5

Complex Numbers
and

Quadratic Equations
1 Complex Numbers and its
Conjugate and Modulus

3 Complex Numbers and its

When we come across such equations as x 2 + 1 = 0, x 2 + 9 = 0, we found

ourselves unable to solve these equations, because x 2 + 1 = 0 gives x 2 = - 1 or
x = -1, in the same manner x 2 + 9 = 0 gives x = -9, as there is no number

3 Square Root and Representation

in the real number system, whose square is a negative number.The square root

3 Complex Roots of a Quadratic

of negative real numbers are called imaginary numbers.

Thus, the real numbers were also found inadequate in this case. Therefore, the
necessity was felt to extend the system of real numbers to a new kind of system,
known as complex number system that allows the square root of negative
number.
In this chapter, we want to solve a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, when
b 2 - 4 ac < 0. In such situation, the roots of the equation are not real numbers.

Conjugate and Modulus

on Argand Plane
Equation

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Iota (i)

Complex Number
A number consisting of real number and imaginary
number is called complex number.
A complex number can be defined as
a number of the form a + ib , where a and b are real
numbers, is called a complex number.
Here, the symbol i is called iota. We have i 2 = - 1 i.e., i is
a solution of the equation x 2 + 1 = 0.

Real and Imaginary Parts of a

Complex Numbers
Let z = a + ib be a complex number, then a is called real
part and b is called the imaginary part of z and it may be
denoted as Re( z ) and Im( z ), respectively.
e.g., If z = 2 + 3 i , then Re( z ) = 2, Im( z ) = 3.
Purely Real and Purely Imaginary
Complex Numbers
A complex number z = a + ib, is called purely real, if
b = 0 i.e., Im( z ) = 0 and is called purely imaginary, if
a = 0 i.e., Re( z ) = 0.
e.g., z = 6 is purely real and z = 6 i is purely imaginary.
Example 1. Find the value of -25 + 3 -4 + 2 -9.
- 25 + 3 - 4 + 2 - 9
= 25

-1 + 3 4

-1 + 2 9

=5 i + 3 2 i + 2 3 i

-1
[Q - 1 = i]

= 5i + 6i + 6i =17i

Example 2. Find the value of (i) i 37 (ii) i -30 .

Solution
(i) i 37 = (i )36 + 1 = (i ) 4 9 i = (i 4 ) 9 i = (1) 9 i = i [Q i 4 = 1]
1
(ii) i -30 = 30
i
Now, i 30 = (i ) 4 7 + 2 = (i 4 7 ) i 2 = (i 4 ) 7 ( - 1)
= (1) 7 ( - 1) =[Qi
-14 = 1and i 2 = -1]

Euler (1707-1743) was the first mathematician, who introduced

the symbol i (read as iota) for -1 with property i 2 + 1 = 0 i.e.,
i 2 = - 1. He also called this symbol as the imaginary unit.

(i) Positive integral powers of i

We know that,i = -1.
We can write higher powers ofi as follows:
(i) i 0 = 1
(ii) (i )1 = i
(iii) i 2 = - 1

Complex number is generally denoted by z i.e.,

z = a + ib
Complex number z can be represented in the form of
ordered pair i.e., z can be represented as ( x , y ).
e.g., 6 + 9i, -3 + 4i etc., are complex numbers.

Solution

167

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

(iv) i 3 = i 2 i = - 1 i = - i
(v) i 4 = (i 2 )2 = (-1)2 = 1
(vi) i 4q = (i 4 )q = (1)q = 1, q N
(vii) i 4q

+1

= (i 4q ) i 1 = 1 i = i ,q N

(viii) i 4q

+ 2

= (i 4q )i 2 = 1 (- 1) = - 1 ,q N

(ix) i

4q + 3

= (i 4q ) i 3 = 1 i 3 = - i ,q N

(ii) Negative integral powers of i

The negative integral power of i, i.e., i - p is rewritten as

1
and then
ip

i p is expressed as
i p = i 4q + r = i r ,where q, r N
e.g., To computei -15 , we write it as
\

i -15 =

4 3 + 3

(i 4 )3 i 3
1 i
= 3 3 =

-i i
(1) i
i
i
i
i
=
=
=
= =i
(-i )i -i 2 - (-1) 1
i

15

1
i 15
1

(i )

[Qi 4 = 1]

25

1
Example 3. Find the value of i 19 + .
i

Solution

2
25

1
1
We have, i 19 + = i 16 i 3 + 25
i
(i )

[Qi 19 = i 16 i 3 ]
2

1
1
= (i 4 ) 4 i 2 i + 24 = (1) 4 ( -i ) + 4 6
(i ) i
(i ) i

[Qi 4 = 1 and i 2 = -1]

2

2
2
2

1 -i 2 + 1 1 + 1 2
1

= -i + 6 = -i + =
=
=

i i i i

(1) i

4
4
[Q i 2 = 1]
= 2 =
= -4
-1
i

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172

Also, z 1 + z 2 = ( a1 + ib1 ) + ( a 2 + ib 2 )
= ( a1 - ib1 ) + ( a 2 - ib2 ) = ( a1 + a 2 ) - i (b1 + b2 ) ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

Property 8
Proof

(i) z 1 + z 2 = z 1 + z 2

= ( a1 - a 2 ) + i(b1 - b2 )
= ( a1 - a 2 ) - i(b1 - b2 )

= 3 - 2i + 2 + i = 5 - i
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2

...(i)

...(ii)

z1z 2 = z1 z 2

Let z 1 = a1 + ib1 and z 2 = a 2 + ib2 , then

= ( a1 a 2 - b1 b2 ) - i( a1 b2 + a 2 b1 )
= ( a1 - ib1 )( a 2 - ib2 )
[Q ( a1 - ib1 )( a 2 - ib1 ) = ( a1 a 2 - b1 b2 ) - i( a1 b2 + a 2 b1 )]
= ( a1 + ib1 ) ( a 2 + ib2 ) = z 1 z 2

Solution

z1 z1
=
z2 z2
a + ib a + ib c - id

=
=

c + id c + id c - id
ac + bd
2

c +d
c +d
ac + bd
bc - ad
= 2
-i 2
c + d2
c + d2
Also,

z1

( a + ib )

( ac + bd ) + i ( -bc + ad )

z2

(c + id )

+i

bc - ad

c +d
ac + bd
bc - ad
= 2
-i 2
2
c +d
c + d2
z
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1
z2

K(i)

z1
=
z2

ac + bd
2

Now,

z
LHS = 1
z2

c2 +d2

Hence verified.

z
z1
and 1 , then show that LHS = RHS.
z2
z2

z1 3 + 5 i 3 + 5 i 2 + 3 i

=
=
z 2 2 -3i 2 -3i 2 + 3i

c +d

+i

-bc + ad
c2 +d2
K(ii)
\

-9 19 - 9 19
+ i =
- i
=
13 13 13 13

3 -5i 3 -5i 2 -3i

=
z 2 2 -3i 2 + 3i 2 + 3i 2 -3i
[multiplying numerator and denominator
by conjugate of 2 + 3 i i.e., 2 - 3 i]
6 - 9 i - 10 i + 15 i 2 6 - 19 i - 15
=
=
4+9
4 -9i 2
-9 - 19 i - 9 19
=
=
- i
13
13 13
z1 z1
Hence verified.
=
z2 z2

RHS =

a - ib a - ib c + id

=
c - id c - id c + id
2

(iv)

[multiplying numerator and denominator

by conjugate of 2 - 3 i i.e., 2 + 3 i]
6 + 9 i + 10 i + 15 i 2 6 + 19 i - 15
[Qi 2 = -1]
=
=
2
4+9
4 -9i
- 9 + 19 i - 9 19
=
=
+ i
13
13 13

Proof Let z 1 = a + ib and z 2 = c + id , then

z 1 z 2 = (3 - 2i )( 2 + i ) = 6 + 3i - 4i - 2i 2

Firstly, find z1, z 2 ,

Property 10

and

z z
that 1 = 1 .
z2 z2

= ( a1 a 2 - b1 b2 ) + i( a1 b2 + a 2 b1 )

Hence verified.

Example 14. If z 1 = 3 + 5 i and z2 = 2 - 3 i, then verify

z 1 z 2 = ( a1 + ib1 )( a 2 + ib2 )

( a + ib ) (c - id )

(ii)

= 6 - i - 2( -1) = 8 - i
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
z1 z 2 = z1 z 2

z1 - z 2 = z1 - z 2

(i)

z 1 z 2 = (3 + 2i )( 2 - i )
= 6 - 3i + 4i - 2i 2 = 6 + i - 2( -1) = 8 + i
(iii)
z1 z 2 = 8 + i = 8 -i

(ii) Now,

z 1 - z 2 = ( a1 + ib1 ) - ( a 2 + ib2 )
= ( a1 - ib1 ) - ( a 2 - ib2 )
= ( a1 - a 2 ) - i(b1 - b2 )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Also,

z1

z2

Given that, z 1 = 3 + 2i and z 2 = 2 - i

and z 1 + z 2 = (3 + 2i ) + 2 - i

z 1 - z 2 = ( a1 + ib1 ) - ( a 2 + ib2 )

Proof

(ii) z 1 z 2 = z 1 z 2

(i) Now, z 1 + z 2 = (3 + 2i ) + ( 2 - i ) = 5 + i = 5 - i
z1 + z 2 = 5 + i = 5 -i

z1 - z 2 = z1 - z 2

Let z 1 = a1 + ib1 and z 2 = a 2 + ib2 , then

Property 9

Mathematics Class 11th

Example 13. If z 1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 2 - i, then verify

that
Solution

z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2

ne

z1

3 + 5i

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Expressing a Complex Number in the

Standard Form a + ib
For expressing the multiplication, addition, subtraction
of two or more than two complex numbers in standard
form, we just simplify them according to their rules and
get the required standard form of given complex number.
Example 15. Express (7 + 5 i) (7 - 5 i) in the form of
a + ib.

Worked out Problem

Express

Step I Simplify the numerator and denominator separately

to write in the form of

c + id

Denominator = (1 + 2 i )(2 - i ) = 2 - i + 4 i - 2 i 2
= 2 + 3i + 2 = 4 + 3i
12 + 5 i
Now, given expression =
4 + 3i

Step II Multiply the numerator and denominator by

conjugate of the denominator.

1
4
1 7
Example 16. Express + i + 4 + i - - + i
3 3
3 3
in the form of a + ib.

Conjugate of denominator 4 + 3i is 4 - 3i.

On multiplying numerator and denominator by 4 - 3i, we get
12 + 5 i 4 - 3 i
given expression =

4 + 3i 4 -3i

We have,

1 7
1 4

3 + 3 i + 4 + 3 i - - 3 + i

Step III Simplify and write in the form x + iy .

On multiplying, we get

1
4
1 7
= + i + 4 + i + -i
3
3
3 3
4 7 1
1

= + 4 + + i + - 1
3 3 3
3
1 + 12 + 4 7 + 1 - 3
=
+i

3
3

17 5
= + i
3 3
= a + ib
17
5
a = and b =
3
3

given expression =

/
[say]

If in division form of complex numbers, numerator or

denominator or both have two or more than two complex
numbers in product form. Then converting division form of
complex number into standard form i.e., x + iy , we use the
following steps.
Step I Simplify the numerator and denominator separately and
a + ib
.
c + id

Step II Multiply the numerator and denominator by conjugate of

the denominator.

Step III Simplify and write in the form x + iy .

