Ecobios - PDF Vol 3

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ADVISORY BOARD
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DR. ASESH DAS

DepartmentofEcology,
AssamUniversity
Silchar:788011,Assam,India.
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PROFESSOR ABHIK GUPTA

DepartmentofEcology&EnvironmentScience
AssamUniversity,Silchar
2
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DR.G.G.MAITI
DepartmentofBotany
UniversityofKalyani
Kalyani:741235,W.B.,India.
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DR.K.K.DAS
DepartmentofStatistics
GauhatiUniversity
Guwahati:781014,Assam,India.
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DR. SAMIRAN CHAKRABORTY

DepartmentofZoology
UniversityofKalyani
Kalyani:741235,W.B.,India.
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DR. M. DUTTA CHOUDHURY

DepartmentofLifeScience
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DR.U.K.MISHRA
Geologist(Sr.)incharge,PalaentologyDivision
GeologicalSurveyofIndia
NorthEasternRegion,Shillong:793003
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DR.N.ROY
DepartmentofEconomics
EDITORIAL BOARD
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DR.B.K.DEV
DepartmentofZoology,KarimganjCollege
Karimganj:788710,Assam,India.
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DR. M. DUTTA CHOUDHURY

DepartmentofLifeScience,
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DR.SUDIPDEY
Scientist-in-charge,ElectronMicroscopeDiv.
SAIF,NEHU,BijniComplex,
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DR.M.K.BHATTACHARYA
N.C.College,Badarpur.
Dist.Karimganj,Assam,India.
PARTHA SARATHI DAS

KarimganjCollege
Karimganj:788710,Assam,India.
CHIEFEDITOR
DR. P. B. MAZUMDER
DepartmentofBotany&Biotechnology
KarimganjCollege,Karimganj:788710,Assam,India.
(:03843-264423 (R); 94350-75765 (M)
e-mail : pbmazumder65@yahoo.co.in
SOCIETY FOR BIOMETRY, ECOLOGY & ECONOMETRICS (BEES)

KARIMGANJ COLLEGE, KARIMGANJ : 788 710, ASSAM, INDIA.
ISSN : 0972-6446
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF Breynia carinata

IN THE UPPER BHUBAN ROCKS OF KOLASIB, MIZORAM, INDIA
BAHARUL I. MAZUMDER, Department of Geology, Karimganj College, Karimganj - 788710,
Assam, India. e-mail : bimazumder@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper records a Spatangoid Breynia carinata dArchiac & Haime, from the calcareous
sandstone bed exposed in a sandstone quarry of Kolasib. The presence of Breynia carinata confirms
the age of the Upper Bhuban as Lower Miocene; it is the first record of the taxon from Northeastern
India.
Key words : Echinoids, Breynia carinata, Bhuban Subgroup, Miocene, India.
INTRODUCTION
The Mizoram State lies in the
easternmost part of India bordered by
Bangladesh to the southeast, west and
northwest; Assam to the north; Manipur to the
northeast; and Myanmar to the east and the
southeast (Figure 1). The Paleogene and the
Neogene sediments of over 5000 mts occupy
the entire Mizoram.
Ram and Venkataraman, 1984, studied
Mizoram and its adjoining Tertiary sequences
based on Landsat Imagery. They recognized
five longitudinal tectonic provinces which are
Tripura-Chittagong Fold Belt, Mizo Fold Belt,
Tiddam-Klangklang Flysch Zone, Arakan-Chin
Axial Belt and Central Burma Molasse Zone.
The Mizo Fold Belt is composed of a series of
longitudinal folds arranged en-echelon. The
anticlines are long, narrow and tight but the
intervening synclines are broad and gentle.
Reversals of plunge are shown along the length
of the structures.
Stratigraphically, the area belongs to

the Bhuban Formation of the Surma Group and
consists of hybrid, intergrading and
interdigitating association of rhythmically
alternating argillaceous and arenaceous beds
(Ganguly, 1975). The subgroup is subdivided
into Lower Bhuban, Middle Bhuban and Upper
Bhuban formations based on sand-shale ratio.
The Upper Bhuban Formation of Kolasib area
shows three beds - from older to younger as
Grey sandstone bed, Calcareous sandstone bed
and Brown silty sandstone bed. Exposed rock
beds of the fossil locality is shown in columnar
section (Figure 2). The general stratigraphic
succession of Mizoram is depicted in Table 1.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Spatangoid communicated in this
paper is of fragmentary nature and collected
along with other taxa from the calcareous
sandstone bed exposed in a sandstone quarry
located between 91 and 92 KM poles of
Table 1.
STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION IN MIZORAM
(Karunakaran, 1974 and Ganju, 1975)
Age
Group
Subgroup
Formation
Generalized lithology
Recent
Alluvium
Silt, clay and gravel
- Unconformity Early Pliocene
Tipam
Friable sandstone with
to late Miocene (+ 900m)
occasional clay bands
- Conformable and transitional contact Miocene
Bokabil
(+ 950m)
Shale, siltstone and

sandstone
Conformable and transitional contact
U
B
Upper
Arenaceous predominating
Bhuban with sandstone, shale
H
(+ 1100m)
and siltstone
to
R
U
Middle
Argillaceous predominating
Bhuban with shale, siltstoneM
B
(+ 3000m)
shale alternations and sandstone
A
Lower
Arenaceous predominating
upper
A
Bhuban
with sandstone and siltyOligocene
N
(+ 900m)
shale
Unconformity obliterated by fault
Oligocene
Barail
Shale, siltstone and
(+ 3000m)
sandstone
Lower contact not seen
Silchar-Kolasib Road, NH-54 (Figure 1).
The specimen is housed in the
Paleontology Section of the Department of
Geology, Karimganj College, Karimganj. It is
prepared for study by soaking in water and
cleaning with needles in order to obtain finer
details.
The classification of Echinoids adopted
here for the purpose of systematics is as

suggested by Feel and Pawson (in Moore, R.
C. et al., 1966).
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION
Class
ECHINOIDEA Leske, 1778
Subclass
PERISCHOECHINOIDEA
MCoy, 1849
Order
SPATANGOIDA Claus, 1876
Suborder
Family
Genus
MICRASTERINA
LOVENIIDAE Lambert, 1905
Breynia Desor, 1847
Type species : Spatangus australasiae Lech,

1815. Recent.
Breynia carinata dArchiac & Haime
(Figure 3)
1854. Breynia carinata dArchiac & Haime :

Description des animaux fossils du
groupe Nummulitique de l Inde. Pl.XV,
fig.4.
Duncan, M. and Sladen, P. The Fossil
Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar. Pal.
Ind. Sr. XIV, Vol. I, Ot.4, p. 66.
Duncan, M. and Sladen, P. Echinoidea
from the Gaj Series of Western Sind.
Ibid., Pt. 3, pp. 299, 343-354.
1930. Breynia cf. carinata dArchiac &
Haime : Ethel D.Currie. The Echinoidea
in the McKinnon Wood Collection,
Kenia Colony. Monog. Geol. Dept.,
Hunterian Museum, Glasgow
University, IV, Pl. XVI, fig. 2, p. 172.
Sahni, M. R. and Sastry, M. V. A. Lower
Miocene (Gaj) Fauna from TravancoreCochin, South India. Jour. Pal. Soc. Ind.
Vol. 3, Pl. 41, fig. 8, pp. 219-223.
1971. Breynia carinata dArchiac and Haime
: Davies, p. 158, fig. 385.

Material : One incomplete specimen, no. K9E/
12, width 43.5mm.
Horizon : Calcareous sandstone bed belongs
to Upper Bhuban Formation.
Remarks : Though the specimen at hand is a
fragment, but the preserved features tally well
with Breynia carinata dArchiac & Haime, GSI
type no. 2790. Hence, no further description is
necessary for its identification.
The species has also been described
from Quilon of Kerala, Sind of Baluchistan,
Kachchh and Kathiawar.
Other fauna from the calcareous sandstone
bed : Along with Breynia carinata dArchiac
& Haime, the following forms are also collected
from the calcareous sandstone bed exposed in
and around Kolasib of Mizoram.
1.
Bivalves : Anadara (Anadara) cf. gourae

Dey, Brachidontes (Austromytilus)
rostratus (Dunker), Pinna (Pinna) cf. rudis
Linn, Pinna (Pinna) n.sp., Atrina cf.
vexillum Born., Atrina n.sp., Chlamys
(Chlamys)
prototranquebaricus
(Vredenburg), Chlamys (Argopecten)
senatoria (Gmelin), Chlamys (Chlamys)
sp., Anomia (Anomia) n.sp. 1, Anomia
(Anomia) n.sp. 2, Placuna (Indoplacuna)
iranica Vredenburg, Limea (Limea)
strigilata (Brocchi), Ostrea papyracea
Noetling, Ostrea protoimbricata
Vredenburg, Ostrea pseudorissensis
Vredenburg, Lucina (Lucina) n.sp.,
Cardita sp., Micromeris (Micromeris) sp.,
Astarte (Ashtarotha) n.sp., Astarte

(Bythiamena) striata eamesi Tiwari MS,
Cardium sp., Acrosterigma (Vasticardium)
ogurai (Otuka), Fragum (Fragum) n.sp.,
Mactra (Eomactra) sp., Tellina
(Arcopaginula) inflata Gmelin, Tellina
(Tellinella) pseudohilli Noetling, Donax
(Hecuba) protoflexuosa Noetling, Callista
(Macrocallista) florida (Lamarck),
Dosinia (Phacosoma) nomurai Otuka,
Dosinia (Phacosoma) pseudoargus
dArchiac & Haime var. gedrosiana
Vredenburg, Clementia (Clementia)
papyracea (Gray), Mercenaria n.sp.,
Timoclea (Timoclea) subspadicea
(Cossmann), ? Fabagella sp.
2.
Gastropods : Turritella narica

Vredenburg, Turritella (Turritella)
bandongensis Martin, Turritella
(Turritella)
pseudobandongensis
Vredenburg,
Archimediella
(Torculoidella) angulata (J. de C.
Sowerby), Natica obscura Sowerby, Ficus
(Ficus) ficus (Linn), Turbinella episoma
(Michelotti), Conus (Dendroconus)
loroisii Kiener.
3.
Scaphopods : Dentalium boettgeri

Noetling.
4.
Crabs : Calappa protopustulosa Noetling,

Ebalia tuberculata Noetling.
5.
Fish teeth.
CONCLUSION
A large number of Tertiary fauna of the

Indo-Pacific province are still surviving. This
clue has been utilized by many workers to

classify the Tertiary strata of the Indo-Pacific
region. Lyell (see Dey, 1962) proposed a
method for subdivision of Tertiary rocks on the
basis of per cent composition of Recent species
in the fossil record. Dall (1904) commented that
Miocene contains from 17 to 20 per cent of
species, which survive up to the Recent. Martin
(see Van Der Vlerk et al., 1931) established
per cent number for the Tertiary faunas of the
Indo-Pacific province which are as follows :
Pliocene
Upper Miocene
Lower Miocene
Eocene
50 to 70 %
20 to 50 %
8 to 20 %
0%
Vredenburg (1921) opined that Upper

and Lower Gaj of Northwestern India (Lower
Miocene) together have 17.30 per cent of
Recent species. Mukerjee (1939) mentioned
that the percent composition of Lower Miocene
molluscan faunas of Myanmar, Western India
and Java varies from 7 to 25 depending on the
horizon, facies and generic constitution. He
worked out 21 per cent composition of Recent
molluscs for Lower Miocene sediments of Garo
Hills, Meghalaya.
In the calcareous sandstone bed of
Kolasib area forty-five molluscan forms are
recorded. Out of which, nine forms range up to
the Recent and constitute 20 percent. This
figure fits in the Martins table of percent
composition for the Lower Miocene, as well
as, tally closely with Mukerjees (1939) view
on Garo Hills.
The Lower Miocene age for the
calcareous sandstone bed can also be

substantiated by the presence of Breynia
carinata which is an AquitanianBurdigalian form.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is exceedingly thankful to
Prof. R. P. Kachhara, Department of Geology,
Nagaland University, Kohima and Prof. R. P.
Tiwari, Department of Geology, Mizoran
University, Aizawl to show the way of
Paleontology. Dr. R. Chakraborty, Principal of
Karimganj College, Karimganj is highly
acknowledged for his co-operation and
providing required facilities for this task. The
author is considerably benefited from the
suggestions of the reviewer. Financial support
from UGC-NER, Guwahati (grant no. F. 5-68/
98 (MRP/NER), dated 24.03.98) is gratefully
acknowledged.
Ganguly, S. (1975) : Tectonic Evolution of

Mizo Hills. Bull. Geol. Min. Met. Soc. Ind.,
48 : 28 40.
Ganju, J. L. (1975) : Geology of Mizoram.
Bulletin of the Geological Mining and
Metallurgical Society of India, 48 : 17 26.
Jain, R. L. (1997) : A Study of Miocene
Mollusca from Jamnagar District, Gujarat.
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, M. L. Sukhadia
Univ., I & II.
Karunakaran, C. (1974) : Geology and mineral
resources of the states of India. Part IV Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and
Tripura. Misc. Publ. Geol. Surv. Ind., 30 :
5 124.
Mukerjee, P. N. (1939) : The fossil fauna of
the Tertiary of the Garo Hills, Meghalaya.
Pal. Indica. N.S., 28 : 1101.
REFERENCES
Noetling, F. (1901) : Marine fauna of Burma.

