0.000065
9.68
456
Corrugated Gasket
Soft Iron
Stainless Steel
1500
3000
4700
0.240
0.160
0.150
430
115
130
Soft Iron
Stainless Steel
Soft Copper
Soft Iron
2900
2900
1800
8500
0.230
0.230
0.350
0.134
15
15
15
230
Soft Copper
Metal Jacketed
Metal Jacketed Corr.
Please contact Flexitallic Technical Department for the gasket constants of newly developed gaskets.
44
SECTION III
Gasket Installation
A FLEXITALLIC gasket will provide a reliable seal when properly installed in the application for which it was designed. Please
remember that the performance of a bolted joint is not solely dependent on the gasket itself, but on a combination of variables, many
of which are outside the control of the gasket manufacturer. Experience has shown that leakage is not necessarily a sole indication of
a faulty gasket, but is more likely to be the result of improper installation, assembly or bolting practices, damaged flanges, or a combination of the myriad of variables associated in a bolted gasketed assembly. When installing the gasket the following are to be considered:
Gasket Quality
Obviously gasket quality is important. Always deal with reputable suppliers and/or manufacturers who are capable of high quality
products and sound technical support.
NEVER INSTALL A PREVIOUSLY USED GASKET!
Flange Surfaces
The condition of flange surfaces, as well as the proper flange material selection play an important part in achieving a leak-free joint
assembly. Assure that the following are within acceptable limits:
Surface finish
Flatness
Parallelism
Waviness
Surface imperfections
For optimum gasket performance Flexitallic recommends that the flange surface finishes listed in the table on page 46 be used for the
respective gasket selected. To assure proper and even compression of the gasket we recommend that parallelism be within 0.2 mm
(0.008), flatness and waviness are kept at better than 0.2 mm (0.008). We suggest that the allowable imperfections do not exceed
the depth of the surface finish grooves, and that any radial marks are no deeper than the depth of the flange surface finish and less than
50% in length of the overall gasket sealing surface width.
Fasteners
It is important that the proper studs/bolts and nuts are selected to assure joint integrity. Improper selection of these may compromise
the entire joint assembly. The following list is to be considered when selecting fasteners:
Type
Grade
Class
Proper material
Appropriate coating or plating
Correct stud/bolt length
See the table on page 54 for temperature rating of stud/bolt grades.
Assembly
In an effort to achieve a high degree of success in attaining a leak-free joint several steps are required. It is imperative that a regimented bolt up procedure is applied. As a minimum the following is suggested:
Install a new gasket on the gasket seating surface and bring the mating flange in contact with the gasket.
Do not apply any compounds on the gasket or gasket seating surfaces.
Install all bolts, making sure that they are free of any foreign matter, and well lubricated. Lubricate nut bearing surfaces as well.
(Lubrication will not be required for PTFE coated fasteners.)
Run-up all nuts finger tight.
Develop the required bolt stress or torque incrementally in a minimum of four steps in a crisscross pattern. The initial pre-stress
should be no more than 30% of the final required bolt stress. After following this sequence, a final tightening should be performed
bolt-to-bolt to ensure that all bolts have been evenly stressed.
Note: The use of hardened washers will enhance the joint assembly by reducing the friction due to possible galling of the nut bearing
surfaces.
45
Gasket Installation
For critical applications a more sophisticated method for bolt up may be considered such as heating rods, bolt tensioners, or ultrasonic extensometer.
Bolting Up Sequence
Stage 1 - Torque bolts up to approximately 30% of the final torque value following the diametrically opposed sequence specified on
pages 47 and 48.
Stage 2 - Repeat Stage 1, increasing the torque value to approximately 60% of the final torque value.
Stage 3 - Repeat Stage 2, increasing the torque value to the final required torque value.
Stage 4 - A final tightening should be performed following an adjacent bolt-to-bolt sequence to ensure that all bolts have been evenly
stressed.
Note: See page 47 - 48 for bolt torque sequence.
For additional information refer to ASME PCC1 2000.
Surface Finish Requirements

Gasket Description
Flange Surface
Finish Microinch Ra
Flange Surface
Finish Micrometer Ra
125 - 250
3.2 - 6.3
125 - 250
3.2 - 6.3
63 MAX
1.6 MAX
MRG
125 - 250
3.2 - 6.3
Solid Metal Gaskets
63 MAX
1.6 MAX
100 - 125
2.5 MAX
Matl < 1.5mm Thick

125 - 250
Matl < 1.5mm Thick

3.2 - 6.3
Matl > 1.5mm Thick

125 - 500
Matl > 1.5mm Thick

3.2 - 12.5
KAM Profile Gasket

Flexpro Gaskets
Metallic Serrated Gaskets
Gasket Cross Section
Soft Cut Sheet Gaskets
Important - Under no circumstances should flange sealing surfaces be machined in a manner that tool marks would extend radially
across the sealing surface. Such tool marks are practically impossible to seal regardless of the type of gasket used.
46
Bolt Torque Sequence