( 48 + 15 ) + i ( -36 + 20 )
16 - 9i 2

63 16
i
25 25

Example 17. Express (-2 - 5i) (3 - 6i) in the form of

a + ib.

* Algorithm for Expressing Division Form of

Complex Numbers in the Standard Form

convert in the form of

a + ib

Simplification of numerator and denominator separately.

Numerator = (3 - 2 i ) (2 + 3 i ) = 6 + 9i - 4 i - 6 i 2
= 6 + 5 i + 6 = 12 + 5i

= 74 + 0 i
= a + ib
where, a = 74 and b = 0

where,

( 3 - 2i ) ( 2 + 3i )
in the standard form
( 1 + 2i ) ( 2 - i )

x + iy .

Solution We have,
( 7 + 5 i ) ( 7 - 5 i ) = 7 7 + 7( -5 i ) + 5 i 7 + 5 i( -5 i )
= 49 - 35 i + 35 i - 25 i 2
2
= 49 + 25[Qi
= 74
= -1]

Solution

173

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

a + ib
and then multiply
c + id
and divide by conjugate of c + id i.e., c - id and simplify it to
get the result.
Write the complex number in the form

Solution

We have,

( -2 - 5 i ) (3 - 6 i ) =

-( 2 + 5 i ) 3 + 6 i

3 -6 i
3 +6i

[multiplying numerator and denominator by

conjugate of 3 - 6 i i.e., 3 + 6 i]
-[6 + 12 i + 15 i + 30 i 2 ]
=
(3) 2 - (6 i ) 2
- [6 + 27 i - 30]
[Qi 2 = -1]
=
9 + 36
- ( -24 + 27 i ) 24 27
=
=
- i
45
45 45
8 3
[say]
= - i =a +ib
15 5
8
-3
where, a = and b =
15
5

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a 2c 2 + b 2 d 2 + 2 abcd

+ b 2c 2 + a 2 d 2 - 2 abcd
2 2
2
2 2
2
= a (c + d ) + b (c + d )
=
(c 2 + d 2 )2
(c 2 + d 2 )2

( a 2 + b 2 ) (c 2 + d 2 )
2

2 2

(c + d )

a2 + b2
2

c +d

a2 + b2

c +d

Example 20. Find the multiplicative inverse of 4 - 5 i.

Solution

|z1 + z 2| |z1| + |z 2|

Property 11

|z1 - z 2| |z1| - |z 2|

Worked out Problem

If z1 = 3 + 2i and z 2 = 1 - 3i, then find the modulus
of z1 and z 2 . Also, verify that| z1 z 2 | =| z1|| z 2 |.
Step I Write the given complex numbers.
Given, z1 = 3 + 2 i and z 2 = 1 - 3i

Step II Find the modulus of z1 and z 2 i.e., | z1 | and | z 2 |.

Now, | z1 | = (3) 2 + (2 ) 2 = 9 + 4 = 13
and | z 2 | = 12 + ( -3) 2 = 1 + 9 = 10

Step III Find the modulus of the product of z1 and z 2 . i.e.,

2

Now, z1 z 2 = (3 + 2 i )(1 - 3i ) = 3 - 9i + 2 i - 6( i )
= 3 - 7 i + 6 = 9 - 7i
| z1 z 2 | = 92 + ( -7 ) 2 = 81 + 49 = 130

(i)

| z1 || z 2 | = 13 10 = 130

(ii)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

| z1 z 2 | = | z1|| z 2 |
Hence verified.

Example 19. If | z | = 1, then find the value of

1+z
.
1+z

Now,

Given, | z | =1
| z | 2 = 1 zz =1
1 + z zz + z
=
1+ z 1+ z
z ( z + 1)
=z
=
( z + 1)

| z | = 41

Alternate Method
We know that, multiplicative inverse of z = a + ib is given
by
1 a
-b
z -1 = = 2

+ i
2
z a +b a2 +b2
Here, a = 4, b = -5
\Multiplicative inverse,
-( -5)

4
+i 2
z -1 = 2
2
2
( 4) + ( -5) ( 4) + ( -5)
4
5
5 4
=
+ i
= +i
16 + 25 16 + 25 41 41

Example 21. If z 1 = 3 + i and z2 = 1 + 4 i, then verify

that | z 1 + z2| | z 1| + | z2|.

Substitute the values of z1 and z 2 and prove the result.

[Q1 = zz]

We have, z 1 = 3 + i and z 2 = 1 + 4 i

| z 1 | = 3 2 + 12 = 9 + 1 = 10

and

| z 2 | = 12 + 4 2 = 1 + 16 = 17

Now,
\

z1 + z 2 = 3 + i + 1 + 4 i
= 4 + 5i
| z 1 + z 2 | = 4 2 + 5 2 = 16 + 25
= 41 = 6.40

and

Use the result z z = | z | 2 , then find the value.

Solution

| z | = 4 2 + ( -5 ) 2
= 16 + 25 = 41

Solution

Step IV Verify that | z1 z 2 | =| z1 || z 2 |.

Now,

Let z = 4 - 5 i, then z = 4 + 5 i

\Multiplicative inverse of z is
4 + 5i 4
z
5
z -1 = 2 =
=
+ i
41
41 41
|z |

Note Properties 10 and 11 are called triangle inequality.

| z1 z 2 |.

z
, we get the result.
|z| 2

[conjugate of a complex number is obtained

by changing sign of imaginary part]

[Q | z 1 | = a 2 + b 2 and | z 2 |= c 2 + d 2 ]
Property 10

Calculate | z | 2 and then z -1 =

z1 | z1 |
=
z2 |z2|

175

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

...(i)

| z 1 | + | z 2 | = 10 + 17

= 316
. + 412
.
= 7.28
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
| z1 + z 2 | | z1 | + | z 2 |

...(ii)

Hence verified.

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EXAM
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1

1. Evaluate

[1 Mark each]

i
Sol. We have,

1
7

1
4 +3

1
4

1
2

[Qi 4 = 1]

i i
(1)i i
(i )
i
1
1 i
=
= = 2
( -1)i - i i - i
[multiplying numerator and denominator by i]
i
[1]
=
=i
-( -1)
2. Express (5 i) -3 i in the form of a + i b, where
5
a, b R.
-3 ( -3 )
Sol. We have, (5i ) i = 5
(i i ) = -3 i 2
5
5
= - 3( -1)= 3 = 3 + 0 i [Qi 2 = - 1 ] [1]
i

3. Find the real and imaginary parts of the following

(ii) 3 i

Sol. (i) Let z = 7 = 7 + 0 i

Here, Re ( z ) = 7 and Im( z ) = 0
(ii) Let z = 3 i = 0 + 3 i
Here, Re ( z ) = 0 and Im( z ) = 3

[1/2]

Sol. We have, 9 - i + 6 + i 3 - 9 + i 2
= 9 + i + 6 - i - 9 -1= 9 + i + 6 + i -8

[Qi 2 = - 1]

= 15 + 2 i - 8 = 7 + 2 i

[1]

7. Find

the multiplicative inverse of the following

complex number 5 + 3 i.

| z | = (0) 2 + (3) 2 = 9 = 3

[1]

the real and imaginary parts of the

conjugate of the following complex number
- 5 i -15 - 6 i -8 .

Write the given complex number in the form of a + i b and

find conjugate of a + ib. On further comparing the real and
imaginary parts both sides, we get the result.

Sol. We have, - 5 i -15 - 6 i -8

-5 6
-5
6
Let z = 15 - 8 = 4 3 3 - 4 2
i
i
(i ) i
(i )
-5
6
= 3 2 - 2
(1) i i (1)

\Multiplicative inverse of 5 + 3 i is given by

8. Let z1

[put i 4 = 1]

z
|z |

5 -3i
5 3
=
- i
14
14 14

z z
= 2 - i and z2 = -2 + i, then find Re 1 2
z1

[1]

Sol. We have, z 1 = 2 - i and z 2 = - 2 + i

Now,

z = -3 i = 0 - 3 i
z =0 + 3i

5. Find
/

9 - i + 6 + i3 - 9 + i2 .

[1/2]

Write the complex number in the form z = a + i b and then

modulus, | z | = a 2 + b 2 .

6. Simplify the following complex number

z -1 =

the modulus of the conjugate of the

following complex number -3 i.

Sol. Let
Then,

[1]

Now, | z | 2 = ( 5 ) 2 + (3) 2 = 5 + 9 = 14 and z = 5 - 3 i

4. Find
/

\
z = -6 + 5 i
Hence, Re( z ) = -6 and Im( z ) = 5

Sol. Let z = 5 + 3 i

complex numbers.
(i) 7

5 - 6 i (5 - 6 i ) i
6 -5
-5
5
- =
-6 = -6 =
=
1( -1)i 1 -i
i
i i
i
[multiplying numerator and denominator by i]
5i -6 i 2 5 i + 6
[Qi 2 = -1]
=
=
= -6 - 5 i
2
1
i
=

z 1 z 2 ( 2 - i ) ( -2 + i )
(4 + i 2 - 4 i )
==
2+i
z1
(2 - i )
=-

(3 - 4 i ) 2 - i
(4 -1 - 4 i )

=2+i
2 -i
2+i

[multiplying numerator and denominator

by conjugate of 2 + i i.e., 2 -i]
(6 - 3 i - 8 i + 4 i 2 )
[( a + b )( a - b ) = a 2 - b 2 ]
=4 -i 2
[6 - 11i - 4]
=[Qi 2 = -1]
5
2 - 11i - 2 + 11i
==
5
5
z z
-2 11i - 2
[1]
\ Re 1 2 = Re +
=
5 5
5
z1

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1
= 2 - i and z2 = - 2 + i, then find Im
.
z1 z2
1
1
Sol. Now,
=
z 1 z 2 ( 2 - i ) ( -2 - i )
1
=
-4 - 2i + 2i + i 2
1
1
1
=
= - = - + 0i
- 4 -1
5
5

9. Let z1

1
1

\Im
= Im - + 0 i = 0
5
z

1 z 2

Short Answer Type Questions

z = (1 - 2 i ) -3
1
1
=
=
(1 - 2 i )3 1 - 8 i 3 - 6 i + 12 i 2

10. Find the conjugate and modulus of the following

complex number(1 - i)-2 + (1 + i)-2 .