Memoir, Pal. Indica, 1(3) : 1378.
Dall, W. H. (1904) : Relation of the Miocene

of Maryland to that of other regions and
to the Recent Fauna. Maryland Geol.
Surv., Miocene : 139 135.
Nakagawa, T. (1988) : Miocene Molluscan

Fauna and Paleoenvironment in the Niu
Mountains, Fukui Prefecture, Central
Japan. Science Reports, 19 : 61185.
Dey, A. K. (1962) : The Miocene mollusca from

Quilon, Kerala, India. Mem. Pal. India,
N.S., 36 : 1119.
Ram, J. and Venkataraman, B. (1984) : Tectonic

framework and hydrocarbon prospects of
Mizoram. Petroleum Asia Journal, II :
6065.
Fell, H. B. and Pawson D. L. (1966) : In Moore

R. C. (eds.). Treatise on Invertebrate
Paleontology, Pt. U. Echinodermata 3(2)
: U 612-U 613. Geol. Soc. America and
Univ. of Kansas.
Sahni, M. R. and Sastry, M. V. A. (1958) :

Lower Miocene (Gaj) fauna from
Travancore-Cochin, South India. Journal
of the Paleontological Society of India, 3 :
219 223.
Srivastava, D. K. (1988) : Tertiary Echinoids
of India A review. Geol. Surv. India, Spl.
Publ., 11 : 147 162.
Tiwari, R. P. (1992) : Paleontological and
biostratigraphical studies of the Surma
Group of rocks around Aizawl and Lunglei, Mizoram, India. Unpublished
Ph.D.Thesis, Gauhati University, 347 p.
Tiwari, R. P., Kachhara, R. P. (2000) : Two new
species of Apolymetis (Bivalvia :
Tellinidae) from the Miocene of Mizoram,

India. Tertiary Research, 20 (1-4) : 79 84.
Van Der Vlerk, I. M. (1931) : Caenozoic
Amphineura, Gastropoda, Lamellibranchiata, Scaphopoda. Leidsche
Geologische Mededeelingen, V :
206 296.
Vredenburg, E. W. (1921) : Note on the Marine
Fossils Collected by Mr. Pinfold in the
Garo Hills. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., 51(3) :
303 337.
*FossilLocality
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ Brownsilty
~ ~ ~ sandstone
~ ~ ~
~
. . .~
. . ~. .
~
. . .~. . ~. .
. . . . . . . Calcareous
.......
. . . . . . . sandstone
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
. . . . . . . Grey
.......
. . . . . . . sandstone
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
Echinoid
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
Scalebar
.......
equals1m.
.......
.......
Figure2.:Columnarsectionofthefossillocality.
UPPER
K9/E
1
2
BHUBAN
FORMATION
Figure3.Oralview,x1.
Breyniacarinata Duncan&Sladen.
ISSN : 0972-6446
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND A KEY TO

SPECIES OF ORASEMA CAMERON
( HYMENOPTERA : EUCHARITIDAE ) FROM INDIA
T. C. NARENDRAN and P. GIRISH KUMAR, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Department
of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala 673 635, India.
ABSTRACT
A new species of Orasema viz., O. delhiensis Narendran and Girishkumar sp. nov. is
described and illustrated from India. Affinities of the species with its closest relative is discussed.
Key words : Orasema, new species, Eucharitidae, India.
INTRODUCTION
Cameron (1884) established the genus
Orasema based on the type species Orasema
stramineipes Cameron. The genus Orasema is
the most speciose of the orasemine genera, with
possibly more than 100 species throughout the
world, of which 16 valid species are found in
the Old World (Heraty, 1994). The genus is
distributed throughout the Nearctic,
Neotropical, Ethiopian, Indo-Pacific and
Australian regions. Kerrich (1963) described
two species from Indian Subcontinent. Heraty
(1994) described species of Orasema in the Old
World in detail. In this paper a new species is
described and compared with its nearest
relative.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

The specimens were collected by using
triangular sweepnet specially made for the
purpose. The observations were made using
MZ6 Leica Stereozoom (Switzerland made)
microscope. The figures were drawn using the

drawing tube of Leica microscope and enlarged
using KB enlarger of the model B2M. The type
specimens are deposited in the TCN collections,
Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
Department of Zoology, University of Calicut
(DZCU).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Orasema delhiensis sp. nov.
(Figs. 1 6)
Holotype : Female Length 3.16 mm. Head,
mesosoma and petiole brownish black with
slight metallic green reflections, gaster brown;
scape and pedicel yellowish brown, remaining
parts of antenna brown; eyes pale brown; ocelli
pale yellowish white; clypeus blackish brown;
mandible yellowish brown; all coxae dark
brown, all femora brown except at apices
brownish yellow, remaining parts of legs
brownish yellow; claws and tegula brown;
venation pale brown, wings hyaline.
Head (Figs. 1, 2 and 4) : Slightly transverse

with large eyes; 1.38x as broad as high; 1.55 x
as broad as mesosoma; lateral ocellus separated
from occipital margin by less than its own
diameter; LOL 0.94 x OOL; face relatively flat;
scrobal depression shallow; face and vertex
finely reticulate, reticulations smaller towards
supraclypeal and clypeal margins; temple broad
and reticulate; dorsal occipital margin sharp and
extends lateral to eye margin; eye separated by
1.71x their height; malar space equal to height
of eye; upper part of supraclypeal area reticulogranulate, lower part granulate; upper part of
clypeus granulate, lower part smooth; clypeus
and supraclypeal area slightly swollen, tentorial
pits deep, lateral margin of clypeus deeply
impressed, frontogenal sulcus converging to
inner margin of torulus; antenna (Fig. 3) 11
segmented, scape cylindrical, reaching 0.73x
distance to median ocelli; pedicel subconate,
anellus present; flagellum 0.97x height of head;
Multiporous plate sensillum numerous; First
funicular segment 0.4x as long as scape, 1.14x
as long as broad; clava ovate, slightly longer
than preceding 2 segments (1.18x).
Mesosoma (Figs. 1 and 4) : With dorsum
completely and finely reticulate including
scutellum and axilla; mesoscutum with midlobe
subtriangular with anterior margin slightly
rounded; notauli broad and deeply impressed;
scutoscutellar sulcus foveate; scutellum longer
than broad (1.42x), widely separated at base
from transcutal articulation; frenal line forming
narrow band dorsally; frenal area finely
reticulate with posteriorly rugose; axillula with
faint minute reticulations; post spiracular
furrow broad and reticulated (Fig. 5), callus

swollen, almost faintly reticulated with
ventrally glabrate, with small callar nib; upper
mesepimeron glabrate, ventrally with faint
reticulations; lower mesepimeron and
mesepisternum finely reticulate; transepimeral
sulcus shallow foveate; femoral groove
obscure; prepectus triangular and reticulate;
pronotum finely reticulate even dorsally,
without any prominence. All coxae reticulate;
mid coxa without midventral sulcus; hind femur
glabrate. Forewing 1.48x as long as mesosoma;
2.78x as long as broad (Fig. 1); basal area and
speculum bare; costal cell bare; disc moderately
setose; stigmal vein narrow, 2.25x as long as
broad, perpendicular to wing margin; post
marginal vein indistinct, 0.77x as long as
stigmal vein.
Metasoma (Fig. 1) : With petiole as long as
hind coxa, 0.76x as long as propodeum, slightly
oval shaped in cross section, 2.36x as long as
broad, weakly rugose; first gastral tergite 1.69x
as long as hind femur, glabrate; first gastral
sternite with constriction sharp laterally.
Ovipositor (Fig. 6) with second valvula
subequal to first valvula in length, broad and
glabrous with several strong teeth (below 10)
along lateral margins, connected dorsally by
weak transverse ridges.
Male : Unknown.
Host : Unknown.
Holotype : Female, INDIA, New Delhi, near
Saptharjung airport. Coll. K. Surekha. 24.xi.
1990 (DZCU). Reg. No. GK 11.
Paratype : 1 Female, same data of holotype

(DZUC) Reg. No. GK 12.
along lateral margin).

KEY TO SPECIES OF
ORASEMA CAMERON OF INDIA
(Modified from Heraty, 1994)
Etymology : The species name is after New

Delhi, the place from where the specimens are
collected.
1.
Propodeal disc weakly sculptured; head

1.2 1.3 x as broad as high, with eye of
moderate size; mesoscutum rounded to
sharply angled anteriorly; hind coxa
weakly coriaceous basally to glabrous
apically .................................................
.................................. O. initiator Kerrich
Propodeal disc reticulate; head 1.3-1.4x

as broad as high, with eye large;
mesoscutum broadly rounded in dorsal
view; hind coxa reticulate .................... 2
2.
Body length 1.5-1.9 mm; lateral ocellus

almost touching occipital margin; LOL
1.4 1.9 x OOL; flagellum 1.2-1.4x height
of head; first gastral tergite 0.8-1x as long
as hind femur; second valvula of
ovipositor with more than 10 strong teeth
along lateral margin ..............................
............................... O. assectator Kerich
Body length 3.16 mm; lateral ocellus

separated from occipital margin by less
than its own diameter; LOL 0.94x OOL;
flagellum 0.97x height of head; first
gastral tergite 1.69x as long as hind femur;
second valvula of ovipositor with less than
10 strong teeth along lateral margin
............................................ O. delhiensis
sp. nov.
DISCUSSION
This new species comes under the
Orasema assectator-group with face
completely reticulate, propodeal disc evenly
reticulate, lower mesepimeron reticulate,
petiole of female 0.8-1.5x as long as hind coxa,
first valvula with 7-10 lateral teeth, mid coxa
without midventral sulcus. It comes near to
the Indian species Orasema assectator Kerrich
in the key to species by Heraty (2004) in having
propodeal disc reticulate, head 1.38x as broad
as high, with eye large, mesocutum rounded in
dorsal view and hind coxa reticulate.
However, it differs from O. assectator
in having : Body length 3.16 mm (in O.
assectator body length 1.5-1.9 mm); Lateral
ocellus separated from occipital margin by less
than its own diameter (in O. assectator lateral
ocellus almost touching occipital margin); LOL
0.94x OOL (in O. assectator LOL 1.4 1.9 x
OOL); Flagellum 0.7x height of head (in O.
assectator 1.2 1.4x height of head); First
gastral tergite. 1.69x as long as hind femur (in
O. assectator first gastral tergite 0.8 1x as
long as hind femur) and Second valvula of
ovipositor with less than 10 strong teeth along
lateral margin (in O. assectator second valvula
of ovipositor with more than 10 strong teeth
REFERENCES
Heraty, J.M. (1994) : Classification and

evolution of the Oraseminae in the Old
World, with revisions of two closely
related genera of Eucharitinae
(Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Life Sci.
Contr. ROM 157 : 174 pages.
Cameron, P. (1884) : Hymenoptera (Families

Tenthredinidae Chrysididae). In
Goodman, F.D., and Salvin, D., Biol.
Centr. Amer. Ins. Hym. London: Taylor and
Francis. 1 : 1 487 + 20 pls.
Kerrich, G.J. (1963) : Descriptions of two

species of Eucharitidae damaging tea, with
comparative notes on other species
(Hymenotpera: Chalcidoidea). Bull. Ent.
Res. 54; 365 371.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the University of
Calicut for facilities to do this work.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Figs. 1 6. Orasema delhiensis sp. nov. Female.
(1) Body profile ; (2) Head front view ; (3) Antenna ; (4) Head and
Mesosoma dorsal view ; (5) Propodeum dorsal view ; (6) Ovipositor.
ISSN : 0972-6446
ROLE OF EXOTIC WEEDS IN FALLOW VEGETATION

OF KARBI ANGLONG DISTRICT, ASSAM
JASBIR SINGH and KUNTALA N. BARUA, Shifting Cultivation Division, Rain Forest
Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam.
ABSTRACT
During secondary succession after jhum, the exotic weed plays a major role in the fallow
communities. Thirty alien weed species belonging to sixteen families and twentyeight genera of
angiospermic taxa are here reported from early successional fallow vegetation of Karbi Anglong
district, Assam. Majority of the species migrated from America. Amongst the exotic weeds
Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara are the most dominant and noxious under jhum system.
Herbaceous plants occupied 0 to 2 nd year fallows and highest contributions are from Ageratum
houstonianum and Paspalum conjugatum. Chamaephytes are the dominant life form group followed
by phanerophytes. Production of biomass of such species is also remarkably high. They had
maximum degree of adaptability and formed large colonies under short jhum fallow vegetation as
naturalized weeds, which made the land unsuitable for cultivation. Both vegetative and sexual
reproductive potentiality of all the early successional exotic species may result of heavy recruitment.
Since all these invasive exotic species were light demanding species their aggressiveness gradually
reduced with the increase in the succession where some of the broad-leaved tree species comes
out it in to the vegetation.
Key words : Exotic weeds, Jhum fallow, Succession, Karbi Anglong.
INTRODUCTION
Shifting cultivation is the most primitive food production system and widely prevalent in hilly regions of Assam and continues to
be the mainstay of economy of the hill people.
During the slash and burn practice, the clear
felling of forest and burning of debris for cultivation makes a big shock to the total ecosystem. It causes severe deterioration and destabilization to the indigenous vegetation and opportunities to invasion of early colonizing
weedy species. A progressive reduction in species diversity noticed by Ramakrishnan (1992)
in early successional stages of jhum system.

Invader species are prominent in disturbed sites
and the human disturbance of slash and burn
operation gives chances to invade such species
in the hilly tracts. A study was conducted in
Karbi Anglong district of Assam to identify the
exotic flora by highlighting their base land and
contribution to the slash and burn fallow system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Description of the site : Karbi Anglong, the
autonomous hill district covered more than 65

percent of shifting cultivation areas in Assam
(Prasad 2001). According to State of Forest
Report (Ann. 1999) the cumulative area affected by shifting cultivation in Assam was 0.33
million hac (data from 1987 to 1997). An extensive floristic survey was conducted in
Silonijan of Karbi Anglong district lies between
25o50 N latitude and 93o30 E longitude of below 100 m elevations. The climate is monsoonic
and is receiving nearly 1200 mm. rainfall annually. Soil is old alluvial and laterite types with
pH ranges from 5.2 to 6.5.
Vegetation study was done in
physiogra-phically homogenous shifting cultivation fallows of 0 to 4 year during the period
from 1997 to 2000. Survey was carried out in
10 randomly located plots of 5m x 5 m for
shrubs and 1m x 1m for herbs. Importance
Value Index (IVI) were calculated by following Misra (1968). Study on biomass production was taken by harvest method and samples
were collected from 1m x 1m plot size at a seasonal interval.