1
12
-B
ol
ts
12
8Bo
lts
11
10
6
6
9
16
13
ol
ts
11
16
-B
12
14
15
6
10
13
12
24
17
16
20
17
8
20
20
-B
15
10
ts
21
ol
ol
16
13
12
-B
ts
11
24
22
19
14
18
19
6
6
11
14
15
18
10
23
47
Bolt Torque Sequence
32
17
16
31
30
4
17
29
25
24
32
18
16
19
15
21
28
33
13
13
12
20
14
34
30
19
-B
ol
ts
32
29
39
38
37
24
14
35
36
9
44
-B
ol
ts
40
20
10
11
11
23
27
22
6
49
50
30
ts
ol
10
56
15
16
32
43
44
17
30
29
53
18
19
54
55
48
56
5 6
34
8 36 35
33
20
4 45
46
47
48
17
18
19
37
13
14
15
11
16
57
12
58
41
42
31
2 3
25
39
38
-B
14
1
66 67 68
44
40
28
46
65
43
42
29
52
25
26
27
22
21
48
47
31
32
41
20
53
54
55
56
lts
51
13
Bo
23
45
31
40 1
38 39
26
33
34
68
-
24
15
18
37
27
23
10
28
21
7
26
12
22
59
60
21
22
23
24
49
50
35
36
12
11
10
9
64
63
62
51
52
25 26
7 8
41 42 43 44
27
28
61
Troubleshooting
Good Preparation Ensures
Good Performance
Handle with care
Keep in package
Protect from damage

and the weather
Stack; dont hang
Check flange surfaces

for correct finish, blemishes, flatness, etc.
Verify that proper stud material is being used
Check condition of studs and nuts
If washers are used they must be hardened
Lubricate threads and bearing surface of nuts
Dont apply any compounds or pastes on the gasket
Use the correct, new gasket
Dont secure the gasket to the flange with duct tape
Use a cross bolting pattern in incremental steps; then go bolt-to-bolt
Apply sufficient load
49
Troubleshooting
Joint Leakage
Often as not, when joint leakage occurs, a simple examination of the used gasket can determine the cause of failure. Firstly, always
ensure that the spent gasket is correct to specification.
The Used Gasket . . . Telltale Signals of Trouble for Spiral Wound Gaskets
Gasket Features
Metal Windings
Observation
Possible Cause
Possible Remedy
Asymmetrical compression
and/or flattening of the lands of
the chevron
Smooth and/or Dissimilar

surface finish
Apply recommended surface

finish 125/250 Ra. Use inner
and outer rings. Place gasket
in a groove
Corrosion
Improper metal selection
Select metal compatible for

the media
Severe discoloration, cracking
Improper metal selection

Exceeding temperature limit
Select proper metal
Impingement or mechanical
damage
Gasket wrongly sized

Improper installation
Redesign gasket or use

alternative gasket
Improve installation and/or
procedure
Extreme discoloration
Corrosion
Filler material incompatible

with media or process
Oxidation
Exceed temperature limit

Incompatible with media
Uneven compression
Flange waviness
Flange out of parallel
Flange rotation
Improper installation and/or
procedures
Machine flanges to
recommended flatness and
parallelism.
Reduce bolt stress and/or
compensate for rotational
effects. Improve installation
procedures
Over-compression
Improper gasket selection

Improper joint geometry
Use inner and/or outer rings

Redesign joint geometry
Insufficient compression
Improper installation
Improper gasket stiffness
insufficient bolt load
Improper joint geometry
Improve installation
Use proper constructed
gasket
Improve joint geometry
Leak path scoring
Foreign matter
Proper clean up of flanges

and/or gaskets
Transfer or imprint of flange

surface finish
Improper surface finish
Assess finish and re-machine

flanges to proper finish
Micro imperfections, dings,

scratches, interrupted surfaces
Foreign matter, tool marks on

flanges, hardware, i.e. set
screws to other implements
Re-machine and/or repair

flanges. Remove any
obstruction or interrupted
surfaces
Topical residue, smearing
Use of adhesives, grease

compounds or tape as a
means of gasket positioning or
perceived performance
enhancement
Do Not use any compounds,

paste, grease or tape or any
foreign substances.
Note: Use of a light spray of
adhesive is permissible for
holding the gasket in place if
needed
Buckling of the sealing

element
Omitting the use of an inner

ring. Smooth flange surface
finish. Bolt up inconsistencies.
Extreme temperatures. Overcompression
Use inner rings. Assess

surface finish. Reduce bolt
loads to acceptable stresses.
Use alternative gasket, i.e.
Flexpro
Excessive dishing, cupping

indentations and yielding of
outer ring
Excessive bolt load. Outer

guide ring engaging bolts
Reduce bolt load to

acceptable stresses.
Concentric gasket installation
Filler
Select filler material

compatible with media/
process and temperature
Thickness
Gasket face
surfaces
Mechanical
Damage
50
Metallic Gasket Materials

Material
Trade
Name
Description
Temperature
Range
Hardness
Value (Brinell)
-58 to 1000F
(-50 to 540C)
120 max
90 max for solid
metal gaskets
Comments
Carbon
Steel
Commercial Quality
Sheet Forged or Rolled Steel Often referred
to as Soft Iron or Armco
316
An 18-12 chromium/nickel austenitic

stainless steel, containing approx.
2% molybdenum content for high
temperature strength.
1500F max
(815C)
160 max
Excellent corrosion resistance

Subject to stress corrosion
cracking and intergranular
corrosion in the presence of
certain media
Carbide precipitation may occur
above 540C
316L
Variation of 316, carbon content reduced to

0.03% maximum
1500F max
(815C)
160 max
Reduced possibilities of stress

Corrosion cracking and
intergranular corrosion due to
reduced carbon content
304
An 18-8 chromium/nickel austenitic

stainless steel
1000F max
(540C)
160 max
Excellent corrosion resistance

Subject to stress corrosion
cracking and intergranular
corrosion at elevated
temperatures
304L
Variation of 304. Carbon content reduced to

0.03% maximum
1000F max
(540C)
160 max
Reduced possibilities of stress.