Sol. Let z = (1 - i ) -2 + (1 + i ) -2
=
=

1
(1 + i ) 2

(1 + i ) 2 + (1 - i ) 2
(1 - i ) 2 (1 + i ) 2

1 + i 2 + 2i +1 + i 2 - 2i
2 2

(1 - i )

1 -1 + 1 -1
(1 + 1)

0
4
[Qi 2 = -1]

[1]

13. Express the following in the form of a + i b.

(3 + 5 i)(3 - 5 i)

.
( 3 + 2 i) - ( 3 - 2 i)

[1]

a + ib
and then
c + id
multiply and divide by the conjugate of c + i d. Further
simplify it.
Write the complex number in the form

Sol. We have,

[Q ( a - b )( a + b ) = a 2 - b 2 ]
-11 - 2 i -11
2
[say]
i =a +ib
=
=
125
125 125
-11
-2
and b =
[2]
where, a =
125
125

12. Find the values of x and y, if

(3 x - 2 iy ) (2 + i ) 2 = 10 (1 + i ).
(3x - 2 iy ) ( 2 + i ) 2 = 10 (1 + i )

(3x - 2 iy ) ( 4 + i 2 + 4 i ) = 10 + 10 i

(3x - 2 iy ) ( 4 - 1 + 4 i ) = 10 + 10 i [Qi 2 = - 1] [1]

(3x - 2 iy ) (3 + 4 i ) = 10 + 10 i
[1]

9x + 8 y + i (12x - 6 y ) = 10 + 10 i
On equating real and imaginary parts both sides, we get
9x + 8 y = 10
K (i)
and
12x - 6 y = 10
K (ii) [1]
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
14
x = and
15
1
[1]
y=
5

(3 + 5i ) (3 - 5i )
( 3 + 2 i ) - ( 3 - 2i )
=

[multiplying numerator and denominator by -11 - 2i]

-11 - 2 i
-11 - 2 i
=
=
2
2
121 + 4
( -11) - ( 2 i )

(1 - i ) 2

[4 Marks each]

[Q ( a - b )3 = a 3 - b 3 - 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 ]
1
=
[Qi 2 = -1]
1 - 8 i 2 i - 6 i + 12( -1)
1
=
[Qi 2 = -1]
1 + 8 i - 6 i - 12
-11 - 2 i
1
1
[1]
=
=

-11 + 2i -11 + 2 i -11 - 2 i

Sol. We have,

=0 =0 + 0i
\ z = 0 + 0 i = 0 and | z | = 0 + 0 = 0

[1]

11. Express(1 - 2 i)-3 in the form of a + i b.

Sol. Let

177

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

9 - 3 5i + 3 5i - ( 5i ) ( 5i )
3 + 2i - 3 + 2i
9+5

2 2i
=

7 2i
2i

where,

14
2 2i

a = 0 and b =

2i

[1]

2i
2i

[1 12]

7 2i
7 2
=a +ib
=0 -i
2
-2

[say]

-7 2
2

[1 12]

14. Find the conjugate and modulus of the following

complex number

3 + 2 i 3 -2 i
.
+
2 -5 i 2 + 5 i

3 + 2i 3 - 2i
+
2 -5i 2 + 5i
(3 + 2 i ) ( 2 + 5 i ) + (3 - 2 i ) ( 2 - 5 i )
=
(2 - 5 i ) (2 + 5 i )

Sol. Let z =

6 + 15 i + 4 i + 10 i 2 + 6 - 15 i - 4 i + 10 i 2
( 2) 2 - (5 i ) 2

6 + 20 i 2 + 6
4 + 25
12 - 20 - 8
=
=
+ 0i
29
29
=

[2]

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Long Answer Type Questions

19. Reduce

179

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

1
2

1 - 4 i 1 +

[6 Marks each]

3 - 4 i
to the standard

i 5 + i

[( a - 1) + ib ] [( a + 1) - ib ]

form.

[Q ( x + y )( x - y ) = x 2 - y 2 ]

1
2 3 - 4i
Sol. We have,

i
i 5 + i
1
4
1
+

1 + i - 2(1 - 4 i ) 3 - 4 i
=

(1 - 4 i ) (1 + i ) 5 + i

=
=

1 + i - 2 + 8i 3 - 4i

=
1 + i - 4 i - 4 i 2 5 + i

-1 + 9 i 3 - 4 i
[Qi 2 = - 1 ] [1]
=

1 - 3 i + 4 5 + i

-3 + 4 i + 27 i - 36 i 2

25 + 5 i - 15 i - 3 i 2
-3 + 31i + 36 33 + 31i
=
=
25 -10 i + 3 28 -10 i
(33 + 31i ) ( 28 + 10 i )

=
( 28 -10 i ) ( 28 + 10 i )

If | z | =1| z | = 1 a + b = 1

[using, a 2 + b 2 = 1]

a 2 + 1 + 2a + b 2
0 + 2b i
2

2b i
[using, a 2 + b 2 = 1]
2 + 2a

z -1
ib
is purely imaginary.
\
=
1
1
+a
z
+

Again, when z =1, then a + ib = 1 + 0 i

So, in this case, a =1, b = 0
z - 1 a + ib - 1 1 + 0 i - 1
=
\
=
z + 1 a + ib + 1 1 + 0 i + 1

[1]

[1]

= 0, which is purely real.

21.

[1]

[1]

Find the value of k, if for the complex numbers z1

and z2 ,
|1 - z1 z2|2 - |z1 - z2|2 = k (1 - |z1|2 )(1 - |z2|2 )

Sol. LHS = |1 - z 1 z 2 | 2 -| z 1 - z 2 | 2
= (1 - z 1 z 2 )(1 - z 1 z 1 z 2 ) - ( z 1 - z 2 )( z 1 - z 2 )

[1]

= (1 - z 1 z 2 ) (1 - z 1 z 2 ) - ( z 1 - z 2 ) ( z 1 - z 2 )
=1 + z1 z1 z 2 z 2 - z1 z1 - z 2 z 2

Sol. Let z = a + ib, then | z | = a 2 + b 2

2

( a + 1) 2 + b 2
(1 - 1) + 2b i

z -1
z -1
\Real part of
is zero and imaginary part of

z +1
z +1
b
.
[1]
is
1+ a

[1]

[multiplying numerator and denominator by 28 + 10i]

924 + 868 i + 330 i + 310 i 2
=
784 - 100 i 2
924 + 1198 i - 310
=
784 + 100
614 + 1198 i 307 599
[1 12]
i
=
=
+
884
442 442
z -1
If |z| = 1, then prove that
;(z 1) is a purely
z +1
imaginary number. What will you conclude, if
z = 1?

( a 2 + b 2 - 1) + 2b i

( a + b ) + 1 + 2a
bi
=0 +
1+ a

-1 + 9 i 3 - 4 i
=

5 -3i 5 + i

20.

[1]

( a + 1) 2 - i 2 b 2

=1 + | z1 |2 | z 2 |2 - | z1 |2 - | z 2 |2
[1]

z - 1 a + ib - 1
Now,
=

z + 1 a + ib + 1
( a + ib - 1) ( a + 1 - ib )

=
( a + 1 + ib ) ( a + 1 - ib )
[multiplying numerator and denominator by {( a + 1) - ib }]

[1]

= (1 - | z 1 | ) (1 - | z 2 | )
RHS = k (1 - | z 1 | 2 ) (1 - | z 2 | 2 )

[1]

k =1
From LHS and RHS, we get
k =1

[1]

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TRY YOURSELF
1 Mark Questions
1.
2.

Evaluate
(i) -25 36
Compute
-36
49

(i) -9

3.

(ii) i 363

(ii)

-49
25

-1
9

Find the values of x and y, if

(i) 2 x + i 4 y = 2 i

(ii) ( 3 y - 2 ) + i (7 - 2 x ) = 0

4.

Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers.

(i) -6 - 7 i
(ii) 3

5.

Express

6.

If z = 12 + 5 i , then verify that

5+ 2 i
1- 2 i

in the form a + i b.

(i) z = z

7.

(ii) z + z = 2 Re ( z )

If z = 2 + i + 4i - 6 i , then verify that

2

(i) ( z 2 ) = ( z )2

8.

If z = 12 - 5i , then verify that

(i) -| z| Re ( z ) | z|

9.

(ii) ( z -1 ) = ( z )- 1
(ii) -| z| Im ( z ) | z|

What are the real numbers x and y, if ( x - iy ) ( 3 + 5i ) is the conjugate of ( - 1 - 3i ) ?

4 Marks Questions
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Find the modulus of the conjugate of the following complex numbers.

(i) 1 + 10 i
(ii) 8 - 2 i
1
1
Express
in the form of a + ib.
+
5 - 2i 3 + 6i
Find the conjugate of the complex number ( 4 - 2 i 3 ) + ( 5 + 6 i ) - ( 8 - 11i 9 ).
Express (1 + 2 i ) (2 + 3 i ) ( 3 + 4 i ) in the form a + ib.
Find the multiplicative inverse of 1- i.
Express ( 5 + 9 i ) ( - 3 + 4 i ) in the form of a + ib.

16.

1
2
Find the magnitude and conjugate of the complex number
1- 4 i 1+

17.

If a and b are different complex numbers with|b| = 1, then find

b-a
.
1- a b

3 - 4 i
.

i 5 + i

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2 Square Root and Representation on Argand Plane

Square Root of a Complex Number
Let a + i b be a complex number such
a + ib = x + iy , where x and y are real numbers.

that

On squaring both sides, we get

( x + iy ) 2 = a + ib
2

( x - y ) + 2 ixy = a + ib

[Qi = -1]

On equating real and imaginary parts from both sides,

we get
...(i)
x2 - y2 =a
and
Now,

2xy = b
2
(x + y 2 ) 2 = (x 2 - y 2 ) 2 + 4 x 2 y 2
2

2 2

(x + y ) = a + b
2

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]

( x + y ) = a + b [taking square root]...(iii)

On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get

1
x 2 = ( a 2 + b 2 + a )
2
1
and
y 2 = ( a 2 + b 2 - a )
2
1
x = [ a 2 + b 2 + a ]
2

1
y = [ a 2 + b 2 - a ]
2
[taking square root]
If b is positive, then the sign of x and y from Eq. (ii) will
be same.
1
Hence, a + ib = ( a 2 + b 2 + a )
2

1
+ i ( a 2 + b 2 - a )
2

| z | + Re ( z )
| z | - Re ( z )
or
z =
+i

2
2

and

or

1
a + ib = ( a 2 + b 2 + a )
2

1
- i ( a 2 + b 2 - a )
2

| z | + Re ( z )
| z | - Re ( z )
z =
-i

2
2

Note If a, b R, then

...(ii)

[Q x 2 + y 2 > 0]

Hence,

a +i b = x +i y

Now,

If b is negative, then the sign of x and y will be opposite.

a + ib +

a - ib = 2( a2 + b2 + a)

a + ib -

a - ib = i 2( a2 + b2 - a)

Example 1. Find the square root of -15 - 8 i.

Assume the square root of given complex number equal to

x + iy and simplify to equate the real and complex parts
from both sides, we get the relation between x and y. After
that, use the identity (x 2 + y 2 )2 = (x 2 - y 2 )2 + 4 x 2 y 2 and
get the required values of x and y.

Solution Let x + iy = -15 - 8 i

Then, ( x + iy ) 2 = -15 - 8 i

[squaring both sides]

x - y + 2 ixy = -15 - 8 i

On equating real and imaginary parts, we get

x 2 - y 2 = -15
and
2xy = - 8
We know the identity,
( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = ( x 2 - y 2 ) 2 + 4x 2 y 2

= 225 + 64
= 289
2
2
x + y = 289

x 2 + y 2 = 17

...(i)
...(ii)

...(iii)

On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get

x 2 = 1 and y 2 = 16

x = 1 and y = 4
Since, the product xy is negative. So, we have
x =1, y = - 4
or
x = -1, y = 4
Thus, the square roots of -15 - 8 i are1 - 4 i and -1 + 4 i.