Altogether thirty alien weedy species
were recorded during the study (Table-1). It
contributes 22.39 % of the total weed composition of the fallow vegetation. Herbaceous species are maximum in number and are found to
be more in 0 year fallow and declined gradually (Table-2). Monocotyledon was represented
by Poaceae and Cyperaceae (Table-3) with as
many as five numbers of species (16.67 %). The
determined values for the monocot to dicot ratio of species, genera and families were 1: 5,
1:6 and 1:7 respectively. Dicotyledonous community composed of eight polypetalous, fourteen gamopetalous and three monochlamydous
taxa of species rank (Table-3) and with different percent partition. Exotic species strength is
markedly reduce at the age of the fallow
(Fig.-1). Majority of the species belongs to the
life form of Chamaephytes followed by
Phenerophytes. Therophytes and Cryptophytes
are very poorly represented. Amosgst the exotic weeds that have expressed highest
dominancy to the slash and burn system are
Chromolaena adorata, Lantana camara,
Mikania micrantha, Paspalum conjugatum,
Ageratum houstonia-num etc. C. odorata native to Central America is one of the pioneer
exotic weeds of early successional phase. Regrowth from rootstock, higher rate of seed production and the rapid colonizing ability all together make a serious problem after burning
and initial fallow stage (Roder, et al., 1995).
Survivability of this species is markedly reduced with increase in the age of the fallow
and its population is gradually replaced by another noxious exotic prickly invasive shrub L.
camara which is also a native of Central
America. Yadav and Tripathi (1999) had also
pointed but that the population of C. odorata
begins to decline after six years in a secondary
successional community. Bhaskara Nair (1967)
and Singh et al. (2003) reported that L. camara
forms dense thickets and deteriorates the original forest vegetation with its competition.
M. micrantha a fast growing problematic annual climber cum creeper introduced
from Central and South America has drawn first

attention as a threat to forestry and agriculture
in the North-east regions of India especially in
Assam (Choudhury, 1972). Amongst the early
successional alien weeds C. odorata and M.
micrantha are the most ruderal weeds and are
dominated within the communities (Ramakrishnan, 1992; Swamy and Ramakrishnan, 1987).
These early successional weeds with their
vegertative as well as sexual reproductive potentialities from gregarious and impenetrable
thickets, which show rapid depletion of natural as well as indigenous vegetation. However,
the intensity of these weeds gradually is declined because of many causes including decreased reproductive potentialities, biological
suppression as well as increased competition
for available natural resources. This situation
is also reported by Kushwaha et al. (1981);
Ramakrishnan (1992) that the early colonizing
weeds contributed rapid degradation of land and
shortening of cropping period.
Present investigation has showed the
highest IVI values in L. camara followed by C.
dodrata, A. houstonianum and M. micrantha
(Table-1). The study is also revealed that the
majority of the dominant exotic weeds was migrated from America and had adapted in slash
and burn sites as goos as naturalized species.
Large numbers of other weeds were introduced
from different places such as Europe, Australia, Eastern Asia and Eurasia. The accumulation of biomass of these exotic weeds is gradually increased upto 4 years of fallow and maximum is recorded in summer season. Biomass
increment of grassy alien weeds is decreased
signif icantly with the age of fallow. The
average biomass production by these plant species is shown in Table-1. Alien invasive weeds
mostly the L. camara, C. odorata, A.
houstonianum and M. micrantha are so well
adapted in the hill ecosystem of Assam, that
these species become a part of jhum agriculture. Rapid utilizations of nutrients and other
resources during the first few years, these exotic weeds get themselves established helping
one or other way for the rehabilitation of ecosystems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Dr. K. G.
Prasad, Director of RFRI, Jorhat for providing
facilities and encouragements.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (1999) : State of Forest Report
Survey of India (Ministry of Environment
and Forest), Dehra Dun.
Bhaskaran Nair, V. K. (1967) : Mikania cordata
B. L. Robin an alien new to south India
Rubb. Board Bull. 9 : 2829.
Choudhury, A. K. (1972) : Controversial
Mikania (climber) a threat to the forest
and agriculture. Ind. For. 18 : 178186.
Kushwaha, S. P. S., Ramakrishnan, P. S. and
Tripathi R. S. (1981) : Population
dynamics of Eupatorium odoratum in
successional environments following slash
and burn agriculture. J. Appl. Ecol. 18 :
529535.
Misra, R. (1968) : Ecology Work Book. Oxford

and IBH. New Delhi; pp. 244.
Prasad, K. G. (2001) : Integrated Approach to
Shifting Cultivation Case studies. RFRI,
Jorhat, Assam. (ICFRE, Dehra Dun).
Singh J; Barua K. N. and Das, N. (2003) :

Chromolaena odorata and Lantana
camara in slash and burn fallow system
of North-East India. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 35 (3
& 4) : 302304.
Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1992) : Shifting agriculture and sustainable development : An

interdisciplinary study from North East
India. UNESCO-MAB, Series, Paris,
Parthenen Publ. Carnforth, Lancaster,
U.K.
Swamy, P. S. and Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1987) :

Contribution of Mikania micrantha
H.B.K., during secondary succession
following slash and burn agriculture
(Jhum) in North East India. 1. Biomass,
litterfall and productivity. Forest Ecol.
Manage 22 : 239249.
Roder, W; Phengchanh, S., Keoboualapha B.,

and Maniphone, S. (1995) : Chromolaena
odorata in slash and burn rice systems of
Northern Laos. Agrofor. Syst. 31 : 7992.
Yadav, A. S. and Tripathi, R. S. (1999) : Studies

on the demography of Eupatorium
odoratum in a secondary successional
community. Trop. Ecol. 40 (2) : 269273.
Species strength
Fig-1
Species strength from different fallow age
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Total
Exotic
0 year
1st
year
2nd
year
Year
3rd
year
4th
year
HCry : Hemicryptophytes,
Cha : Chamaephytes,
Life
form
Achyranthus aspera L.
HCry
Ageratum houstonianum Mill.
Cha
Bidens pilosa L.
Cha
Cassia tora L.
Ph
Chromolaena odorota (L.) King & Rob.
Cha
Crasocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) Moor. Ph
Cuphea balsamana Vh. & schl.
Cha
Desmodium triflorum D.C.
Cha
Digitaria ciliaris Pers.
HCry
Euphorbia hirta L.
Cha
Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forsk.) Bub.
Thr
Fimbristylis griffithii Boeck.
Cha
Hadyotis auricularia (L.) Muell.
Cha
Lantana camara L.
Ph
Lantana indica Rlxb.
Ph
Macardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small.
Cry
Melastoma malabathricum L.
Ph
Mikania micrantha Kunth.
HCry
Mimosa pidica L.
Cha
Oxalis corniculata L.
HCry
Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
HCry
Phyllanthus fraternus Webster
Thr
Scoparia dulcis L.
Cha
Setaria pumila Schult.
HCry
Sida rhombifolia var. retusa L.
Cha
Solanum torvum Sw.
Ph
Socnchus arvensis L.
Thr
Spilanthes paniculata DC.
HCry
Urena lobata L.
Cha
Vernonia cinerea Less.
Cha
Name of the species
Ph : Phanerophytes,
Biomass
(Kg/ha)
0.44
88.70
15.07
2.10
3050.36
0.39
1.01
2.18
1.67
40.04
2.35
27.49
3.36
6984.11
80.90
1.44
8.91
192.33
17.73
1.97
65.53
0.61
6.23
3.11
12.95
702.47
3.06
3.45
5.52
0.32
0
1 st
2.08
33.15
3.26
7.10
8.22
4.34
24.09
4.40
1.74
31.01
2.28
1.55
23.16
2.05
2.15
14.23
5.86
1.01
22.90
1.11
9.56
5.39
17.48
3.76
2.00
4.12
154.50 138.60
3.42
4.01
7.59
96.06
4 th
IVI (Year)
2 nd
3 rd
0.84
62.62
11.48
0.91
1.99
1.02
114.40
81.12
26.64 38.02
5.49
1.54
1.75
1.00
23.3 140.40
3.17
2.06
1.26
3.57
72.78
3.99
1.97
4.66
2.68
32.73
6.80
10.94
7.11
0.06
32.76 104.00 114.20
4.56
1.74
17.44
8.84
5.83 38.81
5.52 13.60
5.76
35.65
6.26
2.86 26.28 29.88
12.58
1.68
1.48
4.83
2.58
4.12 10.46
6.12
18.11 21.58
2.29
1.01
Cry : Cryptophytes.
Amaranthaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Lyrthaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Rubiaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Melastomaceae
Asteraceae
Mimosaceae
Oxalidaceae
Poaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Poaceae
Malvaceae
Solanaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Malvaceae
Asteraceae
Family
Thr : Therophytes,
Trop. America
Mexico
America
South America
Latin America
Trop. America
Europe
Tropics
Pantropics
Pantropics
Europe, Austria
Australia, Trop. America
Pantropic
Latin America
South America
Trop. America
Eastern Asia
Central, South America
Brazil
Pantropic
Africa
Trop. Australia
South America
Eurasia
Pantropic
Trop. America
Europe
Trop. America
Pantropic
Pantropic
Native place
Table - 1 : Dominant exotic weed species occurring in jhum fallows at Silonijan, Karbi Anglong.
Table - 2
EXOTIC SPECIES STRENGTH OF ABANDONED JHUM FALLOWS
AT SILONIJAN, KARBI ANGLONG.
Species
contribution
0
year
1st
year
2nd
year
3rd
year
4th
year
(i) Grass and Sedge
8.33
4.00
3.79
3.79
3.75
(ii) Herb
12
20.00
12.00
8.86
8.86
6.25
(iii) Shrub
6.67
6.67
6.33
6.33
5.00
B. Total Species
60
A. Exotic species
75
79
79
80
Table - 3
DIFFERENT PLANT GROUPS IN JHUM FALLOW VEGETATION
AT SOLINIJAN, KARBI ANGLONG.
1.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2.
Groups
Families
Dycotyledons
Polypetalae
Gamopetalae
Monochlamydae
Monocotyledons
14
7
5
2
2
Total groups
16
%
partition
43.75
31.25
12.50
12.50
Genera
24
8
13
3
4
28
%
partition
28.57
46.43
10.71
14.29
Species
25
8
14
3
5
30
%
partition
26.67
46.67
10.00
16.67
ISSN : 0972-6446
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR COMPARING THE FACILITIES

PROVIDED IN VARIOUS MUNICIPAL WARDS OF KARIMGANJ TOWN
DIBYOJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE 1 and BEDOJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE 2
ABSTRACT
The paper aims at developing a mathematical model to compare several municipal wards
of Karimganj Town in terms of the facilities provided by the local self governing authorities. The
several attributes are weighted and then a procedure of combining them into one single index is
discussed. To check the model, the researchers, as a case study, compared some wards of Karimganj
town under the local municipal board.
Key words : Delphi method, Comparing Index, Mathematical Models.
INTRODUCTION
When we are to compare two or more
objects based on multiple attributes it is often
a hard task to perform. This is because one
object may lead in some of the attributes but
trails behind in case of the others. Also the various attributes are not equally important and the
attributes, if measurable are in various units of
measurement. Ecologists, Economists and Social Scientists face a number of situations in
which such type of comparision becomes essential. For example, comparing several paddy
fields in a geographical region based on certain ecological and environmental attributes,
comparing the all round performance of colleges of a city etc. In this paper we develop a
model to make such a comparison possible.
Jacoby (1998) and Sinha (2003) dealt with
similar problems of comparison.
Here, we decided to compare some

selected municipal wards of Karimganj town.
Karimganj town is the district headquarters of
Karimganj District of South Assam, India. The
town is located at 240529 N latitude and 920209
E longitude. The municipal area of the town is
6.09 square kilometers with a total population
52613 according to the 2001 census. This
means that the town is quiet densely populated
with a population density of 8693.2 persons per
sq. km. The town is divided into twenty seven
(27) municipal wards.
The municipal corporation of municipality is an urban local body where the members are directly elected for a term of five years.
The 74th amendment of the Indian constitution
in 1992 provided these bodies with
constitutional status and hence enhancing the
powers, functions and authority. Some of the
Lecturer, Department of Statistics, G. C. College, Silchar, Assam, India. Ph. 9435170253,

e-mail : lecturer_dibyo@yahoo.com
Data Base Developer, The Princeton Review, N. Delhi - 68. Ph : 919891609678, e-mail :
bedojyoti @manyagroup.com
functions of these bodies are town planning, maintenance of roads and bridges, water supply for
domestic and commercial purposes, sanitation conservancy, solid waste management, keeping
records of births and deaths, making public announcements of important local and national incidents etc. It is generally seen that some of these functions are been taken care of (if not all) but at
varying rates in the various wards of any town.
METHODOLOGY
In this paper a selection of 9 wards from the 27 wards of Karimganj town is made and a
model is developed so that one can find out which ward is relettively well maintained compared
to the other wards. The comparision is based on five attributes (here considered as parameters of
the comparision) only. They are :
(i)
Drainage : Measured in terms of length of the drain in kilometers.
(ii) Water tap : Measured in terms of availability of water tap per thousand persons.
(iii) Dustbin : Measured in terms of availability of dustbin per thousand persons.
(iv) Mike : For making public announcements measures in terms of number of mikes per thousand population.
(v)
Dustbin Clearance : Measured by frequency of dustbin clearance per month, the information about which is collected from people whose residence are in proximity to such public
dustbins.
It may be noted that no claim is made by the researchers regarding the validity of the
attributes under consideration. These parameters are chosen only because of the availability of
data. Also to avoid complexity of calculations we select only nine (9) wards out of total of twenty
seven (27) wards. This is because the purpose of the paper is to establish the model only, and the
data is just to work as an arithmatical support to the model.
Mathematical Model
Let
xij = Value of the j th attribute in the i th ward.
So,
i = 1, 2, ........ , 9 (as only nine wards are selected for comparison) and
j = 1, 2, ........ , 5 (as only five attributes are used as parameters for comparing the wards).
Now, it may be noted that the values x ij are having different units and also their ranges are
known to vary. Thus, in order to make x ij unit free and also to make the figures comparable we
make the following transformation :
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
(2.1.1)
Let wj be the weight corresponding to the j th attribute under consideration. The procedure
of weighing is discussed in the subsequent section. The sum of weight over all the attributes is
equal to 100 i.e.
Now, Si be the Primary Index of the i th ward. So,
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
(2.1.2)
where, Wj is the weight of the j th unit under consideration.

Next, we define Di and D i such that,
Di = max (Si ) Si and D i = Si min (Si )
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
(2.1.3)
Now, for the i th ward, smaller the value of Di the better it is; because these means the
Primary Index (Si ) of the i th ward is closer to the maximum Primary Index. Similarly, for a reasonably well maintained ward the value of D i will be high, because a higher value of D i implies that
the Primary Index (Si ) of that ward is much more than the minimum Primary Index. The values of
Di and D i are than combines to get the Final Index.
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
(2.1.4)
It may be noted that the final score will be a real number lying between 0 to 100. The best
ward will get a score of 100 and the worst one gets a score 0. The conversion primary scores to the
final scores is necessary as this makes the range of score lying between 0 and 100.
Weighting the Attributes
Here we use the Delphi method for determining the weights of the attributes under consideration. The technique put forward by Linstone and Tureff (1975) is used to provide an inside
into the values of optimal behavious of people in the absence of appropriate data. Here the researchers selected twenty five (25) individuals from various walks of life starting from housewives to administrators and from manual workers to doctors/engineers of Karimganj town. They
were asked to weigh the five attributes under consideration viz., drainage, public tap, mike, distbin
and rate of dustbin clearance per month. The weights were averaged and were reported to each of
the individuals with a request of changing the weights if they want to, in the light of the averages
obtained. This was continued for the third time as after that the values become almost stable.
The weights of the attributes (wi ) thus obtained were :

Drainage
Public Tap
Mike
Dustbin
Rate of Dustbin
Clearance
22.76
29.16
22.75
8.5
16.83
DATA, CALCULATION AND RESULT.