317L
An 18-13 chromium/nickel 3% molybdenum

austenitic stainless steel
1500F max
(815C)
160 max
Reduced possibilities of stress

321
An 18-10 chromium/nickel austenitic stainless

steel with a titanium addition
1600F max
(870C)
160 max
Is subject to stress corrosion

Reduced possibilities of
intergranular corrosion
347
An 18-10 chromium/nickel austenitic stainless

steel with the addition of columbium (niobium)
1600F max
(870C)
160 max
Similar properties as 321. High

temperature resistance
410
A 13% chrom, 0.15% carbon martensitic

stainless alloy
1560F max
(850C)
210 max
Excellent high temperature

strength/corrosion properties.
Excellent resistance to oxidation,
nitriding and carborization
Titanium
grade 2
Titanium
grade 2
High Purity Titanium material
2000F max
(1095C)
Approx 215

Corrosion resistance
Outstanding in oxidizing medias
Alloy 600
Inconel
600
A 70% nickel, 15% chromium,

8% Iron alloy steel
2000F max
(1095C)
200 max

strength/corrosion properties
Excellent resistance to oxidation
Nitriding and carborization
Alloy 625
Inconel
625
A nickel/chromium alloy with substantial

additions of molybdenum & columbium (niobium)
2000F max
(1095C)
240 max
Outstanding corrosion resistance

in a wide range of acid, neutral
and alkaline environments
Alloy 800
Incoloy
800

46% iron alloy steel
2000F max
(1095C)
200 max

resistance
Alloy 825
Incoloy
825
A nickel, chromium, iron, molybdenum and

copper alloy steel
2000F max
(1095C)
180 max
High resistance to hot acid

conditions and outstanding
resistance to stress corrosion
cracking.
For General applications only.
51
Metallic Gasket Materials
Material
Trade
Name
Description
Temperature
Range
Hardness
Value (Brinell)
Comments
Alloy 200
Nickel
200
Commercially pure (99.6%) wrought nickel
1400F max
(760C)
150 max
Highly resistant to various

reducing chemicals and caustic
alkalis.
Alloy
400
Monel
400
A 67% nickel/30% copper alloy steel
1500F max
(820C)
200 max
High resistance
to hydrofluoric acid.
Alloy B2
Hastelloy
B2
A nickel/molybdenum alloy steel
2000F max
(1095C)
200 max
Excellent chemical resistance to

hydrochloric acid, sulfuric,
acetic and phosphoric acids.
A nickel/chromium/molybdenum alloy steel
2000F max
(1095C)
200 max
Excellent corrosion resistance to

both oxidizing and reducing
media.
An iron/chromium alloy steel
1400F max
(760C)
160 max
Specifically developed for

applications requiring resistance
to sulfuric acid.
A nickel/chromium/iron alloy steel
2000F max
(1095C)
Alloy C276 Hastelloy

C276
Alloy 20
Carpenter
20
Alloy
X-750
Inconel
X-750
Aluminum
Commercially pure wrought aluminum
800F max
(425C)
Approx 35
Excellent ductility and

workability.
Brass
Commercial copper/zinc alloy
500F max
(260C)
Approx 60
General corrosion resistance.
Copper
Commercially pure copper
600F max
(315C)
Approx 80
General corrosion resistance.
Alloy
2205
AL
2205

3% molybdenum stainless steel
600F max
(315C)
290 max
Precipitation hardenable
high resistance steel.
Austenitic/Ferritic duplex alloy with

improved resistance to stress
corrosion cracking, pitting, crevice
corrosion. Higher strength than
most stainless steel grades.
Other materials include tantalum, zirconium, platinum, gold, and bronze.
52
Useful Material Data