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182

Use the formula a + ib +

a - ib =

Mathematics Class 11th

Representation of Conjugate of z on
Argand Plane

Example 2. Find the value of

(4 + 3 -20 ) 1/2 + (4 - 3 -20 ) 1/2 .

ne

2 ( a 2 + b 2 + a)

Solution Given that,

( 4 + 3 -20 )1/2 + ( 4 - 3 -20 )1/2
= 4 + i3 20 + 4 - 3i 20

Geometrically, the mirror image of the complex number

z = a + ib (represented by the ordered pair ( a , b)) about
the X-axis is called conjugate of z which is represented by
the ordered pair ( a , - b).
If z = a + ib, then z = a - ib.
Y

P (a, b)

= 4 + i6 5 + 4 - 6 i 5
Here, a = 4 and b = 6 5
X

\ ( 4 + 3 -20 )1/2 + ( 4 - 3 -20 )1/2

= 2{ ( 4) 2 + (6 5 ) 2 + 4} = 2( 16 + 180 + 4)
= 2(14 + 4) [Q a + ib + a - ib = 2( a 2 + b 2 + a )]
= 36 = 6

Representation of Modulus of z on
Argand Plane

Argand Plane
A complex number z = a + ib can be represented by a
unique point P ( a , b) in the cartesian plane referred to a
pair of rectangular axes. A purely real number a, i.e.,
( a + 0 i ) is represented by the point ( a , 0) on X-axis.
Therefore, X-axis is called real axis.
A purely imaginary number ib i.e., (0 + i b) is represented
by the point (0, b) on Y-axis. Therefore, Y-axis is called
imaginary axis.
The intersection (common) of two axes is called zero
complex number i.e., z = 0 + 0i .
Similarly, the representation of complex numbers as
points in the plane is known as Argand diagram. The
plane representing complex numbers as points, is called
Complex plane or Argand plane or Gaussian plane.
If two complex numbers z 1 and z 2 are represented by the
points P and Q in the complex plane, then
| z 1 - z 2 | = PQ = distance between P and Q
Y
Imaginary
axis

Q (a , - b )

P (z1 )

O
(0,0)

Geometrically, the distance of the complex number

z = a + ib (represented by the ordered pair ( a , b)) from
origin, is called the modulus of z.
Y
P (a , b )

\OP = ( a - 0) 2 + (b - 0) 2
= a 2 + b 2 = {Re( z )} 2 + {Im( z )} 2 =| a + ib|

Polar Form of a Complex Number

Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the real axis and
imaginary axis, respectively.
Let z = x + iy be represented by a point P ( x , y ).
Draw PQ ^ OX . Then, OQ = x and PQ = y .
Y

Q (z2 )
Real
axis
X

P (x,y)
y
X

(0, 0) O

q
O

x
Y

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Now, join OP.

Let
OP = r and POX = q
x
Then, in DPQO, cos q =
...(i)
x = r cosq
r
y
and
...(ii)
sin q = y = r sin q
r
On squaring Eqs. (i) and (ii) and then adding, we get
r 2 cos 2 q + r 2 sin 2 q = x 2 + y 2

183

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

r 2 (cos 2 q + sin 2 q ) = x 2 + y 2
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 [Qcos 2 q + sin 2 q = 1]

r = x 2 + y 2 = |z |

On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get

y
y
q = tan -1 = arg( z )
tan q =
x
x
Thus, the polar form of a complex number z is
z = r (cos q + i sin q ) and (r , q ) is called polar
coordinates of the point P.
Here, r is called the modulus of complex number z.
Angle q is known as argument or amplitude of z = x + iy
and is written as arg( z ). The argument of a complex
number is not defined uniquely.

y
Im( z )
q = tan -1 = tan -1

Re( z )
x
This angle q has infinitely many values differing by
multiples of 2p.

Thus,

e.g., Let

z =1+i 3

Here,

x = 1, y = 3
3
p
= tan -1 tan
arg z = tan -1
1
3

p
arg z =
3

Note (i) Argument of 0 is not defined.

(ii) The conjugate complex numbers z = x + i y and z = x - iy
have equal moduli i.e., | z | = | z | and their argument have
same absolute value, but they differ in sign i.e.,
arg z = - arg z.

Principal Argument
The unique value of q such that -p < q p is called the
principal value of the argument (or amplitude) or
principal argument. The argument of a complex number
depends upon the quadrant in which the point P lies.
In different quadrant, the signs of real and imaginary
parts of a complex number z = x + iy , its argument and
graph are given in the following tables.

I For General Argument, when 0 q 2p

Quadrant

Signs of x and y

Argument

Graph
Y

In I quadrant

x > 0, y > 0

0<q<

p
2

Y
Y

In II quadrant

x < 0, y > 0

p
<q<p
2

q
X

O
Y
Y

In III quadrant

x < 0, y < 0

p<q<

3p
2

q
O

Y
Y

In IV quadrant

x > 0, y < 0

3p
< q < 2p
2

O
Y

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Mathematics Class 11th

II For Principal Argument, when -p < q p

Quadrant

Signs of x and y

Argument

Graph
Y

In I quadrant

x > 0, y > 0

q = a and 0 < q <

p
2

P(x, y)
q=a

Y
Y
P(x, y)

In II quadrant

x < 0, y > 0

p
<q<p
2

q = p - a and

q=p-a

a
O

X
Y

In III quadrant

x < 0, y < 0

q = - ( p - a ) = a - p and
p
-p < q < 2

O
q = - (p-a)

P(x, y)

In IV quadrant

x > 0, y < 0

q = - a and -

p
<q<0
2

q=-a

P(x, y)

Here, a is an acute angle.

Properties of Argument of Complex Numbers

If z 1 , z 2 and z 3 are three complex numbers, then
(i) arg( z 1 z 2 ) = arg( z 1 ) + arg ( z 2 )
In general,
arg ( z 1 z 2 z 3 ... z n ) = arg( z 1 ) + arg( z 2 ) + arg( z 3 )
+ ... + arg( z n )
z
(ii) arg 1 = arg( z 1 ) - arg( z 2 )
z2
z
(iii) arg = 2 arg( z )
z
(iv) arg( z n ) = n arg( z )
z
z
(v) If arg 2 = q, then arg 1 = - q
z1
z2
(vi) arg( z ) = - arg( z )

(vii) If arg( z ) = 0 z is real.

(viii) arg( z 1 z 2 ) = arg( z 1 ) - arg( z 2 )
(ix) | z 1 + z 2 | =| z 1 - z 2 | arg( z 1 ) - arg( z 2 ) =

p
2

(x) | z 1 + z 2 | =| z 1 | + | z 2 | arg( z 1 ) = arg( z 2 )

z
(xi) | z 1 + z 2 | 2 = | z 1 | 2 +| z 2 | 2 1 is purely imaginary.
z2
* Working Rule for Finding Argument
For finding argument of given complex number, we use the
following working steps.
Step I Firstly, simplify the given complex number to write in
standard form a + ib (if not given in standard form).

Step II Now, check in which quadrant complex number a + ib lies.

Step III Find the value of tan a, using the formula tan a =

Im( z)
.
Re( z)

Step IV Find the value of q with the help of step II and step III.

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185

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Worked out Problem

1 + 3i
.
1 - 2i
Step I Simplify the given complex number to write in the
form a + ib.
Find the argument of complex number

1 + 3i
Given, complex number is z =
1- 2i
On multiplying numerator and denominator by 1 + 2 i, we get
1 + 3i 1 + 2 i 1 + 5 i + 6 i 2 1 + 5 i - 6 5 i - 5
z=
= 2
=
= i -1
=

5
1+ 4
1- 2i 1+ 2i
1 - (2 i ) 2

Step II Check in which quadrant a + ib lies?

Here, Im( z ) = y = 1 and Re( z ) = x = -1
Qx < 0 , y >0
\z = i - 1lies in II quadrant.

Step III Find the value of tan a .

Here, Re( z ) = 1and Im( z ) = -1, tan a =

| - 1|
=1
|1 |

Step IV Find the value of q with the help of steps II and III.
p
Now, a = tan (1) =
4
Since, z lies in II qudarant (from step III).
p 3p
\ Argument q = p - a = p - =
4 4
1 + 3i 3p
Hence, argument of complex number
is .
1- 2i
4
-1

* Working Rule for Writing Polar Form of a

Complex Number
For writing polar form of a complex number, we use the
following steps.
Step I Firstly, write the given complex in standard form z = a + ib
(if not given in standard form).

Step II Put the standard form z = a + i b equal to r (cos q + i sin q)

and equate the real and imaginary part from both sides.

Step III Find the value of r, cos q and sin q by using suitable
method.

Step IV Now, check in which quadrant cos q and sin q lie and find
the value of q in that quadrant.

Step V Put the values of r and q in z = r [cos q + i sin q] which

gives the required polar form of given complex number.

Example 5. Change the complex number 2 - 2 i into

polar form.

Calculate modulus
z = r (cos q + i sin q).

Solution Ler z = 1 - 2i

r 2 =8 r = 2 2

Then, | z | = 1 + 2 = 1 + 4 = 5

Solution Let z 1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1 )

and
z 2 = r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
where, r1 = z 1 , arg ( z 1 ) = q1 , r2 = z 2 , arg ( z 2 ) = q 2
We have, z 1 + z 2 = z 1 + z 2
\ r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1 ) + r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) = r1 + r2
(r1 cos q1 + r2 cos q 2 ) + i (r1 sin q1 + r2 sin q 2 )
= r1 + r2
(r1 cos q1 + r2 cos q 2 ) 2 + (r1 sin q1 + r2 sin q 2 ) 2
= (r1 + r2 ) 2
2
2

r1 + r2 + 2r1 r2 cos ( q1 - q 2 ) = (r1 + r2 ) 2

cos ( q1 - q 2 ) = 1
q1 - q 2 = 0 i. e ., arg z 1 - arg z 2 = 0

and

r 2 (cos 2 q + sin 2 q) = 4 + 4

Example 4. Let z 1 and z2 be two complex numbers,

such that z 1 + z2 = z 1 + z2 .
Then, show that arg (z 1 ) - arg (z2 ) = 0.

On equating real and imaginary parts, we get

r cos q = 2
and
r sin q = - 2
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
r 2 cos 2 q + r 2 sin 2 q = ( 2) 2 + ( -2) 2

Here, Re ( z ) > 0 and Im( z ) < 0

So, z lies is IV quadrant.
2
\ tan q = -
1
\ arg ( z ) = q = tan -1 ( -2)

amplitude

use

Solution Let z = 2 - 2 i = r (cos q + i sin q)

Example 3. Find the modulus and principal argument

of (1 - 2i).
2

and

4
Y

P (2,2)

On putting the value of r in Eq. (i), we get

2
1
cos q =
=
2 2
2
On putting the value of r in Eq. (ii), we get
-2
-1
sin q =
=
2 2
2
Since, cos q is positive and sin q is negative.
So, q lies in IV quadrant.
p
q=\
4
\Polar form
p
p

z = 2 2 cos - + i sin -
4
4
p
p
= 2 2 cos - i sin
4
4

...(i)
...(ii)

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Solution Let z = 3(cos 300 - i sin 30 )

= 3 [cos(360 - 60 ) - i sin 30 ]
= 3 [cos 60 - i sin 30 ]
1 i
=3 -
2 2
3
= (1 - i )
2
Let z = 1 - i = r (cos q + i sin q)
On equating real and imaginary parts, we get
r cos q =1
and
r sin q = -1

p
p

Polar form of z = 2 cos - + i sin -

4
4

p
p

= 2 cos - i sin
4
4
(i)
(ii)

3
3
i
1
2
(1 - i ) =

2
2
2
2

p
p
3
2 cos - i sin
=
2
4
4

\3(cos 300 - i sin 30 ) =

On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

r 2 (cos 2 q + sin 2 q) = (1) 2 + ( -1) 2
r2 =2

Mathematics Class 11th

On putting the value of r in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

1
1
and sin q = cos q =
2
2
Since, cos q is positive and sin q is negative.
So, q lies in IV quadrant.
-p
q=
\
4

Example 6. Express the complex number

3(cos 300 - i sin 30 ) in polar form.

ne

r= 2

3
p
p
cos - i sin
4
4
2

EXAM
Short Answer Type Questions

[4 Marks each]

1. Find the square root of i.

/

(i) Consider z = x + iy = i
(ii) Squaring and equating the real and imaginary parts
both sides.
(iii) Solving these equations in terms of x and y.
(iv) Substituting the values of x and y in z.