Selection of Wards and Data Collection .
There are 27 wards in Karimganj town from which 9 were selected for study. The selection was purposive and wards at regular intervals were considered. The following wards were
considered i.e., ward number : 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 and 25. The population in the selected
wards was obtained from the Office of the Deputy Director of Economics and Statistics,
Karimganj. The other information was collected by the researchers on visiting those wards personally and questioning the residents of the wards. The data obtained in displayed in the following table (Table 3.1).
Table 3.1
DATA RELEATED TO POPULATION, DRAINS, DUSTBINS ETC.
IN SOME SELECTED WARDS OF KARIMGANJ TOWN
Population
Ward No. (2001 Census)
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
2602
1325
2211
867
2090
1535
128
1299
1725
Rate of
Length of No. of Public
No. of
No. of
dustbin
Drains
water tap per dustbin per
Mike per
clearance
in Kms.
1000 persons 1000 persons 1000 persons per month
2
1.75
3
1.5
2
1.75
0.5
2
1.5
1.54
2.26
1.81
2.31
0.96
2.61
7.81
1.54
0.58
0.77
1.51
0.45
1.15
0.48
1.30
7.81
1.54
0.58
0.38
1.51
0.45
0
0.48
0
0
2.31
1.16
4
5
3
3
4
3
2
1
4
Based on equation (2.1.1) the data in column number 3 to 7 are transformed, and necessary calculations are done to obtain the Primary Index, Di and D i and the Final Index is calculated.
The values of which are shown in Table 3.2.
From the values of the Final Index (Fi ) we find that ward number 19 is the best amongst
those subjected to comparison followed by ward number 4.
Table 3.2
CALCULATED VALUES OF PRIMARY INDEX Di and Di 9 AND
THE FINAL INDEX FOR THE VARIOUS WARDS
Ward No.
Primary
Index
( Si )
Di
= max (Si ) S i
Di
= max (Si ) S i
Final
Index
( Fi )
0.33
55.79
0.00
43.83
12.29
43.50
77.97
37.80
18.32
37.47
67.16
10
26.66
29.46
26.33
47.19
13
29.65
26.47
29.32
52.55
16
30.60
25.52
30.27
54.26
19
56.12
0.00
55.79
100
22
29.39
26.73
29.06
52.09
25
26.39
29.73
26.06
46.72
CONCLUSION
Though this model is used here to
compare some municipal wards of a particular town only but this can be used as a yard
stick for comparing several objects having
multiple attributes embedded in it, for example several departments of a college/university, living conditions of people in various cities of a country, environmental conditions of various water bodies in a particular geographical area, various software packages that are build for identical purpose and
so on. The attributes that act as parameters
for comparison can be increased or decreased
based on the importance of the attribute,
availability of data and desire of the user.

REFERENCES
Linstone, H. A. and Tureff, M. (1975) : The
Delphi Method. Addison Wesley,
Reading, Mass.
Jacoby, W. G. (1998) : Statistical Graphics for
Visualizing Multivariate Data. Sage
Publications. London.
Sinha, B. K. (2003) : Using meta analysis for
combining categorial indices. Paper
presented in the International Conference
on Probability and Statistics, at Gauhati
University, Guwahati.
ISSN : 0972-6446
ETHNO-MEDICOBOTANICAL ASPECTS OF RONGMAI NAGA OF

CACHAR DISTRICT OF ASSAM, INDIA : A STUDY
BAHARUL ISLAM CHOUDHURY, ASHIS NATH 1, A. R. BARBHUIYA 2, SHUVASISH
CHOUDHURY and M. DUTTA CHOUDHURY 3, Department of Life Science, Assam
University, Silchar, India.
ABSTRACT
Survey was undertaken to explore the ethnomedicinal aspects of Rongmai Naga of Cachar
District, Assam. Altogether 56 species belonging to 35 families of angiospermic plants have been
recorded. The collected plants are utilized in curing as many as 30 different types of diseases. Out
of the total collection, 25 species have been collected from wild state, 18 species are cultivated
plants and 14 species are found both in cultivated and also in wild condition.
Key words : Ethno-medicobotany, Rongmai Naga, Cachar District, Assam.
INTRODUCTION
Since time immemorial plants have
been playing significant role in curing various
aliments. Starting from the age of Rigveda till
present day, plants are in use in various formulation in all three traditional systems of treatment, viz., Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. According to an estimation about 1/4th of all the
medicines now in use are derived from plant
sources by some way or the other. India is a hot
spot of biodiversity, particularly in medicinal
plants but till date the total inventory of medicinal plants of the country is not complete
(Singh et al. 1997). Regional exploration of
medicinal plants is therefore the need of the
day to prepare a total inventory of medicinal
plants of the country. Considering this aspect,
survey was conducted to explore the medicinal
plants used by Rongmai Naga people of Cachar

district, Assam.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Although varied topography and changing climatic conditions have resulted in luxuriant growth of vegetation in Assam and the state
has been designated as one of the ecological
hot spots of the country with above 3017 flowering plants (Hyeiniewta, 2002), present status
of ethno medicobotanical investigation of the
state is found to be insignificant in comparison
to the number of tribes inhabiting the state.
Some sporadic but valuable information on the
ethno medicobotanical aspects of the state have
been known through the works of Borthakur
(1976), Mazumder et al. (1978), Tiwari et al.
(1979), Bhattacharjee et al. (1980), Hajra and
Department of Botany, G. C. College, Silchar-5.
NERIST, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh-3. Correspondent Author.
Boissya (1980), Borthakur (1981), Tiwari et al.

(1982), Barua and Sharma (1984), Gogoi and
Boissya (1984) etc. So far the ethno
medicobotanical aspects of Southern Assam is
concerned some significant works have been
done by Dutta Choudhury (1996), Dutta
Choudhury and Das (2002), Dutta Choudhury
and Choudhury (2002).
GEOGRAPHICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND
MATERIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF
THE AREA UNDER INVESTIGATION
The Cachar district lies between latitude 99.44 0 E and longitude 20.04 0 N. The district covers an area of 3786 sq. km., maximum
and minimum temparature of the district is
38 0 C and 110 C respectively. The soil of the
district varies from alluvial to laterate, texture
is generally clay loam to clayey, pH of the soil
ranges from 4.5 to 6.0. The riverine tracts are
found to be loam to sandy loam textured. Laterite soil are usually found in hill slopes and
hillocks. The vegetation represents the characteristic features of tropical nature.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Field survey was conducted in
Rongmai Naga inhabited villages during the
period 2000 2001. Information regarding medicinal plants used by the Rongmai Naga people
were collected from medicine man by words
of month. Ethnobotanical methodology as suggested Schultes (1960 1962), Jain (1964, 1967,
1987, 1989) and Ford (1978) was followed
during collection of information. Collected
speciments are dried, poisoned and identified,
consulting a number of Floras Flora of British India Vol. 17 (Hooker, 1872 1887), Flora
of Assam Vol. 1 4 (Kanjilal et al. 1934 1940)
and Vol. 5 (Bor, 1940), Flora of Tripura State
(Deb, 1983, 1984). The identified plants are
enumerated alphabetically in a tabular form
(Table 1) providing correct nomenclature with
author citation, name of the family, vernacular
name, parts used and mode of use.
Durig present investigation 56 species
of medicinal plants belonging to 35 families of
angiosperms were collected. It has been
obserbed that the plants are being utilized in as
many as 30 different types of diseases. Out of
the total collection 25 species have been collected from wild habitat, 18 species are cultivated plants and 13 species are found both in
cultivated as well as in wild condition.
Critical study of some Indian monographs on medicinal plants viz., Compendium
of Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol. 1 4) (Rostogi
and Mehrotra) and Glossary of India Medicinal Plants (Chopra et al. 1956) revealed that
most of the plants recorded in the present investigation are already in use in Indian traditional system of medicine although mode and
purpose varies in some cases. However, two
species viz., Kirgnelia reticulata (poir), Vail
belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and
Parkia roxburghii (G. Don) belonging to the
family Mimosaceae are found to be recorded
here as new.
It has been observed in the present
study that a group of plants or plant parts are
combined together to prepare a drug for a particular disease. Although Rongmai Naga people
are semi urbanized because of their direct and
easy communication with urban areas, they
posses a rich lore of medicinal plants. The tribe
in general needs exhaustive study for exploration of more information.
REFERENCES
Baruah, P. and Sharma, G. C. (1984) : Studies
on medicinal use of plants by Bodo
Tribals of Assam, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 11
: 559 604.
Bhattacharjee, S; Tiwari, K. C.; Mazumder, R.
and Misra, A. K. (1980) : Folklore
medicine from district Kamrup (Assam)
Bull. Medico-Ethnobot. Ress. 1 : 447
460.
Bor, N. L. (1940) : Flora of Assam. Vol.-V
(Graminae). Govt. of Assam.
Borthakur, S. K. (1976) : Less known medicinal
plants among tribals of Mikir Hills, Bull.
Bot. Surv. India, 10 : 166 171.
Borthakur, S. K. (1981) : Certain plants in the
Folklore and Floklife of Karbis (Mikirs)
of Assam, 170 181 : Glimpses of Indian
Ethnobotany, S. K. Jain edtd, Oxford and
IBH, New Delhi.
Chopra, R. N.; Nayar, S. L. and Chopra, I. C.
(1956) : Glossary of Indian Medicinal
Plants, C.S.I.R. Publication, New Delhi.
Deb, D. B. (19811983) : The Flora of Tripura
State, Vol.-I and Vol.-II, Today and
Tomorrow, Print and Publ., New Delhi.
Dutta Choudhury, M. (1996) : Ethno-medicobotany of Chutiya Community of Barak

Valley, Biojournal, 8 : 13 16.
Dutta Choudhury, M. and Choudhury, S. (2002)
: Ethnomedicobotanical aspects of Riang
tribes of Assam, India, Part-II, New Ethnomedicinal claims; 151168 (Bhattacharjee et al. Edtd.) Biodiversity of Assam
and its conservation .
Dutta Choudhury, M. and Das, P. S. (2002) :
An inventory of Herbal Drugs used in the
Traditional Treatment of Jaundice in
North East India, Part-I. Some less known
Anti-Jaundice plants from Southern
Assam, 169 178. (Bhattacharjee et al.
Edtd.) Biodiversity of Assam and its
Conser-vation.
Ford, R. I. (1978) : The nature and status of
Ethnobotany, Anthropological paper No.67. Mus. Anthrop. Univ. Michigan Arnold,
Arboratum.
Gogoi, P. and Boissya, C. L. (1984) :
Information about a few herbal medicine
used by the people of Assam (India)
against jaundice, Himal. Res. Div., 2 :
41 44.
Hajra, P. K. and Boissya, A. K. (1980) :
Ethnoboanical Notes on the Miris
(Mishings) of Assam plain, 161169,
Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, S. K.
Jain edtd. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Hyeiniewta, T. M. (2002) : Address of Chief
guest delivered in the seminar held at
Karimganj
College,
Karimganj
(Bhattacharjee et al. Edtd.) Biodiversity
of Assam and its Conservation.

Hooker, J. D. (18721887) : The Flora of
British India, Vol. 17, London.
Jain, S. K. (1964) : The role of Botanist in
Folklore Research, Folklore 5 (4) :
145 150.
Jain, S. K. (1967) : Ethnobotany : Its scope
and study in Indian. Museum, Bull. 2(i) :
39 43.
Jain, S. K. (1987) : A Manual of Ethnobotany,
Scientific Publisher, Jodhpur.
Jain, S. K. (1989) : Methods and Approaches
in Ethnobotany, Soc. Ethnobotanist,
Lucknow.
Kanjilal, U. N.; Kanjilal, P. C.; Das, A and
Purkayastha, C. (1934) : Flora of Assam,
Vol.-I, Bisen Singh Mohendra Pal Singh,
Dehradun.
Kanjilal, U. N.; Kanjilal, P. C.; De, R. N and

Das, A. (1940) : Flora of Assam, Vol.-IV
Bisen Singh Mohendra Pal Singh,
Dehradun.
Mazumder, R.; Tiwari, K. C.; Bhattacharjee and
Nair, A. R. (1978) : Some Folklore
medicines from Assam and Meghalaya :
Inter J. Cride Drug Res. 16 : 4.
Rastogi; Ram, P and Mehrotra, B. N. (1993
1994) : Compendium of Indian Medicinal
Plants, Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow and Publication and Information
Directorate, New Delhi.
Singh, J; Sharma, A and Kumar, S (1997) :
Inventorisation of herbal drugs used in the
traditional and modern medicines, Journ.
Med., Aromatic plant science, 19 : 665.
Kanjilal, U. N.; Kanjilal, P. C and Das, A.

(1936) : Flora of Assam, Vol.-II Bisen
Singh Mohendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
Tiwari, K. C.; Mazumder, R and Bhattacharjee,

S. (1979) : Folklore medicine from Assam
and Arunachal Pradesh (District Tirap),
Inter. J. Cride Drugs. Res. 17 : 161167.
Kanjilal, U. N.; Kanjilal, P. C.; Das, A and De,

R. N. (1938) : Flora of Assam, Vol.-III
Bisen Singh Mohendra Pal Singh,
Dehradun.
Tiwari, K. C.; Mazumder, R and Bhattacharjee,

S. (1980) : Tribal Medicine and treatment
from dist. Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, Bull
Medico. Ethnobot. Res., 440 4 44.
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ENUMERATION OF ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS
Table 1
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ISSN : 0972-6446
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TEA INDUSTRY IN ASSAM

HIRANMOY ROY, Department of Economics, Karimganj College.
ABSTRACT
Assam is known since British days as The Land of Two leaves and a Bud. Tea industry
plays a vital role in the economy of Assam. This industry is a source of employment to the tea
labourers, revenue to the state Government, foreign exchange to the national Government, and
profit to the entrepreneurs. Assam produces more than fifty percent of the total tea produced in
India. There were three trade marks viz., Indian Tea, Assam Tea, Nilgiris Tea registered.
The Assam Tea mark is accepted well in exports as compared to other two marks.
Now a days for enhancing economic development, sustainable development approach to
economic development must be adopted otherwise economic development may be at the cost of
destruction of ecology and environment which ultimately affect human lives. Tea industry fits
into the model of sustainable development and bring development that is economically, socially
and ecologically sustainable without destroying nature, water, land, forest on earth.
As the quality of life of the tea labourers are not up to the mark as compared to the urban
house holds, when we compare adopting the UNDPs Human development approach. If minimum quality of life is not ensured to the tea labourers, productivity of the industry will fall. This
is a serious issue to be addressed while considering the role of tea indusrty in economic development of Assam.
Key words : Sustainable Development (SD), United nations Development Programme (UNDP),
Human Development Index (HDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI).
INTRODUCTION
Assam is known since British days as
the land of two leaves and a bud. According to
Gladstone, the British Prime Minister during
the Victorian Times - If you are cold tea will
warm you, if you are hot it will cool you, if you
are depressed it will cheer you, if you are excited, it will calm you. Over many years, the
flavour enjoyment of tea has become habitual,
the habit has transformed into culture all around
the world. Tea industry plays a vital role in the
economy of Assam. This industry is a source

of employment to the tea labourers, profit to
the entrepreneur, revenue to the state government and foreign exchange earner to the National Government. Assam alone produces
more than fifty percent of total tea produced in
India. There are three trade marks viz Indian
Tea, Assam Tea and Nilgiris Tea registered Assam Tea mark is accepted well in
exports and compared to other two marks Tea
industry is very important from the view point
of sustainable development.
Sustainable development approach
must be adopted for economic development
otherwise economic development may be at the
cost of destruction of ecology and environment
which ultimately affect human lives.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
APPROACH
Sustainable development must be the
goal of all developmental activities, so that survival of mankind is ensured and at the same
time, arrest the process of environmental degradation and ecological imbalance from local
to global levels. Sustainable development is the
development compromising the ability of the
future generations to meet then own needs.
Thus sustainable development is a process in
which development can be sustained for generations. Sustainability demands a balance between compulsion of today and needs of tomorrow. Sustainable development is a process
in which economic, fiscal, trade, energy, agricultural, industrial and all other policies are so
designed as to bring development that is economically, socially and ecologically sustainable. The doctrine is applicable to pollution
control, industry, energy and human resource.
Today development process is more
destructive and more exploitative in nature, for
environment, ecology and natural resources. It
is unsustainable because this development
would soon exhaust the limited resources of
earth, depriving future generations.
Western model of development which
highlights technology, growthmanship, materialism and mechanization was the curse of our
society. For developing countries heaving large
manpower, there is no need of following and
adopting western model of development policies of heavy industrialization and mechanization.
In order to attain development we have
destroyed nature, water, land and forest which
sustain life on earth.
Dr. Mahbab ul-Haq seems to be more
radical in his approach who pleaded not only
for sustainable development but also for sustainable human development. His opinion is
that we need to sustain human life.
Each generation must avoid accumulation of environmental debts by polluting or
exhausting natural resources, financial debts by
neglecting to invest in human development and
demographic debts by permitting unchecked
population growth and urbanization.
Development to be related to human
scale, small and medium industries instead of
gigantic industries.
The Western model of capital intensive,
urban based, city dependent development is responsible for our structural unemployment, reduction in resources, ecological crisis, environmental degradation, exploitation, rich-poor gap,
underdevelopment and poverty. If such development paradigm uses for capital intensive
technologies of production, there will be an
increase an exploitation of nature and environment. We have to change the development paradigm and to introduce labour intensive medium
and small industries.