Stainless Steel Materials - Worldwide Equivalents
USA
UK
DIN
FRANCE
ITALY
SPAIN
JAPAN
SWEDEN
AISI/SAE
BS
DIN / W.-Nr
AFNOR
UNI
UNE
JIS
SS
304
304 S 15
X5CrNi 18 9 / 1.4301
Z6CN 18.09
X5CrNi 18 10
X5CrNi 18 10
SUS 304
2332
304L
304 S 12
X2CrNi 18 9 / 1.4306
Z2CN 18.10
X2CrNi 18 11
X2CrNi 19 10
SUS 304L
2352
2333
309
309 S 24
X15CrNi Si 20 12 / 1.4828
Z15CNS 20.12
X15CrNiSi20 12
SUH 309
310
X15CrNi Si 25 20 / 1.4841
Z12CNS 25.20
X16CrNiSi25 20
X15CrNiSi 25 20
SUH 310
316
316 S 16
X5CrNiMo 18 10 / 1.4401
Z6CND 17.11
X5CrNiMo 17 12
X5CrNiM 17 12
SUS 316
2347
316L
316 S 11
316 S 12
X2CrNiMo 18 10 / 1.4404
Z2CND 18.13
X2CrNiMo 17 12
X2CrNiMo 17 12
SUS 316L
2348
316Ti
320 S 31
320 S 17
X10CrNiMoTi 18 10 / 1.4571
Z6CNDT 17.12
X6CrNiMoTi1712 X6CrNiMoTi1712
2350
321
321 S 12
X10CrNiTi 18 19 / 1.4541
Z6CNT 18.10
X6CrTi 18 11
X7CrNiTi 18 11
SUS 321
2337
347
347 S 51
X10CrNiNb 18 9 / 1.4550
Z6CNNb 18.10
X6CrNiNb 18 11
X7CrNiNb 18 11
SUS 347
2338
410
410 S 21
X10Cr13 / 1.4006
Z12 C13
X12 Cr13
X12 Cr13
SUS 410
2302
53
Bolting Data
Yield Strength (ksi) vs Temperature
TEMPERATURE F/C
SPEC
GRADE
70/20
400/205
600/315
B6
85
76
72
B7
75-105
65-92
60-85
53-74
B8-CL1
30
21
18
17
B16
85-105
79-98
75-93
67-83
ASTM
A320
L7, L7A
105
92
84
73
ASTM
A453
660
85
82
81
80
BS
4882
Nimonic
B80A
90
ASTM
B446
Inconel
625
60
ASTM
B637
Inconel
718
150
ASTM
A193
800/425
1000/540
1200/650
1400/760
1500/815
73
50
107
Elastic Modulus (X 106 psi) vs Temperature

SPEC
GRADE
TEMPERATURE F/C
-200/-130
70/20
400/205
600/315
800/425
B6
30.7
29.2
27.3
26.1
24.7
B7
31.0
29.7
27.9
26.9
25.5
B8-CL1
29.7
28.3
26.5
25.3
24.1
B16
31.0
29.7
27.9
26.9
25.5
ASTM
A320
L7
31.0
29.7
27.9
26.9
25.5
ASTM
A453
660
29.7
28.3
26.5
25.3
24.1
BS
4882
Nimonic
B80A
ASTM
B446
Inconel
625
30.2
ASTM
Inconel
29.0
B637
718
ASTM
A193
54
1000/540
31.2
1200/650
1400/760
1500/815
>22.7
22.6
22.3
Bolting Data
Design Stress Values (ksi) vs Temperature
TEMPERATURE F/C
SPEC
GRADE
650/345
700/370 750/400
800/425
850/455
900/480 950/510
1000/540
1050/565 1100/595
B6
21.2
21.2
21.2
19.6
15.6
12.0
B7 *
25.0
25.0
23.6
21.0
17.0
12.5
8.5
4.5
B7M *
20.0
20.0
20.0
18.5
16.2
12.5
8.5
4.5
B8-CL1
11.2
11.0
10.8
10.5
10.3
10.1
9.9
9.7
9.5
B16
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
23.5
20.5
16.0
11.0
6.3
ASTM
A320
L7
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
16.2
12.5
8.5
4.5
ASTM
A453
660
20.2
20.1
20.0
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.8
19.8
ASTM
A193
2.8
* For Bolt Diameters 2-1/2

Please note that the above values are for reference purposes only. Values are extracted from ASME or BS 5500.
Recommended Working Temperatures

of Bolt Materials
Stress Retention Properties

of Bolt Materials
TEMPERATURE F/C
MATERIAL
MAX.
-20/-30
570/300
B7
-20/-30/
750/400
L7
-150/-100
750/400
B6
-20/-30
950/510
B8
-325/-200
1075/580
B16
-20/-30
975/525
100
Residual Stress (% of initial stress)
Carbon Steel
MIN.
B8
B17/660
75
B8M
50
B80A
25
B7
Carbon Steel
B16
B17/660
-20/-30
1200/650
B80A
-420/-250
1400/760
Inconel 625
-420/-250
1500/815
Inconel 718
-420/-250
1400/760
212
392
572
752
932
1112 1292 1472
Temperature F
Stress relaxation behavior of various bolting materials showing