Sol. Let z = x + iy = i

(i)

On squaring both sides of Eq. (i), we get

( x + iy ) 2 = i

x 2 + i 2 y 2 + 2ixy = i

x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy = i

[Qi 2 = -1][1]

On equating the real and imaginary parts both sides, we get

(ii)
x 2 - y2 =0
and
2xy = 1
Now, ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = ( x 2 - y 2 ) 2 + ( 2xy ) 2
2

2 2

(x + y ) = 0 +1

( x 2 + y 2 ) = 1

x 2 + y 2 =1

(iii)

[from Eqs. (ii) and (iii)]

On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get

2x 2 = 1

1
2

x =

2
1
On putting x 2 = in Eq. (iv), we get
2
1
+ y 2 =1
2
1

y2 =
2
1
[1]

y =
2
On substituting the values of x and y in Eq. (i), we get
1
1
1
[1]
z =
i
=
(1 + i )
2
2
2

2. Find the square roots of 1 - i.

Sol. Let x + iy = 1 - i . Then, ( x + iy ) 2 = 1 - i

[Qx 2 + y 2 0] (iv) [1]

x2 =

x 2 - y 2 + 2xy i = 1 - i

On equating real and imaginary parts, we get

x 2 - y 2 =1
2xy = - 1

(i)
(ii) [1]

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Misconception of Concepts
= -

P Concept Square root of a negative real number.

Misconception Let a = - 2 and b = - 3
Then

ab=

-2 - 3 = 2 3 =

<

Q
\

>

=p-a=p-

=p-

which is an incorrect solution.

3p

P Concept Integral powers of iota.

=

=-

Misconception Let z = [- ( - 1)]4 n + 3 . Then it can be

written as
z = [- i ]4 n +

P Concept Conjugate of a complex number.

Misconception Let z1 = - 11 + 4 i and z2 = 7 i - 2

= (- i )4 n (i )3

= 1(- i ) = - i [Q i 4 = 1, i 3 = - i ]
Which is an incorrect solution.
+

Then conjugate of z1 = z1 = 11 - 4 i

and conjugate of z2 = z2 = 7 i + 2
+

= -

Which is an incorrect solution.

= -

- -

=
=-

=-

P Concept Modulus of a complex number.

P Concept Argument of a complex number.
Misconception Let z = i - 1. Then
arg ( z) = tan-1

1
p
=
-1 4

Which is an incorrect solution.

Misconception Let z1 , z2 C. Then distance between

z1 and z2 = z1 - z2

-1 y
Qarg ( z) = tan x

Which is an incorrect solution.

-

n
o
i
s
i P
v
e
R MA

Complex Numbers
and Quadratic Equations

Complex Number
A number consisting of real
number and imaginary number is
called complex number.
Complex number is generally
denoted by z i.e., z = a + ib
where, a and b are real numbers.
a is called real part Re(z) and b is
called imaginary part Im(z).

Quadratic Equation

Iota (i )
Euler (1707-1743) was the first
Mathematician, who introduced the
symbol i (read as iota) for 1 with
property i 2 + 1 = 0 i.e.,i 2 = 1. He also
called this symbol as the imaginary unit.

An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c, a 0, is

called quadratic equation in variable x.

Integral Powers of i

Purely Real and Purely

Imaginary Complex Numbers

i 4q = 1 , q N
i 4q + 1 = i , q N
i 4q + 2 = 1,q N
i 4q + 3 = i ,q N
1 , p N
i p =
ip

A complex number z = a + ib is called purely

real, if b = 0 i.e., Im(z) = 0 and is called purely
imaginary, if a = 0 i.e., Re(z) = 0

Zero Complex Number

A complex number z is said to be zero, if
its both real and imaginary parts are zero.

Equality of Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers z1 = a + ib
and z2 = c + id are said to be equal,
if a = c and b = d.

Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let two complex numbers are z1=a1+ib1
and z2 = a2 +ib2, then their
(i) Addition (sum) is defined as
z = z1+z2 = (a1+a2)+i (b1+b2)
(ii) Subtraction z1z2 is defined as the
addition of z1 and (z2).
i.e.,
z1 z2 = z1 +(z2)
=(a1 ib1)(a2 +ib2)
=(a1 a2)+i (b1 b2)
(iii) Multiplication is defined as
z1z2 = (a + ib)(c + id)
= (ac bd) + i (ad + bd)
z1
(iv) Division z2 is defined as the multiplication

of z1 by the multiplicative inverse of z2.

a 22 + b 22

+i

a2b1 a1b2
a 22 + b 22

If a, b and c are real numbers, then

equation is called quadratic equation
with real coefficients and its roots are
given by

Conjugate of a
Complex Number
The conjugate of a complex number z ,
is the complex number obtained by
changing the sign of imaginary part of
z. It is denoted by z.

Modulus (Absolute value)

of a Complex Number
The modulus (or absolute value) of a
complex number, z = a + ib is defined as the
non-negative real number a 2 + b 2. It is
denoted by |z |.

Polar form of a
Complex Number

x=

b 4ac b 2 i
2a

Quadratic Equation with

Complex Coefficients
If a, b and c are complex numbers,
then equation is called quadratic
equation with complex coefficients
and its roots are given by

and

Principal Argument
The unique value of q such that p < q p is called the
principal value of the argument (or amplitude) or principal
argument. The argument of a complex number depends
uponthequadrantinwhichthepoint lies.

Square Root of a
Complex Number
z =

|z |+ Re(z)
2

|z | Re(z)
2

a = b + b 4ac
2a

b 2 4ac
b=
2a
2

The polar form of a complex number z is

z = r (cosq+i sinq) and (r, q) are called
polar coordinates.
Here, r is called the modulus and q is
called the argument or amplitude of z.

z
i.e., z1 =z1.z 21 = z1. z1
2
2
a1a2 + b1b2

Quadratic Equation with

Real Coefficients

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Practice E x e r c i s e
(Based on the Complete Chapter)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

[1 Mark each]

1. Evaluate i103 .
2. Evaluate 73 .

6 + 5 i) 6 - i in the form of a + ib.

5

10. Express(

11. Express 5 +

2i

1- 2 i

3. Show that
in + in + 1 + in + 2 + in + 3 = 0, " n N.

12. Represent

4. Write the real and imaginary parts of the complex

number

in the form of a + ib.

the complex number z = 1 + i 3 in the

polar form.

13. Find

the modulus and argument of the following

complex number1 + i tan a.

17
2
+
i.
2
70

14. Express

5. Find the complex conjugate of the complex number

-i 5.

the complex number sin 50 + i cos 50 in

the polar form.

15. If z1 and z2 are complex numbers, then prove that

6. Find the modulus of the complex number 5 - i3 .

Re ( z1 z2 ) = Re ( z1 ) Re ( z2 ) - Im ( z1 ) Im ( z2 ).

7. Express(5 + 4 i) + (5 - 4 i) in the form of a + ib.

16. If

8. Express 1 + 5 i - 3 i + -5 - i in the form of

17. Solve x 2 + 4 = 0.
18. Solve 9 x 2 + 16 = 0.
19. Solve( y + 1)( y - 3) + 7 = 0.
20. Solve 2 x 2 + x + 2 = 0.

a + ib.

9. Find the multiplicative inverse of 4 - 3 i.

Short Answer Type Questions

[4 Marks each]

8. Express, 1 - 2 i +

.
i

25

1. Evaluate i18 + 1

2. Find the real numbers x

a, b R.
and y, if ( x - iy )(3 + 5 i) is

the conjugate of - 6 - 24 i.

3. If

z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that

| z1| =| z2|, then is it necessary that z1 = z2 ?
3

4.

5.

Express -2 - i in the form of a + ib, where

3

a, b R.
1
Express + 3
3
3

7.

a, b R.
Express
a, b R.

2+i

4-i
in the form of a + ib, where
3+2i

9. Find the real values of x and y, if

( x 4 + 2 x i) - (3 x 2 + i y ) = (3 - 5 i) + (1 + 2 iy ).

10. If a2 + b2 = 1, then prove that 1 + b + ia = ( b + ia).

1 + b - ia

11. If x + iy = a + i, then prove that ay - 1 = x .

a-i

12. If Re( z2 ) = 0,| z| = 2, then prove that z = m

13. Find

i in the form of a + ib, where a, b R.

-1
in the form of a + ib, where
i
+
2
1

6. Express 4 i

z is a complex number such that | z - 1| =| z + 1,

|
then show that Re( z) = 0.

1
in the form of a + ib, where
1 + cos q - i sin q

2 i 2.

the conjugate and modulus of the complex

2+3i
.
number
3+2i

14. Find

the conjugate and modulus of the complex

number

3 -i 2
2 3 -i 2

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197

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

10. If honesty is represented by complex number a and

punctuality by complex number b, such that |b| =1,
b - a
is a perfect one. Do you want
then show that
1 - ab
to score perfect one?

11. A

person is represented by a complex number

z = x + iy . If a person is represented only by x, then
he is not sensitive towards environment and if a
person is represented only by y, then he is sensitive
towards environment. If a person is related by the

z - 5 i
= 1, do you think that the person is
relation
z + 5 i
Eco-friendly?

12. If

1 is considered almost perfect. How many

minimum value qualities are required for the
m
1 + i
expression
to be almost perfect? Mention
1- i

the four qualities.

Solutions
(Hints and Solutions to Practice Exercise)

Very Short Answer

Type Questions [1 Mark each]

1. We have, i 103 = i 100 i 3 = (i 4 )25 i 2 i

7. We have, (5 + 4 i ) + (5 - 4 i )

= (1) ( -1) i

= 1 ( -1) i = -i

[1]

2. We have,
7
7
7
7 i
= 2 =
=
3
i
i i -i -i i

[multiplying numerator and denominator by i]

7i
=
= 7i
-( -1)

[1]

3. We have, LHS = i n + i n + 1 + i n + 2 + i n + 3
= i + i .i + i .i + i .i = i (1 + i + i + i )
n

= i n (1 + i - 1 - i )

[Qi 2 = -1, i 3 = i 2 i = - i ]

= i n (0 ) = 0 = RHS

[1]

Hence proved.

4. Let

z=

17
2
+
i
2
70

Here,

Re ( z ) =

and

Im( z ) =

17
2
2

[1/2]
[1/2]

70

5. Let z = - i 5 = 0 - i 5
Then, conjugate of z, z = 0 + i 5 = i 5

[1]

6. We have, z = 5 - i 3 = 5 - i 2 i = 5 - ( -1) i = 5 + i
\

= (5 + 5 ) + i ( 4 - 4 ) = 10 + 0 i

[Qi = -1, i = 1]

25

| z | = |5 + i |
= 5 2 + (1)2
= 25 + 1 = 26

[Q z = a + ib | z | = a 2 + b 2 ]
[1]

[1]

1 5 3
-5

+ i- i +
-i
2 2 2
2

1 5
5 3

= - + i - - 1
2 2
2 2

-4
=
+ i(1 - 1) = - 2 + i(0 ) = - 2 + 0 i
2

8. We have,

[1]

9. Let z = 4 - 3 i . Then,
| z | = 4 2 + 3 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
We know that, multiplicative inverse of z
1
z
= = 2
z |z|
=

4 +3i
(5 )2

4 +3i 4
3
i
=
+
25
25 25

[1/2]

1
z
Q z = | z |2

Q z = 4 - 3 i
\z = 4 + 3 i

[1/2]

1
5
1
1
= 6 6 - 6 i + 5 i( 6 ) - 5 i i
5
5

10. We have, ( 6 + 5 i ) 6 - i

6
i + 5 6 i +1
5

- 6
=7+
+ 5 6 i

=6 -

=7+

24 6
i
5

[Qi 2 = 1]

[1]

7
Permutations
and

Combinations
In this chapter, we shall learn about some basic counting techniques which
will enable us to determine the possible sequence. Infact, these techniques will
be useful in determining the number of different ways of arranging and
selecting objects without manually listing them.