Assam may be the right place for
adopting such development model as there is
ample scope for developing small scale
labour intensive industries based on forest and
natural resources instead of setting hi-tech industries. Conditions of existing tea industries
muust be improved and flourished which will
definitely fit in to the paradigm of sustainable
development in the state. Tea industries are economically socially and ecologically sustainable.
These industries are labour - intensive and do
not use capital intensive technologies of production. Moreover, these industries will not increase the exploitation of natural resources.
Thus considering all these aspects we say that
tea industries fit into model of sustainable
development.
The concept of sustainable development should focus attention not only on the future but also on the present. There is something
distinctly odd worrying about unborn generations if the present generations are poor and
miserable. And there is something clearly immoral about sustaining the present levels of poverty. Development pattern that perpetuates
todays inequalities is not worth sustaining. A
major restructuring of the income and consumption pattern especially a fundamental change
in the life styles of rich is a necessary precondition for any viable strategy on sustainable
development.
production of tea depends significantly on tea

labourers. Since tea labourers play a significant role in the production process, we must
investigate into the quality of life of tea
labourers. Because improvement in the quality
of their life will make them more productive
which ultimately lead to increased production
of tea industries. Quality of life of tea labourers
may be measured through the application
UNDPs Human Development Approach.
Human Development paradigm examines whether all the opportunities offered by
the economy are equally accessible to all categories of people. If so than there is bound to
be an uplift of their living standard and a rise
in human development. If they do not have accessibility to economic opportunities, what are
the factors responsible for that and how can
they be removed. For calculating Human Development Index (HDI), we shall select a highest and lowest value for each of the indicators.
On the basis of this, following method of estimation will be adopted. For any component of
HDI, individual indices are calculated according to the general formula.
Xij = Xij - Min Xij / Max Xij - Min Xij
Where Xij = Actual value of the
indictors.
Max Xij = Maximum value of the ith
indicator.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
Min Xij = Minimum value of the ith

indicator.
Tea garden labourers play a prominent

role in the production process of tea and
The over all index is calculated as follows HDI = 1/n Xij.
HDI = [Life expectancy Index + income

Index + Educational Attainment
Index] X (1/3).
HDI on the basis of above method
should be estimated for the tea labourers based
mainly on primary data and be compared to the
HDI calculated for urban house holds. Information on some additional indicators may also
be collected to see the levels of living g in tea
gardens e.g. (a) Drinking water facility,
(b) Housing facility, (c) Sanitation, (d) Health
services, (e) Road conditions, (f) electricity etc.
as these indicators are very important for measuring the quality of life. If it is found that quality or life of tea-labourers are not very high,
steps must be taken to improve their living standard which ultimately increase the production
level of tea industries and lead to overall economic development.
The Human Poverty index (HPI) may
also be calculated for the tea labourers of
Assam which is more relevant for the tea
labourers as it reveals more the real working
condition of tea labourers.HPI measures deprivation in basic human development in the
same dimension as the HDI. The variables
used are (i) The percentage of people expected to die before the age of 40, (ii) The
percentage of adults who are illiterate
(iii) Overall economic provisioning in terms
of the percentage of people without access
to health services and safe drinking water and
(iv) Percentage of underweight children under the age of 15.
It may be mentioned here that I could
not collect primary data from the house
holds of tea labourers due to financial and

time constraint. But this paper leaves wider
opportunity for future research in this direction, which may well be grasped by
researchers.
CONCLUSION
Greater attention is needed towards the
tea industry for its market is bullish. Tea taste
needs to be promoted amidst the non user too
to increase the demand. Central Government
needs to fix an appropriate minimum floor price
and minimum support price to protect the interests of the tea producers and planters. India
has a vast repertoire of herbs many still untapped. Investing in this emerging market of
organic and herbal tea certainly has the scope
of paying rich dividends.
The following steps may be taken for
the development of tea industries from the
view point of sustainable development
approach :
i)
Increasing literacy among the tea

labourers.
ii)
Providing with better health and medical services to the workers.
iii)
Better housing, sanitation and drinking

water facilities for the tea labourers.
iv)
Applying the modern technique of production for increasing productivity.
v)
Sucessful marketing of tea products.
If these steps are taken, these will go a

long way in enhancing the sustainable development of tea industries in Assam.
REFERENCES
Nityanda, Satapathy (1998) : Sustainable
Development An Alternative Paradigm,
Karnavatic Publications, Ahmedabad.
Haq, Mahbub ul (1995) : Reflections on Human
Development, Oxford University Press,
New Delhi.
Gunnar, Myrdal (1992) : Asian Drama An
Eqquiry into the Poverty of Nations,
Vol III, Kalyani Publications, New
Delhi.
Human Development in South Asia (2000) :
The Gender Question, Published for
Mahbub ul Haq Development Centre,
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Kamalamma, G (1996) : Health and Nutritional
Status in India, APH Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi.
A Selkarasn and S. B. Nageswara Rao (2004) :
Over a cup of Tea, Yojana, October.
Basu, K. and Sesson Richard (1986) : Social
and Economic Development in India (ed),

Sage Publication, New Delhi.
Basu, K. Patnaik, Panel Suzamura, K (1994) :
Choice Welfare and Development (Ed.),
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Cohen, S. I. (1994) : Human Resource
Development and utilization, Arebury,
Craft Road, London.
Nayek, P. (2005) : Human Development in
North East India, Journal of North East
India Council for Social Science Research,
April.
Singh, S. N. (1995) : Quality of Life of Women
Tea Labourers, UGC Major Research
Project submitted.
Ray, Dutta. B. (1978) : Social and Economic
Profile of North East India, NEICSSR.
Paul, K. Amiya (1978) : Role of Tea Plantation
industry in the Economic Development of
North East India in Social and Economic
Profile of North East India.
ISSN : 0972-6446
ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS PROMICROGASTER BRUES

& RICHARDSON (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE)
T. V. SATHE, Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004, India.
ABSTRACT
A new species Promicrogaster phytomyzi sp. nov. (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) a parasitoid of Phytomyza atricornis Meigen is described for the first time from India. The species has
similar ovipositor and tergite to that of P. telrbrator Brues & Richardson, but differs from the
later by having broad and coarsely punctured propodeum, clypus emarginate, ovipositor shorter
than abdomen and hairy ovipositor sheath.
Key words : Promicrogaster phytomyzi, parasitoid, Phytomyza atricornis.
INTRODUCTION
The genus Promicrogastor of subfamily microgastrine of family Braconidae was
erected by Brues and Richardson in 1913. This
genus contains more than 100 species and is a
large genus of the Neotropical regions. Five rare
species from southern U.S.A. and four new
species from Arizona, Florida and Virginia have
been reported by Mason (1981). Nixon (1965)
reported two species from Australia. Shenefelt
(1913) listed the described 9 species. Inamdar
(1990) described two species of this genus from
India. In past, Wilkinsons (1928 a, b), Bhatnagar
(1948), Rao (1961), Nixon (1967), Sathe and
Inamdar (1989), Sathe (1992), Sathe & Bhoje
(2000) and Sathe et al., (2003) have worked on
Indian Microgastrinae.
MATERIALS & METHODS

The species considered in this paper
were collected from the fields of pigeon pea
from Kolhapur (Panchgaon) and include description of one new species Promicrogaster
phytomyzi sp. nov. Cocoons were collected on
the host plants and parasitized larvae of
Phytomyza atricornis Meigen were also collected and parasitoids reared in laboratory for
emergence. For the purpose of study, wings,
antenna, legs and propodeum were mounted on
slides in Canada balsam. All the measurements
were recorded in mm. Terminology adopted
here is the same as that of Mason (1981), Sathe
& Bhoje (2000) and Sathe et al., (2003).
RESULTS
Promicrogaster phytomyzi sp. nov.
Female : 4.69 mm long excluding ovipositor;
fore wing 4.62 mm; ovipositor 2.00 mm. Head
0.81 mm long, 0.83 mm broad, elongated circular from front view; face flat, broad; mouth
parts not elongated, vertex smooth, cheek long;
clypeus strongly emarginate; interorbital space
0.82 mm; ocellocular space equal to introcellar

space i.e. 0.18 mm; frons smooth, 0.45 mm
long. Antenna 3.95 mm long, 16 segmented,
dark brown, terminal segment cone shaped;
eyes pubescent; molar space rugose, equal to
base of the mandibles; ocelli in triangle; glossa
elongated.
brown basally and faint yellowish apically,

0.38 mm long; femur dark brown, outer margin hairy, 1.06 mm long; tibia yellowish,
densely hairy, length 1.21 mm; tibial spurs unequal, faint yellow, outer 0.23 mm long, inner
0.17 mm long; besitarsus 0.45 mm long, tarsus
faint yellowish black, 0.89 mm long; claw 0.15
mm long, black curved inside.
Flagellar Formular :
2L/W = 2.3,14 L/W 1.2; L 2/14 = 2.3 W 2/14 = 1.0
Abdomen : Length 2.18 mm, dark brown, not

compressed; tergite I rugulose, sides moderately
converging apically, basal region with punctures, apically smooth; tergite II comparatively
with densely punctures, tergite I 0.64 mm long
and II 0.44 mm long, III 0.33 mm long, III rd
tergite smaller than both I & II, ovipositor sinuate, very long (2.00 mm) but shorter than abdomen, ovipositor sheath to ovipositor, outer
margin hairy.
Thorax : 1.70 mm long, dark brown,

mesoscutum smooth, not polished with fine
superficial punctures; scutellum short.
Propodeum 0.70 mm broad, without median
carina or sharp groove, no network of carinae
but smooth; metanotum poorly developed setae present on both side; scutellar disc longer
than wide and sparsely punctate; scutum polished, with distinct punctures; pronotum with
dorsal and ventral grooves at both sides.
Fore wing : 4.60 mm long; stigma 0.98 mm
long, hairy; medius 1.68 mm long; costa 2.28
mm long, submedius larger than costa;
submedius 2.68 mm, basal 0.75 mm long; redius
0.38 mm in length, slightly curved, intercubitus
absent; recurrent 0.28 mm, redius i.e. 2 Rs and
r-- m absent; all veins faint brown.
Hind wings : Smaller than fore wings, 3.25 mm
long, 2 r--m present; subcostella (2.30 mm)
longer than mediella (1.63 mm), submediella
0.55 mm, basella smaller than nervellus,
nervellus 0.33 mm and lobe without hairs and
concave.
Hind leg : Length 4.34 mm; coxa dark brown,
spindle shaped, 0.80 mm long, trochanter
Male
: Unknown
Cocoons
: 4.6 mm long, solitary
Host
: Phytomyza atricornis Meigen
Holotype
: Female, India, Coll. T. V.

Sathe,
Maharashtra,
Panchgaon,
Kolhapur
16.1.2003 on Cajanus cajan
Mill. wings, legs, antenna and
propodeaum on slides labelled
as above.
Paratype
: 03 females; coll. T. V. Sathe

from Nov.Dec., 2003, same
data as in holotype.
Etymology : Parasitoid recorded on

Phytomyza atricornis hence
the name Promicrogaster
phytomyzi.
DISCUSSION
Promicrogaster phytomyzi sp. nov. runs
close to Promicrogaster telrbrator Brues and
Richardson 1913 in Masos key in having similar ovipositor and tergite I, but differs from the
same by (1) Propodeum broad with median
sharp groove absent : propodeum coarsely
punctured. (2) Clypus emarginate, galea not
protruding. (3) Ovipositor shorter than abdomen. (4) Ovipositor sheath hairy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
and reclassification of Microgastrinae.

Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada. 115 : 1147.
Nixon, G. E. J. (1965) : The reclassification of
the microgastrinae (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist.
(Ent.), 2 : 1284.
Nixon, G. E. J. (1967) : The Indo-Australian
species of the ulter group of Apanteles
Foerster (Hymenoptera : Braconidae).
Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 21 : 134.
Rao, S. N. (1961) : Key to the Oriental species
of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera).
Proc.Nat.Acad., India. B. 31 : 32 46.
Author is thankful to DST, New Delhi

for providing financial assiatance to Res.
project, SP/SO/C-07-99/19.12.2002 and Shivaji
University, Kolhapur for providing facilities.
Sathe, T. V. and Inamdar, S. A. (1989) : A new

species of the genus Apanteles Foerster
(Hymenoptera : Braconidae) from the
Western Maharashtra. Oikoassay, 6 : 57.
REFERENCES
Sathe, T. V. (1992) : A new species of the genus

Rhygoplitis Gahan (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae) in India. J. Zool. Res., 5 :
1316.
Bhatnagar, S. P. (1948) : Studies on Apanteles

Foerster (Vipionidae : Parasitic
hymenoptera) from India. Indian J. Ent.
10 : 133230.
Inamdar, S. A. (1990) : Biosystematics of
braconids of some economic important
crop pests. Ph. D. Thesis. Shivaji
University, Kolhapur.
Mason, W. R. M. (1981) : The polyphyletic
nature
of
Apanteles
Foerster
(Hymenoptera : Braconidae) a phylogeny
Sathe, T. V. and Bhoje, P. M. (2000) : Biological

pest control. DPH, New Delhi.
Sathe, T. V., Inamdar S.A. and Dawale, R. K.
(2003) : Indian pest parasitoids. PP. 1145.
DPH Delhi.
Wilkinson, D. S. (1928 a & b) : A revision of
the Indo-Australian species of the genus
Apanteles (Hymenoptera : Braconidae)
Part-I & II. Bull.Ent. Res., 19 : 79105;
109146.
ISSN : 0972-6446
BIODIVERSITY OF NORTH EAST INDIA : PART-I

PROBLEMS RELATED TO IN SITU
CONSERVATION OF PHYTODIVERSITY
P. S. DAS & M. K. BHATTACHARYA* , Karimganj College, Karimganj - 788710,
Assam, India.
ABSTRACT
With the turn of the second millennium A. D.; it is very clear that habitat loss and fragmentation, introduction of exotic species, environmental pollution; natural calamities and above
all over exploitation of plant resources have jeopardized the fate of Phytodiversity of this green
planet. It is believed that there would be demise of 20-60 animal species per plant species lost.
In Assam, the rapid decline in the population of some beautiful animal like Rhinoceros
unicornis etc. due to ever-wanting human greed has triggered concern for protection of animal
diversity, but there is merger attempt to save even more valuable Phytodiversity of the state.
In the present paper, recent concept of biodiversity is discussed with special reference to
the importance of Phytodiversity in conservation of wildlife. That deals with existing measures
for in situ conservation of Phytodiversity, particularly in Reserve forests, wildlife sanctuaries,
National Park and Biosphere reserves.
While discussing certain major problems regarding conservation of plant resources, the
paper also highlights some recent issues like terrorist activities, insurgency etc. which since
their rise have been deterring development of the Phytodiversity database and collection of
wild life of North East India.
Key words : Biodiversity, In-situ, Phytodiversity.
INTRODUCTION
Of the 30 million or more species
thought to be occuring on the earth, only 1.7 to
1.8 million species have so far being named
and recorded (May, 2002). As we reach the 3rd
millenium A.D., we find that the cumulative
impact on industrial civilization have jeopardized the future of the great diversity of our
living world leading mass extinction. Today
we are losing one higher plant species per day

from tropical forest alone. If the present trend
continues, about 50% of the total 300,000
higher plant species will be perished by the turn
of the present century. Further, there would be
demise of 20-60 animal species per plant species lost (Singh et. al 1994). The main cause of
this major catastrophe are changes in ecosystem function, habitat loss and fragmentation,
* Principal, N. C. College, P.O. Badarpur, Dist. Karimganj, Assam.
introduction of exotic species, environmental

pollution, natural calamities and above all over
exploitation of plant resources.
The modern approach on the conservation of biodiversity has its root in the hunting preserve of the feudal lords and consequently emphasized the maintenance of large
population of game species at the cost of over
all biodiversity. Hudson (1930) describe how
the larger Hawks were all eliminated from a
British park in 19 th century by the game keepers who regarded them as an enemies of game
birds. Gadgil (1983) pointed out that in India
too, most of national park and wildlife sanctuaries, the wild life managers feel that their aim
is accomplished so long as the population of
spectacular game species such as Sambor or
tiger are maintained at higher level and therefore consider it a justifiable practice to remove
off older tress. Jain & Shastri (1980) commented that there have been no nature reserves
for protecting threatened plants species till a
few years ago. There is no doubt that the present
approach of biosphere reserves stress on the
conservation of overall biological diversity as
opposed to the focus on just a few species like
the Tiger and Rhinoceros but practically the
new approach is also not sufficient for conservation of our phytodiversity. In Assam, the rapid
decline in the population of some beautiful animal like Rhinoceros unicornis etc. due to over
wanting human greed has triggered concern for
protection of animal diversity, but there is
merge attempt to save even more valuable
phytodiversity of the state. The felling of the
old trees, which bear large numbers of epiphytes
including rare orchids and beautiful ferns,
harbour in their root system a great variety of

micro-organisms in huge number and also provides food and shelter to many birds and insects are still continuing even in reserve forest
without causing much concern. The habitats of
our rare plants are being destroyed to fullfill
the necessity of urbanization.
In the given scenario, it is worth while
to assess the problems relating to in situ conservation of phytodiversity with special reference to Biodiversity of Assam.
Recent concept on biodiversity : Biodiversity
is the variety of the worlds organisms including their genetic diversity and the assemblages
they form. It is the blanket term for natural biological wealth that under-grids human life and
well-being. The breadth of concept reflects the
interrelatedness of a genus, a species and ecosystem (Reid and Miller, 1989). Mc. Allister
(1991) stated that biodiversity is the genetic,
taxonomic and ecosystem variety in living organisms of a given area, environment, ecosystem or the whole planet. Johnson (1993) opined
that Biological diversity means the variability
among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other
aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part, this includes diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems. Sandlund et al. (1993) defined
biodiversity as the structural and functional
variety of life forms as genetic, population. species community and ecosystem levels. However, the most prevalent usage of the term
biodiversity is as synonyms for the variety of
life (Gaston, 1996).
A debate exists over the limits to the

basic concepts of biodiversity particularly the
extent to which the concept of biodiversity
embraces processes (eg. Energy and nutrient
flow) rather than simply entities (eg. Individual
organisms, taxa etc.). While most definitions
of biodiversity lay explicit emphasizes primarily on entities, the recent trend is to take
biodiversity more explicity to include the support system on which life-forms depend..
The study area : The study area is Assam
one of the seven sister states of North East India. The geographical area of Assam is 78,523
o
o
sq. km. It lies between latitude 24 09 to 27 58
o
o
N and longitude 89 42 to 96 01 E. The climatic condition of the state is moderate without extreme of heat and cold. Temparature
o
o
ranges from 9 C to 36 C and relative humidity
80 to 90 %. The rainfall of the state ranges from
2000 mm. to 2500 mm. per annum. The mighty
river Brahmaputra flows through the whole
length of Assam valley while the river Barak
originated from Naga and Manipur hill ranges
runs through Barak valley to enter Bangladesh.
Thus the overall climatic factors coupled with
high fertility of the soil caused by alluvial deposits of aforesaid rivers favour a luxuriant
growth of diverse plants species so much so
that it bears a separate Phytogeographical identity. It is interesting to know that Assam represent about 17,000 species of angiosperms
(Nayer et al., 1990), Chowdhury et al. (2002)
reported that over exploitation and degradation
of forests due to anthropogenic activities have
made many of the potentially viable species
endangered, eg. Abroma augusta, Acorus calamus, Andro-graphis paniculata, Aquilaria
malaccensis, Bacopa monnieri, Costus

speciosus, Dioscorea alata, D. bulbifera,
D. Pentaphylla, Elaeocarpus sphericus,
Glorisoa superba, Gynocardia odorata,
Holarrhena pubescens, Homalomena
aromatica, Zingiber zerumbet, Rauwolfia
serpentina etc. Das and Bhattacharya (2002)
reported 33 species of threatened plants from
Southern Assam. which are fast disappearing.
The list includes Aloe barbadensis,
Andrographis paniculata, Aquilaria
malaccensis, Arundiana graminifolia,
Baccurea ramiflora, Clausena heptaphylla ,
Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Cyathea gigantea ,
Holarrhena pubescens, Hyptis sauveolens etc.
IN SITU CONSERVATION OF
PHYTODIVERSITY OF ASSAM
Gupta et al. (1996) reported that there
are a total of six wildlife sanctuaries and two
Biosphere reserves in Assam. However, recently another new wildlife sanctuary called
Dibrusaikhowa wild life sanctuary has been declared in Tinsukia district of the state. It is interesting to note that both the biosphere reserves
and wild life sanctuaries have been initially created for conservation of certain spectacular
animals which attracted nuch attention. The
indicative fauna of Manas Biosphere reserve
includes Tiger, Elephant, Rhinoceros, wild Buffalo, Golden Langur, Sloth Bear etc. while those
of Kaziranga Biosphere reserve are Tiger, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Swamp Deer, Hollock
Gibbob, Horn Bill etc. Similarly each of the
wild life sanctuaries has their indicative fauna,
which make them particularly interesting and
important. It is expected that with the change

of approach these game reserves will pay some
attention in the preservation of Phytodiversity.
Establishment of reserve forests (1864 onwards) ushered in a period of safety for the forest communities but conservation of trees species has hardly become possible because of high
economic value of timber. It may be pointed
out that the establishing forest plantation particularly in the monoculture would not solve
the problem of saving our Biodiversity. Only
those trees useful for timber or firewood will
be cultivated in plantation while all other plant
will be wiped out. Even the well developed
plantation would not offer suitable ecological
niches to accommodate all the rare species nor
all the species, which were present under newly
created conditions. Man made forest can never
match the natural forest in respect if species
diversity.
It is easily understandable that any conservation strategy needs awareness among local people and mass support. Unfortunately, in
Assam, there is much sympathy and vocal support for the cause of animal species conservation but both the Govt. and the common people
are not so concerned about conservation of
Phytodiversity of the state. eg. Dipteris wallichi
may be taken as a case in point. The species is
found only in few limited areas of southern
Assam (Dutta Choudhury & Bhattacharya,
1994), Arunachal Pradesh (Saharia, 1982),
Meghalaya (Baishya & Rao, 1982) and also in
Bangladesh (Pasha & Gias Uddin, 1998). But
in all those area this species of botanical interest is found in countable numbers. Once lost
from these localities, the species will be extinct.
Till date it may be noted here that there has not

been any attempt on the part of the Govt. or the
public to preserve this highly interesting species in situ.
PROBLEMS OF
IN SITU CONSERVATION
The main problems in situ conservation of Phytodiversity are given below :
1)
Large scale industrialization, extension

of roads, rail-way-lines & setting up of
power projects etc.
2)
Encroachment of forest areas for human

settlement.
3)
Present population explosion is another

problem, which is responsible for expansion of agricultural land and human
settlement.
4)
in situ conservation of Phytodiversity

faces another problem due to large scale
influx of foreigners from Bangladesh and
subsequent encroachment of forest areas.
5)
The present terrorist activities in the forest area of Assam have made it difficult
for plant scientist to collect the existing
site data and uptodate status of plant species. Here there is a dilemma unless we
know what to preserve and where do they
actually exist ? How can we formulate
the conservation strategies ?
6)
A major problem for in situ conservation

of phytodiversity is shifting cultivation
practiced by tribal people.
7)
Mono-cultural of economically important
plants in forest areas and arising of plantation crops pose a serious threat in situ
cultivation.
8)
Some threatened plants also occur in areas of human habitat like towns and villages. The present conservation strategy
fails to provide anyway out for their in
situ conservation.
9)
Many plants become threatened because

of their extensive uses as timber, firewood, food and medicine etc. Some
plants are also used to provide shelter and
in making various industrial products.
10)
Air, water and soil pollution also in many

ways cause a big problem for many species to survive their natural habitat.
11)
Over grazing by hervivorous animals

clear the forest floor and as a result many
herbaceous plants become threatened in
their natural habitats.
12)
The most difficult aspects is the in situ

conservation of epiphytes because of the
wanton feeling of trees. Many of them
are wiping out with the demise of a
single tree.
13)
Earth filling of ponds, beels and other

aquatic bodies also a serious threat to
in situ conservation of aquatic and wet
land flora.
DISCUSSION
The ultimate problem of in situ conservation of phytodiversity of Assam is the
rapidly expanding human population. The

biodiversity centered approach of in situ
conservation of nature has some serious limitation in itself. It gives priority to areas of high
biodiversity while many rare and restricted
plant species occur outside the species rich areas. Further, the long term potential for the conservation of any locality depends on the areas
of the habitat selected because small habitats
may initially hold a large number of species
but in the long run they will sustain a smaller
number of proportional to their area. Therefore,
it is generally held that the nature reserve should
be as large as possible. This idea is again responsible for keeping certain threatened plants
outside the periphery of the main in situ conservation network.
There is no doubt that compilation of a
list of threatened plant species is the very first
step in devising effective protection. But rise
of insurgency in the state since early 80 s has
been deterring upto date information about the
present status of wildlife of Assam. If any rare
species is studied, the peculiar facts of its distribution are soon found to require detailed ecological knowledge.
Research of the autecology of rare and
threatened species is, therefore, essential to plan
the practical management of their natural sites,
even if these are effectively protected as nature reserves from gross destruction. Undoubtedly, it is our greatest need that we should be
able to make intensive surveys of Phytodiversity in areas where nature reserves have already
been setup. Otherwise, these reserves would
remain haphazardly planned and indifferently

monitored.
Hudson, W. H. (1930) : A Shephards life.