percentage of initial stress retained at temperature
55
Useful Technical Data

Bolting Data for ASME B16.5 & BS 1560 Flanges
CLASS 150
CLASS 300
CLASS 400
CLASS 600
NOMINAL
PIPE
SIZE
FLANGE
DIA.
NO.
OF
BOLTS
BOLT
DIA.
B.C.
DIA.
FLANGE
DIA.
NO.
OF
BOLTS
BOLT
DIA.
B.C.
DIA.
FLANGE
DIA.
NO.
OF
BOLTS
BOLT
DIA.
B.C.
DIA.
FLANGE
DIA.
NO.
OF
BOLTS
BOLT
DIA.
B.C.
DIA.
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
3-3/8
3-1/2
3-7/8
4-1/4
4
4
4
4
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
2-1/4
2-3/8
2-3/4
3-1/8
3-3/8
3-3/4
4-5/8
4-7/8
4
4
4
4
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
2-1/4
2-5/8
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/8
3-3/4
4-5/8
4-7/8
4
4
4
4
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
2-1/4
2-5/8
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/8
3-3/4
4-5/8
4-7/8
4
4
4
4
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
2-1/4
2-5/8
3-1/4
3-1/2
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
4-5/8
5
6
7
4
4
4
4
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
3-1/2
3-7/8
4-3/4
5-1/2
5-1/4
6-1/8
6-1/2
7-1/2
4
4
8
8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3-7/8
4-1/2
5
5-7/8
5-1/4
6-1/8
6-1/2
7-1/2
4
4
8
8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3-7/8
4-1/2
5
5-7/8
5-1/4
6-1/8
6-1/2
7-1/2
4
4
8
8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3-7/8
4-1/2
5
5-7/8
3
3-1/2
4
5
7-1/2
8-1/2
9
10
4
8
8
8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
6
7
7-1/2
8-1/2
8-1/4
9
10
11
8
8
8
8
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
6-5/8
7-1/4
7-7/8
9-1/4
8-1/4
9
10
11
8
8
8
8
3/4
7/8
7/8
7/8
6-5/8
7-1/4
7-7/8
9-1/4
8-1/4
9
10-3/4
13
8
8
8
8
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
6-5/8
7-1/4
8-1/2
10-1/2
6
8
10
12
11
13-1/2
16
19
8
8
12
12
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
9-1/2
11-3/4
14-1/4
17
12-1/2
15
17-1/2
20-1/2
12
12
16
16
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
10-5/8
13
15-1/4
17-3/4
12-1/2
15
17-1/2
20-1/2
12
12
16
16
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
10-5/8
13
15-1/4
17-3/4
14
16-1/2
20
22
12
12
16
20
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-1/4
11-1/2
13-3/4
17
19-1/4
14
16
18
20
24
21
23-1/2
25
27-1/2
32
12
16
16
20
20
1
1
1-1/8
1-1/8
1-1/4
18-3/4
21-1/4
22-3/4
25
29-1/2
23
25-1/2
28
30-1/2
36
20
20
24
24
24
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
20-1/4
22-1/2
24-3/4
27
32
23
25-1/2
28
30-1/2
36
20
20
24
24
24
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
20-1/4
22-1/2
24-3/4
27
32
23-3/4
27
29-1/4
32
37
20
20
20
24
24
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
1-5/8
1-7/8
20-3/4
23-3/4
25-3/4
28-1/2
33
NOMINAL
PIPE
SIZE
FLANGE
DIA.
NO.
OF
BOLTS
BOLT
DIA.
B.C.
DIA.
FLANGE
DIA.
NO.
OF
BOLTS
BOLT
DIA.
B.C.
DIA.
FLANGE
DIA.
NO.
OF
BOLTS
BOLT
DIA.
B.C.
DIA.
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
4-3/4
5-1/8
5-7/8
6-1/4
4
4
4
4
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
3-1/4
3-1/2
4
4-3/8
4-3/4
5-1/8
5-7/8
6-1/4
4
4
4
4
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
3-1/4
3-1/2
4
4-3/8
5-1/4
5-1/2
6-1/4
7-1/4
4
4
4
4
3/4
3/4
7/8
1
3-1/2
3-3/4
4-1/4
5-1/8
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
7
8-1/2
9-5/8
9-1/2
4
8
8
8
1
7/8
1
7/8
4-7/8
6-1/2
7-1/2
7-1/2
7
8-1/2
9-5/8
10-1/2
4
8
8
8
1
7/8
1
1-1/8
4-7/8
6-1/2
7-1/2
8
8
9-1/4
10-1/2
12
4
8
8
8
1-1/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
5-3/4
6-3/4
7-3/4
9
4
5
6
8
11-1/2
13-3/4
15
18-1/2
8
8
12
12
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-1/8
1-3/8
9-1/4
11
12-1/2
15-1/2
12-1/4
14-3/4
15-1/2
19
8
8
12
12
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/8
1-5/8
9-1/2
11-1/2
12-1/2
15-1/2
14
16-1/2
19
21-3/4
8
8
8
12
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2
10-3/4
12-3/4
14-1/2
17-1/4
10
12
14
16
21-1/2
24
25-1/4
27-3/4
16
20
20
20
1-3/8
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
18-1/2
21
22
24-1/4
23
26-1/2
29-1/2
32-1/2
12
16
16
16
1-7/8
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
19
22-1/2
25
27-3/4
26-1/2
30
-
12
12
-
2-1/2
2-3/4
-
21-1/4
24-3/8
-
18
20
24
31
33-3/4
41
20
20
20
1-7/8
2
2-1/2
27
29-1/2
35-1/2
36
38-3/4
46
16
16
16
2-3/4
3
3-1/2
30-1/2
32-3/4
39
CLASS 900
CLASS 1500
CLASS 2500
Dimensions in inches
56
Useful Technical Data