Fundamental Principle of
Counting and Factorial Notation

There are two fundamental principles of counting which are the base of
permutations and combinations.

(i) Fundamental Principle of Multiplication (FPM)

If an event can occur in m different ways, following which another event can occur
in n different ways, then the total number of occurrence of the events in the given
order is m n. i.e.,
If there are two events such that one of them can be performed in m ways i.e.,
it has been performed in anyone of the m ways, second event can be performed
in n ways, then the two events in succession can be performed in m n ways.
This can be extended to any finite number of events.
e.g., In a school, there are 200 boys and 150 girls. The teacher wants to select a
boy and a girl to represent the school in inter school competition.
Now, the teacher can select a boy in 200 ways and a girl in 150 ways. So, by
principle of multiplication, the teacher can select a boy and a girl in
200 150 = 30000 ways.

3 Fundamental Principle of

Counting and Factorial

Notation
3 Permutations
3 Combinations

ll

252

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Mathematics Class 11th

Example 1. In a class, there are 20 boys and 16 girls.

The teacher wants to select a boy and a girl to
represent the class in a function. In how many
ways, can the teacher make this selection?

Example 2. Find the number of 4 letter words, with or

without meaning, which can be formed out of the
letters of the word ROSE, where the repetition of the
letters

Solution

(i) is not allowed.

(ii) is allowed.
Solution Here, total number of words will be equal to the
number of ways of filling 4 vacant places by the 4 letters of the
word ROSE.
(i) When the repetition of the letters is not allowed
Here, vacant places are 4 i.e., .
First place can be filled by anyone of the 4 letters.
\Number of ways of filling first place = 4
Now, second place can be filled by anyone of the
remaining 3 letters.
Number of ways of filling second place = 3
Similarly, third place can be filled by anyone of the
remaining 2 letters and fourth place is filled by last letter.
\Number of ways of filling third place = 2
and number of ways of filling fourth place =1
Since, each place can be filled after filling the previous
place.
So, by FPM, required number of ways
= 4 3 2 1 = 24
(ii) When the repetition of the letters is allowed
Here, out of 4 vacant places, each place can be filled by 4
letters. So, each place can be filled in succession anyone
of 4 different ways.
\Required number of ways
=4 4 4 4
= 256 ways
Hence, number of 4 letters word is 24 when repetition is
not allowed and 256 when repetition is allowed.

Selection of a boy and a girl

Selecting a boy from
20 boys

Selecting a girl from

16 girls

It can be performed
in 20 ways

It can be performed
in 16 ways

\ By FPM (multiplication law), two selection

can be performed in 2016 = 320 ways

* Working Rule for Solving Problems by

Fundamental Principle of Multiplication
To solve
steps
Step I
Step II
Step III

the given problem by FPM, we may use the following

Firstly identify the events which are to be performed.
Find the number of ways of performing Ist event.
Find the number of ways of performing IInd event which is
performed when Ist event has been performed.

Step IV Repeat step III for finding the number of ways of performing
all events.

Step V Now, use FPM to get required number of ways.

Worked out Problem

The flag of a newly formed forum is in the form
of three blocks, each to be coloured
differently. If there are six different colours on the
whole to choose from, how many such designs are
possible?
Step I Identify the events which are to be performed.
Here, three blocks and six colours to coloured these
blocks are given.

Step II Find the number of ways of performing Ist event.

Since, we have six colours so first block can be coloured in
6 ways.

Step III Find the number of ways of performing IInd event.

Now, remaining colours are 5 and remaining blocks can be
coloured by these colours.
So, number of ways to colour second block = 5 ways

Step IV Repeat step III for finding the number of ways of

performing all events.

After colouring first two blocks only one block and four
colours are left.
\Number of ways to colour third block = 4 ways

Step V Use FPM to get required number of ways.

Since, each event is performed after performing the
previous event, so we use fundamental principle of
multiplication (FPM).
Hence, required number of ways = 6 5 4 = 120

Example 3. For a group photograph, 3 boys and

2 girls stand in a line in all possible ways. How
many photos could be taken, if each photo
corresponds to each such arrangements?
Solution Here, total number of children
= 3 boys + 2 girls
=5
The number of ways of filling first place in group
photograph is 5 ways.
Since, the first place is filled, then the second place can be
filled in 5 -1 = 4 ways.
Similarly, we can find the number of ways of filling third,
fourth and fifth place are 3, 2 and 1 ways, respectively.
Hence, by using fundamental principle of multiplication, all
five places can be filled in
5 4 3 2 1 =120 ways

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260
Note Here, q = 5 vowels are taken together in which E
occurs 4 times. So, for arranging these 5 letters, we
q!
in place of q! .
use
4!

Important Results
(i) The number all permutations of n distinct objects,
taken all at a time is n !.
(ii) The number of all permutations of n different
objects taken r at a time, when a particular object is
to be always included in each arrangement is,
r n -1 Pr -1 .

(iii) The number of permutations of n distinct objects

taken r at a time, when a particular object is never
taken in each arrangement is, n -1 Pr .
(iv) The number of permutations of n different objects
taken r at a time in which two specific objects
always occur together is, 2! (r - 1) n - 2Pr - 2 .

Example 4. How many different signals can

be made by using number of flags from
5 flags of different colours?
Solution The signals can be made by using at a
time one or two or three or four or five flags. Number
of arrangements taking r out of 5 is 5 Pr , where r =1,
2, 3, 4 and 5.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition,
the total number of signals
= 5 P1 + 5 P2 + 5 P3 + 5 P4 + 5 P5
=

5!
5!
5!
+
+
(5 - 1)! (5 - 2)! (5 - 3)!
+

5!
5!
+
(5 - 4)! (5 - 5)!
n!
n
Q Pr = (n - r )!

5! 5! 5! 5! 5!
+ + + +
4 ! 3 ! 2 ! 1! 0 !
5 4! 5 4 3! 5 4 3 2!
=
+
+
4!
3!
2!
5 4 3 2 1! 5 !
+
+
1!
1
=5 + 5 4 + 5 4 3 + 5 4
3 2 + 5 4 3 2 1
= 5 + 20 + 60 + 120 + 120
= 325
Hence, the total number of signals formed from 5
flags of different colours is 325.
=

* General Problems Based on

Permutations
Here, we will discuss some general types of problems
based on permutation along with the methods
(in detail), through which they can be solved.

ne

Mathematics Class 11th

Type I
Finding the numbers with digits when repetition of
digits is not allowed
For solving this type of problem, we use the following steps
Step I Firstly, decide that from how many digits the required number will be
formed.

Step II Fill up the places on which there are restrictions and let the number of
ways of filling up these places together be k.

Step III Find the number of ways for filling up the remaining places with
remaining digits by using n Pr .

Step IV Required number of ways = k nPr .

Example 5. How many numbers between 400 and 1000 can be

made with the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 0, when repetition of
digits is not allowed?
Solution Given digits are, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 0.
Any number between 400 and 1000 will be of three digits.
Now, the number should be greater than 400.
So hundreds place can be filled up by anyone of the digits 4, 5 and 6 in
3 ways.
\
k =3
Remaining two places can be filled up by the remaining five digits in
5
P2 ways.
5!
Hence, required numbers = 3 5 P2 = 3 = 60
3!

Example 6. How many different 4-digit numbers can be formed

from the digits 2, 3, 4 and 6, if each digit is used only once
in a number? Further, how many of these numbers
(i) end at 4? (ii) end at 3?

(iii) end at 3 or 4?

Solution The number of 4-digit numbers formed by the digits 2, 3, 4

and 6
n
4!
4!
n!
= P ( 4, 4) =
=
Q Pr =

(n - r )!
( 4 - 4)! 0 !

4!
=
[Q0 ! = 1]
1
= 4 3 2 1 = 24
(i) In this case, 4 is fixed at the units place. Thus, remaining 3-digits
can be 2, 3 and 6. So, the required number of 4-digits number
= P (3, 3)
n
3!
n!
=
Q Pr =

(n - r )!
(3 - 3)!

3!
(i)
=3 2 1 =6
0!
(ii) In this case, 3 is fixed at units place. Thus, remaining 3-digits can
be 2, 4 and 6. So, the required number of 4-digits numbers = P (3, 3)
(ii)
P = P (3, 3) = 6
(iii) The number of 4-digit numbers ending with either 3 or 4,
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
P = 6 + 6 = 12
=

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261

Permutations and Combinations

Type II
Finding the number of permutations when
certain things occur together
If r particular things but of n different things are to be
together, then we count these r particular things as one
things and remaining (n - r ) things as separate things.
Then, total number of things = (n - r ) + 1
= n - r + 1.
We also arrange the r particular things among
themselves.
Since, these are different things, so required number of
permutations = (n - r + 1)! r ! and if r particular things are
not different i.e., r particular things are identical, then
required number of permutations = (n - r + 1) !
Example 7. In how many ways, can 8 Indians,
4 Americans and 4 Englishmen be seated in a row
so that all persons of the same nationality sit
together?

Solution. Here, three nationality are given; Indians,

Americans and Englishmen. So, these can be arranged in
3 ! ways.
Now, all persons of same nationality sit together. So,
8 Indians can be arranged among themselves in 8 ! ways.
4 Americans can be arrranged among themselves in 4 ! ways
and 4 Englishmen can be arranged among themselves in
4 ! ways.
Hence, required number of ways = 3 ! 8 ! 4 ! 4 !

Example 8. If the letters of the word RACHIT are

arranged in all possible ways as listed in
dictionary, then what is the rank of the word
RACHIT?
Solution. In a word RACHIT, letters are { A, C, H, I, R, T }.
The number of words starting from A = 5 !
The number of words starting from C = 5 !
The number of words starting from H = 5 !
The number of words starting from I = 5 !
And the next word, we get RACHIT.
\ Required rank of the word RACHIT = 4 5 ! + 1
= 4 120 + 1 = 481

EXAM
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Find the value of r, if 5 Pr
5

[1 Mark each]

= 2 6 Pr -1 .

Sol. Given, Pr = 2 Pr -1
5!
6!
n!
n
Q Pr =
= 2

(5 - r )!
(6 - r + 1)!
(n - r )!
5!
65!
= 2
(5 - r )!
( 7 - r )!
1
12
=
(5 - r )! ( 7 - r )(6 - r )(5 - r )!
1
12
=
1 ( 7 - r ) (6 - r )

( 7 - r )(6 - r ) = 12
2

42 - 7r - 6r + r 2 = 12
2

r -13r + 30 = 0
r -10r - 3r + 30 = 0
r (r -10) - 3(r -10) = 0

(r - 3)(r -10) = 0

r = 3, 10
[1]
\
r = 3, as 0 < r 5

2. Find the number of different 4-digit numbers that

can be formed with the digits 2, 3, 4, 7 and using
each digit only once.
Sol. Given, total number of digits are 4.
\Total 4-digit numbers can be formed = 4 P4 = 4 ! = 24 [1]

3. In how many ways, 5 flags in which 3 are red, 1 is

white and 1 is blue, be arranged on a staff, one
below the other, if flags of one colour are not
distinguishable?
Sol. Here, n = 5, p1 = 3, p 2 = 1, p3 = 1
Required number of ways =

n!
p1 ! p 2 ! p3 !