Methuen, London.
REFERENCES
Jain, S. K. & Shastry, A. R. K. (1980) :

Threatened plants of India, Botanical
Survey of India, Howrah, Calcutta.
Baishya, A. K. & Rao, R. R. (1982) : Fern and

Fern allies of Meghalaya State, India.
Scientif ic publisher, Jodhpur.
Choudhury, S.; Das, P. S.; Borah A. &
Baruah, C. (2002) : Ex-situ conservation
and multiplication of rare, threatened and
endangered medicinal plants of Assam. In
Biodiversity of Assam and its concervation
(edts. M. K. Bhattacharya, M. Dutta
Choudhury & P. B. Mazumder),
Karimganj College.
Das, P. S. & Bhattacharya, M. K. (2002) : Note
on the causes of threats and conservation
of some threatened Pteridophytes and
Angiosperms of Barak Valley of Assam.
Ecobios 1(1) : 34 41.
Dutta Choudhury, M & Bhattacharya, M. K.
(1994) : Report on Dipteris wallichi a
threatened plant species, Bio-Journal, 6 (2)
: 17 19.
Gadgil, M (1993) : Conservation of plant
resources through biosphere reserves. In
conservation of tropical plant resources.
(S. K. Jain & K. L. Mehra), Botanical
Survey of India, Howrah, Calcutta.
Gaston, K. J. (1996) : Biodiversity A Biology
of number and differences, Blackwall
Science Ltd. Oxford.
Gupta, A.; Dey, M; & Bhattacharya, P. R. : Our
Environment. Assam University, Silchar,
Assam (1996).
Johnson, S. P. (1993) : The earth Summit :

United Nations Conference on
Environment (UNCED). Graham and
Trotman, London.
May, R. M. (2000) : The future of biological
diversity in crowded world. Curr Sci.
82 (11) : 1325 1331.
Mc. Allister, D. E. (1991) : What is
Biodiversity ? Can. Biodiv. 1 : 4 6.
Nayar, M. P. & Shastry, A. R. K. (1990) : Red
data book of Indian plants. 1 III,
Botanical Survey of India, Howrah,
Calcutta.
Pasha, M. K. & Mohammad Gias Uddin
(1998) : Depteris wallichi A new fern
family recorded for Bangladesh, India fern
Journal, 15 (1 2) : 89 90.
Reid, W. V. & Miller, K. R. (1989) : Keeping
option alive. The scientific basis for
conservation of biodiversity. World
Research Institute, Washington.
Saharia, V. B. (1982) : Wild life in India,
Dehradun.
Sandlund, O. T.; Hindar, K. & Brown, A. H. D.
(1992) : Conservation of Biodiversity for
sustainable development. Scadinavian
University press. Oslo.
Singh, J. S.; Raghubanshi, A. S. & Varshney,
C. K. (1994) : Integrated biodiversity
research for India. Curr. Sci., 66 (2) :
109 112.
ISSN : 0972-6446
ORCHID FLORA OF PAPUMPARE DISTRICT

OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
WITH A NOTE FOR THEIR CONSERVATION
P. B. MAZUMDER, A. D. TALUKDAR AND R. CHAKRABORTY, Karimganj College,
Karimganj - 788710, Assam, India.
ABSTRACT
A survey for exploration of orchids of Papumpare district was conducted during the period of 2003-2004 and 51 species were collected. Morphological investigation of the collected
species was done for proper identification and identified species are enumerated alphabetically
providing correct nomenclature and author citation. The investigation records some interesting
orchids like Bulbophyllum affine, B. reptans, Coelogyne barbata, C. suaveolens, Cymbidium pendulum, Dendrobium candidum, D. fimbriatum, D. nobile, D. transparens, Eria pannea, E.
pubescens, E. spicata etc. from the district.
Key words : Orchids, Papumpare district, Arunachal Pradesh.
INTRODUCTION
Arunachal Pradesh is famous for its
vast orchid diversity. People of Arunachal
Pradesh have a very deep relation with the orchids. Almost all tribal houses of the state are
found to be decorated with different types of
orchids. Orchids are very distinctive plant and
occupy the supreme position in the plant kingdom for their aesthetic, medicinal, scientific and
other economic values. Consequently orchids
received wide attention from scientists, horticulturists and general flower loving people.
Orchidaceae is the largest family among monoct
and it constitutes 7 % of angiosperms and nearly
40 % of monocots. About 35,000 species of
orchids are distributed in the world and over
800 genera and more than 78,000 natural and
man made hybrids have been reported. Out of
1000 species available in India about 700 species are reported to distributed in North Eastern state. Arunachal Pradesh knwon to contain
over 500 species. Nagaland have 238 species,
Meghalaya 265 species, Assam and Mizoram
accounts for 150 180 species and about 50
species are available in Tripura. Orchids are
cosmopolitan in distribution and found almost
all over the world. They are mostly perennial
herbs found either as epiphytes, lithophytes and
terrestrial or as saprophytes. They exhibit wide
range of variation in form, size, colour and texture in the flowers beyond the imagination of
human mind (Hegde, 1984).
Economically, orchids have great importance. Orchids are commercially grown in
many countries because of its wonderful flower
values. The cut flower trade includes different
genus and hybrids of Cymbidium, Dendrobium,

Vanada, Catteleya, Paphiopedilum etc.
(Parsoglove, 1972). For exploration of economic importance of orchid in many countries,
general survey may be attempted on the extent
of orchid industry involved in term of total annual consumption of orchid flowers or plants
as well as export and import. Orchid flowers
can sometimes be very expensive, for example 150 300 U.S. $ each depending the
occasion and demands.
Orchids were known to Indians as medicinal plant right from Vedic period (250
300 B.C). Venda roxburghii was mentioned in
ancient Sanskrit literature like Nighantus
and Amarakosha by Sashruta for their use
in rheumatism and disease of nervous system.
The tuber extracts of Eulophia nuda are used
for blood purification. Several other orchids
are used as medicine by native inhabitants in
different parts of the world (Trivedi, et al.,
1961). In Arunachal Pradesh, seeds of D. nobile are applied to the freshly cut wounds for
quick healing. Similarly the leaves and stems
of Cleisostoma williamsonii used for treating
bone fracture by Monpa tribals (Hegde, 1984).
In China orchids are used to improve apetite,
to simulate secretion and to promote general
health (Kai et al. 1985). A nutritious preparation known as salep is prepared from dried
tubers of genus Orchis latifolia (Maheshwari
and Singh, 1965). Many of the orchid species
contain alkaloids which are important secondary metabolites. All together about 60 alkaloid from Orchidaceae have now been isolated. The interesting ones are dendrobine and
nobilonine, from Dendrobium nobile,
laburnine from Liparis bicallosa, malaxine

from Malaxis congesta and phalaenopsine
from Phalaenopsis mannii. A few species of
orchids have been considered to induce sterility among the woman. The native habitants
in some areas use seeds if Cymbidium
madidum and pseudobulbs of Dendrobium
tukai as oral contraceptie (Bose, et al., 1999).
According to Hegde (1984),
Arunachal Pradesh contain about 500 species
of orchids occuring naturally in diverse habitat condition. But the orchids are facing a
threat to their very existence due to destructive activities of human beings. So it is important to conserve the orchid species of the
state. The first step towards the conservation
is to record the available species of the state.
Hegde (1984) first published a book on Orchids of Arunachal Pradesh. He reported 21
genus from the state. Biswas (1940), Dev and
Dutta (1974) recorded the Flora of Aka Hills
and Flora of Tirap Fronties Division. These
workers along with other angiospermic plants
recorded the orchid flora also. Rao (1975)
again prepared Census Hand Book of
Arunachal Pradesh Orchids. As such no report of district flora of Papumpare District of
Arunachal Pradesh is found out. In the present
investigation as attempt was made to record
the orchid flora of Papumpare district of
Arunachal Pradesh.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Papumpare district has total 3427 sq.
km. area and situated at 550 mt. above the sea
level. The lattitude and longitude of
Papumpare district are 27 0 40 N and 94 0 12

respectively. The average rainfall is found to
be 350 cm. Out of total forest area of the state
68,602 sq. km. during 1995-1997, the
Papumpare district has 3135 sq. km. forest
cover. The total population of the district is
42,976 during 1991. Minimum average temperature is 10 0 C and maximum average temperature is 35 0 C. Arunachal Pradesh has been
divided into 4 orchid zones depending upon
their habitat in different vegetation types
(Hegde 1984). The zones are (1) Tropical
evergreen rain forest zone (170 900 mt.),
(2) Sub-tropical forest zone (900 1800 mt.),
(3) Terperate forest zone (1800 3500 mt.),
(4) Alpine forest zone (3500 5000 mt.). The
Papumpare district falls under tropical evergreen rain forest zone. This zone is characterized by broad leaved evergreen vegetation with
high rainfall, warm temperature and humidity
(90 100 %). Some common trees that occur
here are Castanopsis tribuloids, Termanilia
meriocarpa, Canarium resiniferum,
Artocarpus chaplasha, Altingia exulsa. Several epiphytic orchids are found to attached
well on them in abundance. Most common
ones among them are the species of Aerides,
Bulbophyllum, Coelogyne, Cymbidium,
Dendrobium, Eria etc.
et al. (2002 a) and Mazumder and Paul (2002 b).

Each collected species is identified by consulting BSI Shillong & Howrah.
ENUMERATION OF SPECIES
Following 51 orchid species belonging
to 21 genera collected from Papumpare district
are arranged in alphabetical order. The locality
of collection, flowering time and habit are mentioned along with the species. Collection number is given in paranthesis.
1)
Acampe papillosa. Lindl; Saccolabium

papillosa. Lindl. Gastrochilus papillosus.
Lindl. (271) Flowering August-September. Yupia. Epiphytic.
2)
Acampe ochracea. Hochr; Saccolabium

ocraceum. Lindl. (255). Flowering December-January. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
3)
Aerides multiflorum. Roxb. (250). Flowering June-July. Itanagar. Epiphytic.
4)
Agrostophyllum khasianum. Griff. (266).

Flowering August-September. Chimpu.
Epiphytic.
5)
Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochi;

A. bambusifolia. Lindl. (269). Flowering
April-May. Banderdewa. Terrestrial.
6)
Bulbophyllum affine. Lindl. (295). Flowering June-July. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
7)
Bulbophyllum caudatum. Lindl. (283).

Flowering June-July. Yupia. Epiphytic.
8)
Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook) Sprerg.

(289). Flowering August-September.
Chimpu. Epiphytic.
MATERIALS & METHODS

Intensive field work have been performed to collect orchid species from different
forest and hill areas of Papumpare district. Most
of the collections are made into herbarium
specimen similar to that followed in Mazumder
9)
Bulbophyllum piluliferum. King & Pentl.

(268). Flowering April-May. Chimpu.
Epiphytic.
10)
Bulbophyllum reptans. Lindl. (252).

Flowering October-December. Chimpu.
Epiphytic.
11)
Bulbophyllum retusiusculum. Reichb.f.;

Cirrhopetalum wallichii. Lindl. (259).
Flowering March-April. Yupia. Epiphytic.
D. picrardi. Roxb. (285). Flowering

April-May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
21)
Dendrobium candidum. Wall.; D.

spathaceum. Lindl. (298). Flowering
May-June. Naharlagun. Epiphytic.
22)
Dendrobium fimbriatum. Hk.f. (300)

Flowering March-May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
23)
Dendrobium gibsonii. Lindl. (262) Flowering July-August. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
12)
Coelogyne barbata. Griff. (277). Flowering May. Itanagar. Epiphytic.
24)
Dendrobium nobile. Lindl. (278). Flowering April-May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
13)
Coelogyne prolifera. Lindl. (279). Flowering April-May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
25)
Dendrobium transparens. Wall. (256).

Flowering May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
14)
Coelogyne suaveolens. (Lidl)Hk.f.;

Pholidata suaveolens Lindl. (296). Flowering Chimpu. Epiphytic.
26)
Eria acrevata. Lindl. Lindl. (287). Flowering May-June. Yupia. Epiphytic.
15)
Cymbidium aloifolium. (L).Sw. (261).

Flowering April-May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
27)
Eria amica. Reichb.f.; E. andersoni.

Sk.f.; E. confusa. Sk.f. (274). Flowering
March-May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
16)
Cymbidium lancifolium. Hook.f. (299)

Flowering May-June. Naharlagun. Epiphytic.
28)
Eria flava. Lindl.; E. pubscens. (264).

Flowering February-March. Chimpu.
Epiphytic.
17)
Cymbidium munronianum. King & Pantl.

(292). Flowering May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
29)
Eria gaminifolia. Lindl. (281). Flowering July-August. Yupia. Epiphytic.
30)
Cymbidium pendulum. Roxb.Sw. (253).

Flowering May. Yupia. Epiphytic.
Eria griffithii. Reichb.f. (294). Flowering April-May. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
31)
Dendrobium acinaciforme. Roxb. (293).

Flowering March-April. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
Eria pannea. Lindl.; E. calamifolia. Sk.f.

(270). FLowering February-April.
Chimpu. Epiphytic.
32)
Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb) CEC.

Fisher, Lindorum aphyllum. Roxb.,
Eria rufinula. Reichb.f. (257). Flowering May. Yupia. Epiphytic.
33)
Eria spicata. (D. Don) Hand-Mazz.;
18)
19)
20)
E. stricta. Lindl. (263). Flowering November-February. Yupia. Epiphytic.

34)
Epigeneium
ampulum.
Lindl.;
Dendrobium ampulum. Lindl. (280). Flowering November December. Chimpu.
Epiphytic.
44)
Phalonopsis parishii. Reichb.f. (288).

Flowering March-April. Yupia. Epiphytic.
45)
Pholidata articulate. Lindl. (291).

Flowering June-August. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
35)
Flickingeria marcraei (Lindl) Seid.;

Dendrobium marcaei. Lindl. (272). Flowering March-May. Nirjuli. Epiphytic.
46)
Pholidata imbricata (Roxb). Lindl. (265).

Flowering July-September. Nirjuli. Epiphytic.
36)
Gastrochilus acutifolium. (Lindl).

O.Ktze.; Saccolabium acutifolium. Lindl.
(267). Flowering April-May. Yulip. Epiphytic.
47)
Pteroceras suaveolens (Rerb) Holtt.

Sarcochilus suaveolens. (Rerb) Hk.f.
(286). Flowering April-June. Chimpu.
Epiphytic.
37)
Gastrochilus calceolaris. D.don.;

Saccolabium calceolaria. (J.E.Sm)
D.don. (251). Flowering March-April.
Chimpu. Epiphytic.
48)
Saccolabium trichromum. Reichb.F.

(276). Flowering May. Yupia. Epiphytic.
49)
Thelasis tongifolia. Hk.f. (260). Flowering March-April. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
38)
Micropera obtusa. (Lindl) Tang & Wang;

Camarotis obtusa. Lindl. (273). Flowering August. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
50)
Tylostylis discolor. Hk.f. (258). Flowering September. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
51)
39)
Oberonia iridifolia. Lindl. (290). Flowering September-December. Chimpu.

Epiphytic.
Vanda stangeana. Griff. (282). Flowering April-May. Yupia. Epiphytic.
40)
Otochillus fuscus. Lindl. (284). Flowering December. Naharlagun. Epiphytic.
41)
Papiolanthe teres. (Roxb) Sehltr. Vanda

teres. Lindl. (259). Flowering MarchApril. Chimpu. Epiphytic.
42)
Phaius flavus (Bl.) Lindl. Limodorum

flavum (297). Flowering April. Chimpu.
Terrestrial.
43)
Phalonopsis mannii. Reichb.f. (275).

Flowering May. Yupia. Epiphytic.
DISCUSSION
In the present study 51 species of orchid recorded from Papumpare district. Out of
51 species only two are ground orchid and remaining are epiphytic in nature. There is every
chance to occur more orchids in the district. So
far Hegde (1984) recorded orchids of Arunachal
Pradesh. Other workers like Baruah (2001),
Kataki et al. (1984), Phukan (1999), Bose et
al. (1999) reported different orchid flora of
Arunachal Pradesh in their publications. Many
more scopes of study of orchids of Arunachal
Pradesh is there as the state covers vast area

with dense forest cover. Orchids are beautiful
and valuable treasure of the state. But unfortunately orchids are becoming rare, endangered
and even extinct due to human activities and
natural calamities like flood, wildlife, soil erosion etc. Urgent steps to be taken for conservation of these valuable flora. First Hooker (1880)
recorded many orchid species of Arunachal
Pradesh in his book Flora of British India. Some
conservation strategies should be adopted to
check the extinction of orchid flora are :
1.
Proper rehabilation of orchid flora attached to the old timber yeilding plants
before felling down the tree.
2.
Mass ex situ and in situ and in vitro cultivation of rare and endangered flora for
production of large number of orchids..
3.
To inspire the local people to cultivate

the orchid flora for commercial exploitation.
4.
As jhum cultivation is prevalent in the

state, it destroy a good number of orchid
attached to big plants and also ground
orchids. So govt. shoud provide alternative livehood to the tribels to check jhum
cultivation. Jhum cultivation not only
destroy the important flora but also cause
soil erosion and consequently flood ocurs
every year.
5.
6.
Many orchid species are uprooted from

their habitat and sold in the market for
very megare amount of money. This practice should not be encouraged.
All people of the state should be made
aware about the importance of orchids.