Facing Dimensions for ASME B16.5 & BS 1560 Flanges
Class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500
Outside Diameter See Note (3)
Raised Face,
Lapped,
Large Male,
& Large
Tongues
See Note (5)
Small
Male
See Notes
(4) & (5)
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
Outside Diameter See Note (3)
Height
Raised Face
Class
150 & 300
Raised Face
Large &
Small Male
& Tongue
Class 400,
600, 900
1500 & 2500
See Note (1)
See Note (2)
15/16
1-1/4
1-7/16
1-13/16
2-1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
3-5/16
3-13/16
4-11/16
5-3/16
5-3/4
2-13/16
3-5/16
4-3/16
4-11/16
5-1/8
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
5-7/16
6-7/16
8-7/16
10-9/16
12-9/16
6-7/8
8-1/16
10-1/16
12-1/16
14-5/16
6-1/4
7-7/16
9-5/16
11-3/16
13-7/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
13-13/16
15-13/16
17-13/16
19-13/16
23-13/16
15-9/16
17-11/16
20-3/16
22-1/16
26-5/16
14-11/16
16-11/16
19-3/16
20-15/16
25-3/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
Small
Tongue
See Note (5)
I.D. of
Large
& Small
Tongue
See Notes
(3) & (5)
Large
Female &
Large
Groove
See Note (5)
Small
Female
See Note (4)
See Note (5)
Small
Groove
See Note (5)
1-3/8
1-11/16
2
2-1/2
2-7/8
23/32
15/16
1-3/16
1-1/2
1-3/4
1-3/8
1-11/16
1-7/8
2-1/4
2-1/2
1
1-5/16
1-1/2
1-7/8
2-1/8
1-7/16
1-3/4
2-1/16
2-9/16
2-15/16
25/32
1
1-1/4
1-9/16
1-13/16
1-7/16
1-3/4
1-15/16
2-5/16
2-9/16
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
3-5/8
4-1/8
5
5-1/2
6-3/16
2-1/4
2-11/16
3-5/16
3-13/16
4-5/16
3-1/4
3-3/4
4-5/8
5-1/8
5-11/16
2-7/8
3-3/8
4-1/4
4-3/4
5-3/16
3-11/16
4-3/16
5-1/16
5-9/16
6-1/4
2-5/16
2-3/4
3-3/8
3-7/8
4-3/8
5
6
8
10
12
7-5/16
8-1/2
10-5/8
12-3/4
15
5-3/8
6-3/8
8-3/8
10-1/2
12-1/2
6-13/16
8
10
12
14-1/4
6-5/16
7-1/2
9-3/8
11-1/4
13-1/2
7-3/8
8-9/16
10-11/16
12-13/16
15-1/16
14
16
18
20
24
16-1/4
18-1/2
21
23
27-1/4
13-3/4
15-3/4
17-3/4
19-3/4
23-3/4
15-1/2
17-5/8
20-1/8
22
26-1/4
14-3/4
16-3/4
19-1/4
21
25-1/4
16-5/16
18-9/16
21-1/16
23-1/16
27-5/16
Nominal
Pipe
Size
I.D. of
Large &
Small
Groove
See Note (3)
See Note (5)
Depth of
Groove or
Female
Dimensions in inches
Notes:
(1) Regular facing for Class 150 and 300 steel flanged fittings and companion flange standards is a 1/16 raised face included in the minimum flange
thickness dimensions. A 1/16 raised face may be supplied also on the Class 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 flange standards, but it must be added to
the minimum flange thickness.
(2) Regular facing for Class 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 flange thickness dimensions.
(3) Tolerance of plus or minus 0.016, 1/64 is allowed on the inside and outside diameters of all facings.
(4) For small male and female joints care should be taken in the use of these dimensions to insure that pipe used is thick enough to permit sufficient
bearing surface to prevent the crushing of the gasket. The dimensions apply particularly on lines where the joint is made on the end of the pipe.
Screwed companion flanges for small male and female joints are furnished with plain face and are threaded with American Standard Locknut Thread.
(5) Gaskets for male-female and tongue-groove joints shall cover the bottom of the recess with minimum clearances taking into account the tolerances prescribed in Note 3.
57
Torque Required To Produce Bolt Stress

The torque or turning effort required to produce a certain stress in bolting is dependent upon a number of conditions, some of which
are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Diameter of bolt
Type and number of threads on bolt
Material of bolt
Condition of nut bearing surfaces
Lubrication of bolt threads and nut bearing surfaces
Generally, standard FLEXITALLIC spiral wound gaskets will require that bolting is stressed to 30,000 psi for proper gasket seating.
However, it is a common industry practice to apply a bolt stress equivalent to 50% of yield of commonly used alloy steel bolts, (A 193
B7), to seat standard spiral wound gaskets. The applied force provides for some compensation in bolt up inconsistencies, creep relaxation, and other variables associated with flange make up.
Torque Data For Use with Alloy Steel Stud Bolts