5!
3 ! 1! 1!
5 4 3!
=
= 5 4 = 20
3!
\Required number of ways is 20.
=

[1]

4. Find the total number of 9-digit numbers which

have all different digits.
Sol. The total number of 9-digit numbers, having all digits are
different = 9 9 P8
9 9!
=9 9!
1!
[Qin first place, we select any one of 9 numbers except 0.
In rest of the eight places, we select any eight numbers
from remaining 9 numbers] [1]
=

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Example 3. If
23

267

Permutations and Combinations

n

C 10 = n C 12 , then find the value of

C n.

Solution We know that, n C x = nC y x + y = n or x = y

Here x y, so x + y = n.

n = 10 + 12 = 22
23
Now,
C n = 23 C 22 = 23

Example 4. Prove that r n C r = n n - 1 C r - 1 .

Solution LHS = r n C r = r

n!
r ! (n - r )!

n
n!

Q C r = r ! (n - r )!

r n!
r (r - 1)! (n - r )!
n!
(i)
=
(r - 1)! (n - r )!
=

[Qr ! = r (r -1)!]

RHS = n n - 1C r - 1
(n - 1)!
(r - 1)! {(n - 1) - (r - 1)}!
n (n - 1)!
=
(r - 1)! (n - r )!
n!
[Qn (n - 1)! = n !] (ii)
=
(r -1)!(n - r )!
=n

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

LHS = RHS

r nC r = n n - 1C r - 1
Hence proved.

General Problems Based on

Combinations
To solve the problems by combinations, we take all
possible cases in which combination is possible and find
the number of selections in each case separately.
Here, we will discuss some general types of problems
based on combination along with methods through
which they can be solved.

Type I
Finding number of combinations in
simple cases
For solving this type of problem we use the formula,
number of selections of r things out of n different things
= nC r .

Example 5. How many lines can be drawn through

21 points on a circle?

We get a line by joining any two points. So, here for finding
the number of lines, we make combination of 2 points from
21 points at a time.

Solution If P is the number of lines drawn from 21 points,

then
21!
n
n!

P = 21C 2 =
Q Cr =

2 !( 21 - 2)!
r ! (n - r )!

21 20 19 !
21!
= 210
=
=
2 1 19 !
2 ! 19 !
Hence, total number of lines that can be drawn through
21 points on a circle is 210.

Type II
Finding number of combinations, when a
given number of things are to be selected
from different groups of things
For solving this type of problems, we consider all
different possible cases and find the number of
combinations in each case separately. And then get total
number of combinations by adding or multiplying
number of ways of all cases.
Example 6. Out of 6 gentlemen and 4 ladies, a
committee of 5 is to be formed. In how many ways,
can this be done so as to include atleast one lady in
each committee?
Solution Given, number of gentlemen = 6
Number of ladies = 4
A committee of 5 persons to be formed. This committee to
be formed in following ways.
Case I When 1 lady is included, then
Number of ways to form committee
= 4 C 1 6C 4 = 4 15 = 60
Case II When 2 ladies are included, then number of ways
to form committee
= 4 C 2 6C 3 = 6 20 = 120
Case III When 3 ladies are included, then number of ways
to form committee
= 4 C 3 6C 2 = 4 15 = 60
Case IV When 4 ladies are included, then number of ways
to form committee
= 4 C 4 6C 1 = 1 6 = 6
Hence, total number of ways = 60 + 120 + 60 + 6 = 246

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269

Permutations and Combinations

Type IV
Finding the number of ways of selecting cards
from a pack of cards
Example 9. What is the number of ways of choosing
4 cards from a pack of 52 playing cards? In how many
of these
(i) four cards are of the same suit?
(ii) four cards belong to four different suits?
(iii) are face cards?
(iv) cards are of the same colour?
Solution Here, we have to choose 4 cards out of 52 playing cards
at a time. So,
Required number of ways = 52C 4
52 !
=
4 ! (52 - 4) !
52 !
=
4 ! 48 !
52 51 50 49 48 !
=
4 3 2 1 48 !
= 270725
(i) There are four suits diamond, club, spade, heart in a pack of 52
playing cards and each suit have 13 cards.
So from each suit, 4 cards can be choosed in 13 C 4 ways
separately.
\ Required number of ways
= 13 C 4 + 13 C 4 + 13 C 4 + 13 C 4
13 !
=4
4 ! (13 - 4) !
13 !
=4
4!9!
= 2860
(ii) Four cards belong to four different suits i.e., one card is
selected from each suit.
So, required number of ways = 13 C 1 13 C 1 13 C 1 13 C 1
= 13 13 13 13
=13 4

(iii) There are 12 face cards and we have to select 4 cards

out of these.
\Required number of ways = 12C 4
=

12 !
= 495
4!8!

(iv) There are 26 cards of red colour and 26 cards of black

colour.
So, we have to select 4 cards either from black cards
or red cards.
\Required number of ways = 26C 4 + 26C 4
=2

26

C4
26 !
=2
4 ! 22 !
= 29900

Note In a pack of 52 playing cards, there are four suits;

diamond, club, spade, heart, in which diamond and heart
are of red colour and club and spade are of black colour.
Each suit have 13 cards. Also, there are 12 face cards in
which 4 kings, 4 queens and 4 jacks are there.

How to check whether a given problem

will be solved by permutation or
combination
It is not easy to check that given problem will be
solved by permutation or combination but it can be
make easy if we remember some points related to
permutation and combination which are given
below
S. No.

In Permutation

In Combination

1.

Arrangement of objects
have to find.

Selection of objects have

to find.

2.

Order of objects is
important.

Order of objects is not

important.

3.

Generally, problems based

on arrangements, on digits,
on selecting letter from a
word, standing in a line
and seated in a row are
given.

Generally, problems based

on selection or
combination, committee
of people, group of
objects and geometrical
problems are given.

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273

Permutations and Combinations

4 Marks Questions
8.

A candidate is required to answer 7 questions out of

12 questions, which are divided into two groups, each
containing 6 questions. He is not permitted to attempt
more than 5 questions from either group. Find the number
of different ways of doing questions.

9.

Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same line

except five points which are collinear. Find the number of
lines that can be formed joining the point.

10.

How many automobile license plates can be

made, if each plate contains two different
letters followed by three different digits?

11.

A bag contains 5 black and 6 red balls.

Determine the number of ways in which 2 black
and 3 red balls can be selected from lot.

[Hint Number of straight lines = 18C2 - 5C2 + 1]

Answers for TRY YOURSELF

Topic 1 Fundamental Principle of Counting and Factorial Notation
1. 100
6. 31

2. 9
7. 5

3. 450
8. 336

4. 600
9. 155

5. 1728

2. 24
7. 1440

4. 14

5. 192

Topic 2 Permutations
1.
6.
9.
10.

(i) 20 (ii) 5040

8400

40320, 15120. Yes, Republic day is celebrated on 26th January. Our country adopted the Constitution of India on this day.
(i) 360

(ii) 720 (iii) 240

11. 236

Topic 3 Combinations
1. 462

2. 91

3. 21

4. 3960

5. 350

7. 6

8. 780

9. 144

10. 468000

11. 200

6.

16

C9

Misconception of Concepts
P Concept All possible arrangement.
Misconception Let 7 chairs be given and each chair is
marked from 1 to 7. Then, number of ways in which 5 persons can
be seated on the chair = 7C 5

Which is an incorrect solution.

- =

P Concept Distribution of different objects in

identical groups.

Misconception Let 5 identical groups be given and

we have to distribute 5 different objects in these

5 groups. Then,

P Concept Problems based on digits.

Misconception Let four numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 be given and we have
to find total number of 4-digit numbers formed by these digits.

Required number of ways = 55

Which is an incorrect solution.

Then, required numbers = 4! [Q4-digit can be arranged

at 4 places]
= 24

Permutations
and Combinations

n
o
i
s
i
v
e
R AP
M

Fundamental Principle of Counting

There are two fundamental principles of
counting which are the base of permutations
and combinations.

Fundamental Principle
of Addition (FPA)
If there are two events such that
they can be performed
independently in m and n ways
respectively, then either of the
two events can be performed in
(m + n ) ways.

Permutations

Combinations

A permutation is an arrangement
in a definite order of a number of
objects taken some or all at a time.

Number of Permutations

Each of the different groups or

selection which can be made by
taking some or all of a number of
things or object at a time
irrespective of their arrangements is
called a combination.

If n and r are positive integers such

that 1 r n, then the number of
permutations of n distinct things taken
n
r at a time is denoted by Pr or P (n, r).
P (n, r) = nPr = n ! , 0 < r n
(n - r)!

The number of combinations of

n distinct objects taken r at a time is
given by

Number of Combinations

n!
Cr =
r ! (n r)!

Fundamental Principle
of Multiplication (FPM)
If an event can occur in m different
ways, following which another
event can occur in n different
ways, then the total number of
occurrence of the events in the
given order is m n .

Factorial Notation
The continued product of first
n natural numbers, is called
the n factorial and is
denoted by n or n ! .
n ! = n (n -1) (n - 2)... 3.2.1
Also, n ! = n (n - 1)!
0!=1
The number of permutations
of n objects, where p1 objects
are of one kind, p2 are of
second kind, ... pk are of kth
kind and the rest if any, are of
different kind is
n!
p1! p2!...pk!

Permutations when all

the Objects are Distinct
The number of permutations of n
different objects taken r at a time,
where 0 r n and the objects do not
repeat is n (n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1),
which is denoted by nPr.

Permutation with
Repetitions
The number of permutations
of n different objects, taken r
at a time when each may be
repeated any number of times
in each arrangement is nr.

Permutations when all

the Objects are not Distinct
The number of permutations
of n objects, where p objects
are of the same kind or
identical and other are
distinct is given by
n!
p!

Difference between
Permutations and
Combinations
The process of selecting objects, is called
combination and that of arranging objects, is called
permutation.
If we have 4 objects A, B, C and D, then possible
selection (or combination) and arrangement (or
permutation) of 3 objects out of 4 are given below,
which help us to understand clearly the difference
between permutations and combinations.
Selection

Arrangement

Combination

Permutation
ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA
ABD, ADB, BAD, BDA, DAB, DBA
ACD, ADC, CAD, CDA, DAC, DCA
BCD, BDC, CBD, CDB, DBC, DCB

ABC
ABD
ACD
BCD
Total
4 Combinations

24 Permutations

Important Results
n

1. Pr = nCr . r !, 0 < r n.
2. nCr = nCn r , 0 < r n.
3. nCr + nCr 1 = n + 1Cr
4. If nCx = nCy , then either
x = y or x + y = n.

10

10 SAMPLE
QUESTION PAPERS
Strictly following the Pattern & Syllabus of CBSE

Sample

Question Paper

(Fully Solved)

Mathematics
A sample question paper for CBSE Class XI
Max. Marks : 100

Time : 3 hrs

General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into three Sections A, B and C. Section A comprises of 6 questions of
1 mark each, Section B comprises of 13 questions of 4 marks each and Section C comprises of 7 questions of 6 marks
each.
3. All questions in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question.
4. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 4 questions of 4 marks each and 2 questions of
6 marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternative in all such questions.
5. Use of calculator is not permitted. You may ask for logarithmic table, if required.