For this purpose, public meetings, seminar, workshop etc. should be organised.
Local politician, NGOs, village heads
(Gaoburas), school students, religious
leaders should be involved to conserve
the orchids. Mass participation of people
will be very much effective to conserve
and commercialise the valuable orchid
flora of the state.
REFERENCES
Baruah, I. C. (2001) : Orchids of North East
India. Sustainable development of
Mountain agriculture. In 51th Agricultural
Science Congress. pp. 50 52. Assam
Agricultural University, Khanapara, India.
Bose, T. K.; Bhattacharjee, S. K.; Das, P. and
Basak, U. C. (1999) : Orchids of India.
Naya Prakash, Calcutta, India.
Biswas, K. (1940) : The flora of Aka Hills. Ind.
Forest Rec. 3 (1) : 49 52.
Deb, D. B. and Dutta, R. M. (1974) :
Contribution to the flora of Tirap Frontier
Division. Jr. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
71 (2) : 2 : 285 290.
Hegde, S. N. (1984) : Orchids of Arunachal
Pradesh, Forest Development, Itanagar,
Arunachal Pradesh.
Hooker, J. D. (1880) : The flora of British India,
Vol. VI. London.
Kai, K.; Osuga, M.; Yonemura, K and Higuchi,
H. (1985) : Influence of Temperature

condition in winter on growth and
flowering of Cymbidium. Res. Bull. Arch.
agril. Res. Centre. 13 : 219 227.
Mazumder, P. B.; Dutta Choudhury, M.;
Bhattacharya, M. K. and Chakraborty, D.
(2002) : A Contribution to the Orchids
Flora of Southers Assam, India.
Biodiversity of Assam and its conservation
(ed. Bhattacharya et al.) pp. 135 150.
Deptt. of Botany, Karimganj College,
Karimganj, India.
Mazumder, P. B. and Paul, S. (2002 b) :
Contribution to the Orchid Flora of
Southern Assam (Barak Valley), India.
J. Orchid Soc. India, 16 (1-2) : 41 45.

Maheswari, P and Singh, U. (1965) : Dictionary
of economic plants in India. Indian
Council of Agric. Res. New Delhi.
Parsoglove, J. W. (1992) : Tropical crops
Monocotyledons. Longman, London.
Phukan, S. (1999) : Addition to Indian Orchid
Flora, Orchid Rev., 107 : 28 29.
Kataki, S. K.; Jain, S. K. and Sastry, D. R. K.
(1984) : Distribution of Orchids of Sikkim
and North Eastern India. Plant Cons. Bull.,
5 : 1 38.
Rao, A. S. (1975) : Orchids of Arunachal
Pradesh. Census Hand Book of Arunachal
Pradesh. Rikhasi Press, Shillong.
ISSN : 0972-6446
S Volume 3, Number 1, 2006.
&
(BEES)
Karimganj College, Karimganj : 788 710, Assam, India.
ISSN : 0972-6446
S Volume 3, Number (1 & 2)
2005
SOCIETY FOR BIOMETRY, ECOLOGY & ECONOMETRICS (BEES)

KarimganjCollege,Karimganj:788710,Assam,India.
ISSN : 0972-6446
, Vol. 3, No. (1 & 2)
CONTENTS
1.
On the occurrence of Breynia carinata in the Upper Bhuban rocks of Kolasib,

Mizoram, India. l Baharul I. Mazumder (pp. 39)
2.
Description of a new species and a key to species of Orasema cameron

(Hymenoptera : Eucharitidae) from India. l T. C. Narendran and P. Girish Kumar
(pp. 1014)
3.
Role of Exotic Weeds in Fallow Vegetation of Karbi Anglong District, Assam.

l Jasbir Singh and Kuntala N. Barua (pp. 1520)
4.
A Mathematical Model for Comparing the Facilities Provided in Various Municipal

Wards of Karimganj Town. l Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee and Bedojyoti
Bhattacharjee (pp. 2125)
5.
Ethno-Medicobotanical Aspects of Rongmai Naga of Cachar District of Assam,

India : A Study. l Baharul Islam Choudhury, Ashis Nath, A. R. Barbhuiya,
Shuvasish Choudhury and M. Dutta Choudhury (pp. 2634)
6.
Sustainable Development of Tea Industry in Assam. l Hiranmoy Roy (pp. 3539)
7.
On A New Species of the Genus Promicrogaster Brues & Richardson

(Hymenoptera : Braconidae). l T. V. Sathe (pp. 4042)
8.
Biodiversity of North East India : Part-I. Problems Related to In Situ Conservation

of Phytodiversity. l P. S. Das & M. K. Bhattacharya (pp. 4348)
9.
Orchid Flora of Papumpare District of Arunachal Pradesh with a note for their
conservation. l P. B. Mazumder, A. D. Talukdar and R. Chakraborty (pp. 4955)
Price : Rs. 80/-
PublishedbySriP.S.Das,GeneralSecretary,
SocietyforBiometry,EcologyandEconometrics(BEES)forandonbehalfofBEES,Karimganjand
printedatAPARNAGRAPHICS,BrojendraRoad,Karimganj.Ph.03843-202100(M)
SOCIETY FOR BIOMETRY, ECOLOGY & ECONOMETRICS ( BEES )

( Registered under the Socities Registration Act XXI of 1860 )
KARIMGANJ COLLEGE, KARIMGANJ : 788 710, ASSAM, INDIA.
The Society for Biometry, Ecology & Econometrics (BEES) was formed in 1995 to promote
the cause of science in general and studies on Biometry, Ecology and Econometrics in
particular with an interdisciplinary approach whereever applicable.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR : 2005 -2006

President
Dr. Sudip Dey
Working President
Sri Gaurish Chandra Roy
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General Secretary
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Treasurer
Dr. Samiran Debnath
Chief Editor
Dr. P. B. Mazumder
E. C. MEMBERS
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1)
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Biometry,Ecology,EnvironmentalEconomicsandEconometricstopromotetheacademicandresearchactivities.
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3)
Papersshouldbeoriginal,clearandconcise.Theyshouldfallinanyofthetwocategories(i)fullcommunications,
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includingillustrationsandtables.Thepapersmeantforcategory(i)onlyshouldbedividedinmainheadings:
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onesideofA4sizebondpaper.
5
)
Thelistofreferencesshouldincludeonlypublicationscitedinthetext.Theyshouldbearrangedalphabetically
andthefollowingexamplesbefollowed:
Forfullpaper:
Bhattacharya,M.K.;Nath,A.&Baishya,A.K.(1995):PteridophyticfloraofNorthCacharHillsDistrict,Assam,
India.IndianFernJ.12:146-158.
ForBriefcommunications:
Bhattacharya,M.K.;NewBotanist,1994,21,125-127.
6)
Papersshouldbecarefullyrevisedbytheauthorsandshouldbeinthefinalformforprinting.Theyareaccepted
forpublicationuponadvicereceivedfromreferee.
7)
IllustrationshouldbekeptminimuminnumberandnumberedconsecutivelyinArabicnumerals(e.g.Fig.1
etc.).Photographsshouldbeonglossypaperwithhighcontrast.Legendsforfiguresshouldbelistedconsecutively
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8)
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9)
Proofsmaybesenttotheauthorsforcorrection,ifnecessary.
10)
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Ecology&EconometricspayableatKarimganj.Pleasesendfulldetailsaboutyour(a)PresentAddress,(b)
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Therewillbenoprintingcharges.However,theauthor(s)willhavetopaythecostofreprintsattherate
ofRs.150/-perprintedpage(50copies).Nomanuscriptwillbeacceptedforpublicationwithoutorderfor
50reprints.Oncompliancethepaperwillbeprocessedforevaluationbyreferees.
12)
Allcorrespondenceshouldbesenttothefollowingaddress:
ChiefEditor,SocietyforBiometryEcology&Econometrics,KarimganjCollege,Karimganj:788710,Assam.
GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

1)
ThemainobjectiveofthejournalistopublishoriginalpapersdealingwithbasicandappliedresearchinBiology,
Biometry,Ecology,EnvironmentalEconomicsandEconometricstopromotetheacademicandresearchactivities.
2)
ManuscriptsshouldbewritteninEnglish.Theyshouldbetype-writtenindoublespace,leavingenoughmargin
andsubmittedinduplicatepreferablyalongwithaCompactDiskcontainingthearticletypedinPageMakeror
MicrosoftWordorLeapOffice.
3)
Papersshouldbeoriginal,clearandconcise.Theyshouldfallinanyofthetwocategories(i)fullcommunications,
notexceedingtenpagesoftypescriptand(ii)briefcommunications,notexceedingthreepagesofthetypescript
includingillustrationsandtables.Thepapersmeantforcategory(i)onlyshouldbedividedinmainheadings:
Abstract,Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussionandReferences.Thepapersforcategory
(ii)shouldbeinrunningformandReferencesaddedattheendofthepaper.Boththecategoriesofthepapers
mustcontaintheauthorsnameandtheaddressbelowthemaintitle.
4)
Thecontentsofthepapershouldbearrangedinthefollowingmanner:(1)Thetitle,(2)Author(s)name,(3)
Authorsaddress,(4)Abstract,(5)Keywords,(6)Introduction,(7)MaterialsandMethods,(8)Resultsand
Discussionand(10)References.Thereferencesshouldinclude(a)Nameoftheauthor(s),(b)Yearofpublication,
(c)Nameofthepaper,(d)NameoftheJournal,(e)Volumeand(f)Pages.Thepapersshouldbeneatlytypedon
onesideofA4sizebondpaper.
5
)
Thelistofreferencesshouldincludeonlypublicationscitedinthetext.Theyshouldbearrangedalphabetically
andthefollowingexamplesbefollowed:
Forfullpaper:
Bhattacharya,M.K.;Nath,A.&Baishya,A.K.(1995):PteridophyticfloraofNorthCacharHillsDistrict,Assam,
India.IndianFernJ.12:146-158.
ForBriefcommunications:
Bhattacharya,M.K.;NewBotanist,1994,21,125-127.
6)
Papersshouldbecarefullyrevisedbytheauthorsandshouldbeinthefinalformforprinting.Theyareaccepted
forpublicationuponadvicereceivedfromreferee.
7)
IllustrationshouldbekeptminimuminnumberandnumberedconsecutivelyinArabicnumerals(e.g.Fig.1
etc.).Photographsshouldbeonglossypaperwithhighcontrast.Legendsforfiguresshouldbelistedconsecutively
onaseparatesheetofpaper.
8)
Eachtableshouldbetypedonaseparatesheetofpaper.Tablesshouldbenumberedconsecutivelyandattached
attheendofthetext.
9)
Proofsmaybesenttotheauthorsforcorrection,ifnecessary.
10)
Allauthorsmustbemembersofthesociety.Thelife(Rs.800/-)annualmembershipfees(Rs.80/-+
admissionfeesRs.20/-)maybesentthroughdemanddraft,drawninfavourofSocietyforBiometry
Ecology&EconometricspayableatKarimganj.Pleasesendfulldetailsaboutyour(a)PresentAddress,(b)
PermanentAddress,(c)Researchinterestand(d)Presentoccupationalstatus.
11)
Therewillbenoprintingcharges.However,theauthor(s)willhavetopaythecostofreprintsattherate
ofRs.150/-perprintedpage(50copies).Nomanuscriptwillbeacceptedforpublicationwithoutorderfor
50reprints.Oncompliancethepaperwillbeprocessedforevaluationbyreferees.
12)
Allcorrespondenceshouldbesenttothefollowingaddress:
ChiefEditor,SocietyforBiometryEcology&Econometrics,KarimganjCollege,Karimganj:788710,Assam.
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Published by Sri P. S. Das, General Secretary
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S
OCIETY
FOR B IOMETRY , ECOLOGY & ECONOMETRICS ( BEES )
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for and on behalf of BEES, Karimganj, Assam, India.
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Ecobios - PDF Vol 3

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Ecobios - PDF Vol 3

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S Volume 3, Number (1 & 2)

DR. ASESH DAS

PROFESSOR ABHIK GUPTA

DR. SAMIRAN CHAKRABORTY

DR. M. DUTTA CHOUDHURY

DR. M. DUTTA CHOUDHURY

PARTHA SARATHI DAS

SOCIETY FOR BIOMETRY, ECOLOGY & ECONOMETRICS (BEES)

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF Breynia carinata

Stratigraphically, the area belongs to

Shale, siltstone and

here for the purpose of systematics is as

Type species : Spatangus australasiae Lech,

1854. Breynia carinata dArchiac & Haime :

: Davies, p. 158, fig. 385.

Bivalves : Anadara (Anadara) cf. gourae

Astarte (Ashtarotha) n.sp., Astarte

Gastropods : Turritella narica

Scaphopods : Dentalium boettgeri

Crabs : Calappa protopustulosa Noetling,

A large number of Tertiary fauna of the

clue has been utilized by many workers to

Vredenburg (1921) opined that Upper

calcareous sandstone bed can also be

Ganguly, S. (1975) : Tectonic Evolution of

Noetling, F. (1901) : Marine fauna of Burma.

Dall, W. H. (1904) : Relation of the Miocene

Nakagawa, T. (1988) : Miocene Molluscan

Dey, A. K. (1962) : The Miocene mollusca from

Ram, J. and Venkataraman, B. (1984) : Tectonic

Fell, H. B. and Pawson D. L. (1966) : In Moore

Sahni, M. R. and Sastry, M. V. A. (1958) :

Tellinidae) from the Miocene of Mizoram,

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND A KEY TO

MATERIALS AND METHODS

microscope. The figures were drawn using the

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Head (Figs. 1, 2 and 4) : Slightly transverse

furrow broad and reticulated (Fig. 5), callus

Paratype : 1 Female, same data of holotype

along lateral margin).

Etymology : The species name is after New

Propodeal disc weakly sculptured; head

Propodeal disc reticulate; head 1.3-1.4x

Body length 1.5-1.9 mm; lateral ocellus

Body length 3.16 mm; lateral ocellus

Heraty, J.M. (1994) : Classification and

Cameron, P. (1884) : Hymenoptera (Families

Kerrich, G.J. (1963) : Descriptions of two

ROLE OF EXOTIC WEEDS IN FALLOW VEGETATION

in early successional stages of jhum system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

autonomous hill district covered more than 65

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

from Central and South America has drawn first

Misra, R. (1968) : Ecology Work Book. Oxford

Singh J; Barua K. N. and Das, N. (2003) :

Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1992) : Shifting agriculture and sustainable development : An