Load in Pounds on Stud Bolts When Torque Loads Are Applied
Stress
Nominal
Diameter
of Bolt
Number
of
Threads
Diameter
at Root
of Thread
Area
at Root
of Thread
(Inches)
(Per Inch)
(Inches)
Sq. Inch
Torque
Ft/Lbs
Load
Lbs
Torque
Ft/Lbs
Load
Lbs
Torque
Ft/Lbs
Load
Lbs
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
20
18
16
14
13
.185
.240
.294
.345
.400
.027
.045
.068
.093
.126
4
8
12
20
30
810
1350
2040
2790
3780
6
12
18
30
45
1215
2025
3060
4185
5670
8
16
24
40
60
1620
2700
4080
5580
7560
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
12
11
10
9
8
.454
.507
.620
.731
.838
.162
.202
.302
.419
.551
45
60
100
160
245
4860
6060
9060
12570
16530
68
90
150
240
368
7290
9090
13590
18855
24795
90
120
200
320
490
9720
12120
18120
25140
33060
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
8
8
8
8
8
.963
1.088
1.213
1.338
1.463
.728
.929
1.155
1.405
1.680
355
500
680
800
1100
21840
27870
34650
42150
50400
533
750
1020
1200
1650
32760
41805
51975
63225
75600
710
1000
1360
1600
2200
43680
55740
69300
84300
100800
1-3/4
1-7/8
2
2-1//4
2-1/2
8
8
8
8
8
1.588
1.713
1.838
2.088
2.338
1.980
2.304
2.652
3.423
4.292
1500
2000
2200
3180
4400
59400
69120
79560
102690
128760
2250
3000
3300
4770
6600
89100
103680
119340
154035
193140
3000
4000
4400
6360
8800
118800
138240
159120
205380
257520
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/4
8
8
8
8
8
2.588
2.838
3.088
3.338
3.589
5.259
6.324
7.490
8.750
10.11
5920
7720
10000
12500
15400
157770
189720
224700
262500
303300
8880
11580
15000
18750
23150
236655
284580
337050
393750
454950
11840
15440
20000
25000
30900
315540
379440
449400
525000
606600
30,000 psi
45,000 psi
60,000 psi
Note: Torque values are based on well lubricated alloy steel bolting.
58
Ordering FLEXITALLIC Gaskets for Special Flange Designs

In order for FLEXITALLIC to design a gasket suitable for the application, it is imperative that complete details be submitted for review.
The information we require is the following:
1. Type of flange facing
2. Dimensions of the gasket seating surfaces
3. Number, size and material of bolts
4. Bolt circle diameter
5. Operating pressure & temperature (process media if known)
6. Hydrostatic test pressure
7. Initial bolt pre-stress
8. Customer preference on gasket materials
FLEXITALLIC supplies engineering data sheets at no cost on which this information may be submitted. As a gasket manufacturer, it
is impossible for us to review every flange design to make certain that flange rotation and flange stresses are within allowable limits
defined in the Code. We proceed on the assumption the design engineer has followed the design criteria established by the ASME
Boiler Code and that the flanges are sufficiently rigid under the most severe condition to preclude the possibility the gasket could
become unloaded either during operating conditions or hydrostatic test conditions. We are aware that most flange designers do not take
into consideration flange rotation at test conditions prior to finalizing their design. We also, of a practical necessity, must assume the
bolt material being used is adequate for all conditions including operating pressure at operating temperature and hydrostatic test pressure at ambient temperature.
The use of the optimum material for bolts is a very complex subject and we suggest reviewing currently available technical literature
for guidance in the proper selection of bolting material for piping and pressure vessel applications.
GASKET ENGINEERING DATA
Company ______________________________________________
Address _______________________________________________
SERVICE CONDITIONS
Operating Pressure _______psi
Operating Temp _______F
Substance to be sealed _______
Unusual condition _______
CUSTOMER PREFERENCE
Gasket Material _______
Gasket Filler _______
Ring Metal _______
Gasket Style _______
Date _______________
Order/Inquiry No. _______________________
FLANGE DESCRIPTION
Figure _______
Welding Neck _______
Lap Joint _______
Slip On _______
Blind ______
T
C
B
A
FLANGE DIMENSIONS
A _______
T _______
B _______
No. of Bolts _______
C _______
Size of Bolts _______
D _______
Bolt Material _______
Material _______
Threaded _______
Sketch (Back) _______
Print Attached _______
Surface Finish _______rms
T
C
B
A
C
B
A
Raised Face or Van Stone
Male and Female
T
C
A
Tongue and Groove
C
B
C
B
A
Smooth Face
Male & Female with Spigot
Groove to Flat Face
59
Ordering FLEXITALLIC Gaskets for Special Flange Designs

Overall Dimensional Limits
In general, the only limits on the dimensions of heat exchanger gaskets are the limits of sizes of material available.
Note: In addition to the above information, drawings of your application are always helpful for proper dimensioning of gaskets.
Dimensions
Outside Diameter
Inside Diameter
Shape
Style Number
Thickness
Material (metal or metal and filler)
Rib width
Distance from centerline of gasket to centerline of ribs
Radii
Specify number, placement, bolt circle radius and size of bolt holes
8
Qty. Holes
6
3
6
2
4
6
Legend:
1.
2.
3.
4.
60
O.D. gasket
I.D. gasket
Width of rib
Radius on rib
5.
6.
7.
8.
Bolt circle radius

C of gasket to C of rib
Radius around bolt
Location of bolt holes
Metric Unit Conversions