Section A
1. Write all subsets of set A = {f, 1}.
2. Write the real and imaginary parts for the number 28 + -17 .
3. Find the length of median of the DABC from A with vertices A (0, 0, 2), B (0, 6, 0) and C (0, 0, 10).
4. For the following compound statement, write the connecting word
x = 1and x = 4 are the roots of the equation 3 x 2 - x - 10 = 0

5. Find whether the following compound statement is true or false.

Delhi is in England or 2 + 2 = 5.

6. Write the negation of the statement

All the demonstrations are of non-violent nature.

ll

618

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Mathematics Class 11th

Section B
7. Prove that

13. Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural numbers,

sin x + sin 3 x + sin 5 x + sin 7 x

= 4 cos x cos 2 x sin 4 x.

8. Solve the equation 2 cos2 q + 3 sin q = 0.

9. If x + iy =
(x 2 + y 2 )2 =

15. The mean and standard deviation of a group of

100 observations were found to be 20 and 3,
respectively. Later on, it was found that
3 observations were incorrect, which were recorded
as 21, 21 and 18. Find the mean and standard
deviation, if the incorrect observations were omitted.

a +b

c 2 + d2

14. Find the probability of getting one girl in a family of

three children.

a + ib
, then prove that
c + id
2

both of which are larger than 10, such that their sum
is less than 40.

Or

Or

Solve for x C, x - (2 + i) x = 1 - 7 i.

10. A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted

from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how
many ways can this be done? How many of
these committees would consist of 1 man and
2 women?
Identify the value being highlighted in this
question.

11. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from

the point(-2, 3) on the line12 x - 5 y + 13 = 0.

16. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the
points (4, 8, 10) and (6, 10, - 8) is divided by the
YZ-plane.

17. Find the equation of a circle passing through the

points (4, 1) and (6, 5) and whose centre lies on the
line 4 x + y = 16.

18. Solve sin 2 y - sin 4 y + sin 6 y = 0

Or

12. Find the domain and range of the function

f(x) =

What is the probability that in the toss of two dice, we

obtain an even sum or a sum less than 5?

p
p 3

Prove that cos2 x + cos2 x + + cos2 x - =

3
3 2

x -2
.
3-x

19. Find the mean deviation about median for the

Or

If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, B = {7, 9, 11, 13},

C = {11, 13, 15} and D = {15, 17}, then find the
value of ( A D) (B C).

following data
Class Interval 16-20
5
f

21-25
6

26-30
12

31-35
14

36-40
26

41-45
12

46-50
16

51-55
9

Section C
20. Prove that

22. In a survey of 60 students, it was found that

cos a + cos b + cos g + cos (a + b + g)

= 4 cos

a+b
b+g
g+a
.
cos
cos
2
2
2

21. Prove the following using Principle of

Mathematical Induction.
3 2 n + 2 - 8 n - 9 is divisible by 8.
Or

Prove by using Principle of Mathematical

Induction
(2 n + 7) < (n + 3)2 .

25 students stick to the internet. 26 students remain

busy with their mobile and 26 students prefer to read
extra books. 9 students prefer to surf internet and
remain busy with their mobile, 11 students prefer to
surf internet and read extra books, 8 students prefer
to remain busy with their mobile and read extra
books and 3 students are engaged in all three
activities.
(i) In your opinion in which activity a student should
pay more attention?
(ii) How many students surf internet only? Do you
think they are wasting their time?
(iii) Suggest time limit for each activity.

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Sample Question Paper 1

619

23. Find the graphical solution of the system of

inequations, x + 2 y 10, x + y 1, x - y 0, x 0
and y 0.

25.

(i) Evaluate lim

x 0

(ii) Differentiate

Or

The sum of three numbers in GP is 56. If we

subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that order,
we obtain an arithmetic progression. Then, find
the numbers.

1 + 2x - 1 - 2x
.
x
ex - e- x
ex + e- x

with respect to x.

26. If a and b are the roots of x 2 - 3 x + p = 0 and c, d

are the roots of x 2 - 12 x + q = 0, where a, b, c and
d form a GP, then prove that
q + p 17
= .
q - p 15

24. If three consecutive coefficients in the expansion

of(1 + x)n are in the ratio 6 : 33 : 110, then find the
value of n.

Solutions
1.

\ Subset of set A are f, {f}, {1}, {f, 1}.

2.

3.

3x + x

3 x - x
[1]
= 2 sin 4 x 2 cos
cos

C + D
C - D
Qcos C + cos D = 2 cos 2 cos 2

Given, A = {f, 1}

Given, 28 +

-17 =

4 7 +

17 i

[1]
2

[Qi = - 1]

i.e., 2 7 + 17 i

[1/2]

\Real part = 2 7
and imaginary part = 17

[1/2]

\ Length of median,
2

A (0,0,2)

Hence proved.

8.

4.

5.

02 + 32 + 32 =

Given, 2 cos q + 3 sin q = 0

2 (1 - sin2 q) + 3 sin q = 0[Qsin2 q + cos 2 q = 1 ] [1/2]

B
(0,6,0)

C
(0,0,10)

9+ 9=3 2

2 - 2 sin2 q + 3 sin q = 0

2 sin2 q - 3 sin q - 2 = 0

2 sin2 q - 4 sin q + sin q - 2 = 0

2 sin q (sin q - 2 ) + 1 (sin q - 2 ) = 0

AD = (0 - 0) + (3 - 0) + (5 - 2 )
=

[1/2]

Here, the components of the given compound statement are

p x = 1be the root of the equation 3 x2 - x - 10 = 0 and
[1/2]
q x = 4 be the root of the equation 3 x2 - x - 10 = 0.
Thus, the connective word is and, which is used in given
[1/2]
compound statement.

or
\

(sin q - 2 ) (2 sin q + 1) = 0
sin q = 2 (not possible)
1
sin q = 2
1
sin q = 2

Q 2 +2 =45
\The truth value of the given compound statement is False.

[1]

6.
7.

The negation of the given statement is

There exists a demonstration which is of violent nature.

[1]

9.

LHS = sin x + sin 3 x + sin 5 x + sin 7 x

= (sin 7 x + sin x) + (sin 5 x + sin 3 x)
7x + x
7 x - x
= 2 sin
cos

2
2
5x + 3x
5 x - 3 x [1]
+ 2 sin
cos

C + D
C - D

Qsin C + sin D = 2 sin 2 cos 2

= 2 sin 4 x cos 3 x + 2 sin 4 x cos x
= 2 sin 4 x (cos 3 x + cos x)

[1]

= 4 cos x cos 2 x sin 4 x = RHS

Coordinates of mid-point of BC is
0 + 0 6 + 0 0 + 10
,
,
D =

2
2
2
0 6 10
[1/2]
= , , i.e., (0, 3, 5)
2 2 2
2

= 2 sin 4 x [2 cos 2 x cos x]

[1]

We have,

[1]
[Q- 1 sin q 1 ] [1/2]

p
sin q = sin -
6
p
q = np + (-1)n - , n Z
6
p
q = np + (-1)n + 1 , " n Z
6
a + ib
x + iy =
c + id

On taking conjugate both sides, we get

a - ib
x - iy =
\
c - id

Q a + i b =

c
+
id

[1/2]
[1]
[1/2]
...(i)

...(ii) [1]

a + ib
a+ ib
a - ib

=
=
c + id
c - id
c + id

On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

a + ib
a - ib
[1]

( x + iy) ( x - iy) =
c + id
c - id

ll

620

c 2 - i 2d 2
[Q(a + b ) (a - b ) = a2 - b 2 ] [1]

x + y =

a2 + b 2

[Q i = - 1]

On squaring both sides, we get

a2 + b 2
( x 2 + y2 ) 2 = 2
c + d2

[1]

x2 - (2 + i ) x + 7 i - 1 = 0

Given equation is

On comparing it with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get

a = 1, b = - (2 + i ) and c = 7 i - 1
Now, x =

x=
x=

-b

b - 4ac
2a

[1/2]

(2 + i )

(2 + i ) - 4 (7 i - 1)
2 1

2+ i

4 + i 2 + 4i - 4 (7 i - 1)

(2 + i

2
3 + 4i - 28i + 4 )

[1]

2
[Qi 2 = - 1]

x=
x=
=

x=

2+ i

7 - 24i
2

2+ i

x=

2+ i

16 - 9 - 24i
2

16 + 9i 2 - 24i
2

2+ i

(4)2 + (3 i )2 - 2 4 3 i

2+ i

(4 - 3i )2

2
(2 + i ) (4 - 3 i )
=
2
2 + i + (4 - 3i )

x=
2
2 + i - (4 - 3i )
and x =
2
6 - 2i
- 2 + 4i
and x =
x=

2
2

x = 3 - i and x = - 1 + 2 i

10.

Since, the line AB is perpendicular to the given line

12 x - 5 y + 13 = 0.
...(i) [1]
\Equation of AB is 5 x + 12 y + l = 0
Since, it passes through the point
A(-2, 3), then
5 (-2 ) + 12 (3) + l = 0
-10 + 36 + l = 0
\
l = - 26
So, equation of AB is 5 x + 12 y - 26 = 0.

Or
x2 - (2 + i ) x = 1 - 7 i

Given,

11.

c2 + d 2

12.

[1 12]

A (2,3)

B 12x 5y +13=0

12 x - 5 y + 13 = 0

...(ii) [1]
...(iii)

On multiplying Eq. (ii) by 5 and Eq. (iii) by 12 and then adding

both equations, we get
25 x + 144 x - 130 + 156 = 0

169 x + 26 = 0
26
2
[1]
x==\
169
13
On substituting the value of x in Eq. (ii), we get
2
5 - + 12 y - 26 = 0
13
10
12 y = 26 +

13
348
12 y =

13
29
y=
\
13
2 29
So, coordinates of foot of perpendicular are - , .
[1]
13 13
x-2
We have,
f ( x) =
3- x
Domain of f : Clearly, f( x) is defined for all x except 3 - x = 0
i.e., x = 3.
[1 12]
Hence, domain (f ) = R - {3}
Range of f : Let y = f( x)
x-2
y=

3- x

[1]

There are 2 men and 3 women. In order to constitute

a committee of 3 persons, we select 3 persons out of
5 (2 men + 3 women) persons. This can be done in 5 C 3 ways.
So, committee of 3 persons can be formed in
5 4 3!
5!
= 10 ways
= 5C 3 =
=
3! 2 !
3! 2 !

Mathematics Class 11th

The value being highlighted in equality, by including both male

and female in the committee equal importance is given to both
the genders.
[1]

a2 - i 2 b 2

x 2 - i 2 y2 =

ne

[1]

Now, 1 man can be selected out of 2 men in 2 C1 ways and

2 women can be selected from 3 women in 3 C 2 ways.
[1]
Therefore, required number of committees consist of 1 man and
2 women
[1]
= 2C1 3C 2 = 2 3 = 6

3 y - xy = x - 2 xy + x = 3 y + 2
x( y + 1) = 3 y + 2
3y + 2
x=
y+1

Clearly, x assumes real values for all y except y + 1 = 0

i.e., y = - 1.
Hence, range (f ) = R - {-1}

[1]

[1 12]

Or
Given that, A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, B = {7, 9, 11, 13}, C = {11, 13, 15}
and D = {15, 17}
Now, A D = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} {15, 17}
[1 12]
= {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17}
and B C = {7, 9, 11, 13} {11, 13, 15}
[1]
= {7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
\ ( A D) (B C ) = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17} {7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
[1 12]
= {7, 9, 11, 15}