To Convert
From:
To SI Units:
To Convert
From:
Multiply By:
To SI Units:
Length
mil
in
in
ft
0.0254
25.4
2.54
0.3048
lbf
kgf
cm2
m2
6.4516
0.0929
Multiply By:
g
kg
g
kg
28.3495
0.0283
453.5924
0.4536
Pa
kPa
bar
MPa
Pa
6894.757
6.8947
0.069
0.0069
1.000
Torque
in lb
ft lb
Nm
Nm
0.113
1.3558
Density
l
m
psi
psi
psi
psi
N/m2
Weight
Volume
US gal
4.4482
9.8066
To SI Units:
Pressure
N
N
oz
oz
lb
lb
Area
US gal
To Convert
From:
Force
mm
mm
cm
m
in2
ft2
Multiply By:
3.7854
3
oz/in3
g/cm3
lb/ft3
0.0038
g/cm3
kg/m3
kg/m3
Adhesion
1.73
1000
16.0185
lb/in
KN/m
0.1751
Temperature Conversion
Conversion Formulas: C = 5 (F-32), F = 9 (C)+32
9
5
Fahrenheit to Centigrade
-350 to 6
7 to 49
50 to 92
93 to 440
450 to 870
880 to 2000
-350
-340
-330
-320
-310
-300
-290
-280
-273
-270
-260
-250
-240
-230
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-212
-207
-201
-196
-190
-184
-179
-173
-169
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118
-112
-107
-101
-96
-90
-84
-79
-73
-68
-62
-57
-51
-46
-40
-34
-29
-23
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-15.0
-14.4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
-1.1
-0.6
0.0
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.5
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
43
49
54
60
66
71
77
82
88
93
99
100
104
110
116
121
127
132
138
143
149
154
160
166
171
177
182
188
193
199
204
210
215
221
227
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
232
238
243
249
254
260
266
271
277
282
288
293
299
304
310
316
321
327
332
338
343
349
354
360
366
371
377
382
388
393
399
404
410
416
421
427
432
438
443
449
454
460
466
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1020
1040
1060
1080
1100
1120
1140
1160
1180
1200
1220
1240
1260
1280
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
471
477
482
488
493
499
504
510
516
521
527
532
538
549
560
571
582
593
604
616
627
638
649
660
671
682
693
704
732
760
788
816
843
871
899
927
954
982
1010
1038
1066
1093
61
The content of this Dimensional and Order Guide relates to Flexitallics products as supplied. The information contained herein is given in good faith, but no liability will be
accepted in relation to same. The revision of products, pursuant to Flexitallics policy of continuous development, as well as the acquisition of further information, may necessitate revisions to parts or all of this document. Flexitallics Technical Sales Department will be pleased to update customers, on request. As the companys products are used
for a multiplicity of purposes, and as Flexitallic has no control over the method of their application or use, Flexitallic must exclude all conditions or warranties, express or implied,
as to their products and/or their fitness for any particular purpose. Any technical cooperation between the Company and its customers is given for the customers assistance
only, and without liability on the part of Flexitallic.
Flexitallic L.P. guarantees that any product of its manufacture, which, upon examination by a Flexitallic representative, is found to be defective in either workmanship or material whereby it is suitable under proper usage and service for the purpose for which is was designed, will be replaced or repaired free of charge including transportation charges
but not cost of installation or, at our option, the purchase price will be refunded. The products are not guaranteed as to performance under any specific service nor for any
specific period of time. The sale of our products under any other warranty or guarantee express or implied is not authorized by the company.
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your specific application should not be undertaken without independent study and evaluation for suitability. For specific application recommendations consult Flexitallic. Failure to select the proper sealing products could result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
Performance data published in this brochure has been developed from field testing, customer field reports and/or in-house testing.
While the utmost care has been used in compiling this brochure, we assume no responsibility for errors. Specifications subject to change without notice. This edition cancels
all previous issues. Subject to change without notice.
Flexitallic is a registered trademark for gaskets, seals and other products of Flexitallic.
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08.07.

Gasket Design Criteria

Section I - Gasket Selection

Section II - Joint Integrity Calculations

Section III - Gasket Installation

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

Worldwide Customer Service Network

Branch Offices & Warehouses

GB&G Die & Gasket Co., Inc.

Note: Over 500 stocking distributors in

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

Specialised Gaskets PTY Ltd.

FLEXITALLIC GASKET DESIGN CRITERIA

Overcoming Flange Imperfections

How Does It Work?

Forces On The Gasket

Considerations For Gasket Selections

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

Internal Pressure is exerted

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

Service > Class 300

RTJ type flange or

Use Soft Cut

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

Soft Cut Gaskets

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

Vermiculites thin, flexible, soft plates

High performance coreless sheet material (i.e. no

With its wide service capability, Thermicuulite

Filled Markers - 400 psi

Thermiculite 715 Coreless Sheet

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

Each specimen held

Cumulative Weight Loss (%)

1022 1112 1202 1292 1382 1472 1562 1652

Thermiculite 815 is the original

Cumulative Iso-thermal weight loss results for the best and

Filled Markers - 400 psi

Graphite @ 700F (370C)

Graphite @ 950F (510C)

Thermiculite @ 700F (370C)

This graph illustrates that, unlike graphite, the load

Room Temperature Tightness (ROTT) behavior characterization

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

0.004 316SS Tanged

75 (1.16) facing only

ASTM F36 Recovery

ASTM F152 Cross Grain Tensile Strength

ASTM F38 B Creep Relaxation 1/32

ASTM F37 Liquid Leakage

DIN 3754 Gas Permeability

BS 7531 Stress Retention @ 570F (300C)

ASTM F146 Thickness Increase IRM 903

ASTM F146 Thickness Increase Fuel B

ASTM F146 Weight Increase IRM 903

ASTM F146 Weight Increase Fuel B

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology

PTFE Products - Sigma

Welcome to the Next Generation of Sealing Technology