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Network Protocols Protocol Layers: Frames) Over A Communication Link, Error Correction Within

Network communication is divided into seven layers, with each layer dealing with a particular aspect of communication. The ISO OSI model defines seven layers, with the application layer providing network access to programs, and the physical layer transmitting bits across a network. The TCP/IP model includes layers like TCP (for reliable connections), IP (for routing packets), and Ethernet (for transmitting frames). Protocols like FTP, SMTP, and DNS operate at the application layer, while ICMP provides error reporting and network testing below IP. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD for transmission, while Token Ring passes a token for message transmission.

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Srinivasan Ramachandran
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69 views

Network Protocols Protocol Layers: Frames) Over A Communication Link, Error Correction Within

Network communication is divided into seven layers, with each layer dealing with a particular aspect of communication. The ISO OSI model defines seven layers, with the application layer providing network access to programs, and the physical layer transmitting bits across a network. The TCP/IP model includes layers like TCP (for reliable connections), IP (for routing packets), and Ethernet (for transmitting frames). Protocols like FTP, SMTP, and DNS operate at the application layer, while ICMP provides error reporting and network testing below IP. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD for transmission, while Token Ring passes a token for message transmission.

Uploaded by

Srinivasan Ramachandran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Protocol Layers

Network Protocols
n

n
n

ISO OSI 7-layer model


TCP/IP suite
l TCP/UDP
l IP
l Ethernet/Token Ring
l ICMP
n

Network communication is divided up into seven layers


l

Each layer deals with one particular aspect of the


communication

Each layer uses a set of routines provided by the layer


below it

Each layer ignores lower-level (and higher-level) details and


problems

Each layer takes a message passed down to it by a higher


layer, adds some header information, and passes the message
on to a lower layer
l

Each layer has the illusion of peer-to-peer communication

Eventually the message reaches the bottom layer, and get


physically sent across the network

ISO OSI protocol summary


ISO OSI 7-layer protocol scheme

Application layer provides network access to application


programs
l

Presentation layer provides freedom from machine-dependent


representations - maintains structured information - arrays, records,
etc: translates between machine presentations if necessary,
encryption/decryption, compression/decompression

Session layer provides communication/synchronization between


processes, Not required in connectionless communication

Transport layer accepts messages of arbitrary length between


hosts, error control for out-of-sequence and missing packets

ISO OSI protocol summary (cont.)


n

Network layer provides switching and routing needed to (1)


establish, maintain, and terminate switched connections, and
(2) transfer data (packets) between end systems
l

Data link layer reliably transfers packets (broken up into


frames) over a communication link, error correction within
frame/ flow control
l

Examples: IP (connectionless), X.25 (connectionoriented)

Examples: Ethernet

Physical layer converts 1s and 0s into electrical or optical


signals, and transmits frames of bits across a wire / cable
l

Examples: RS-232-C (serial communication lines),


X.21

Examples: telnet, ftp, email (SMTP)

Example: Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

Examples: TCP (connection-oriented), UDP


(connectionless)

TCP/IP Protocol suite


n

Upper layers
l ftp file transfer protocol
n Sends files from one system to another under user
command
n Handles both text and binary files
n Supports userids and passwords
l telnet remote terminal protocol
n Lets a user at one terminal log onto a remote host
l smtp simple mail transfer protocol
n Transfers mail messages between hosts
n Handles mailing lists, forwarding, etc.
n Does not specify how mail messages are created
l dns domain name service
n Maps names into IP addresses
n A domain may be split into subdomains
n Name severs are usually replicated to improve reliability

TCP
n

TCP Transmission Control Protocol


l Connection-oriented (3-way handshake)
l On transmit side, breaks message into packets, assigns sequence
numbers, and and sends each packet in turn
n Sends to a particular IP address and port
n Flow control doesnt send more packets than receiver is
prepared to receive
l On receive side, receives packets, reassembles them into messages
n Computes a checksum for each packet and compares it to
checksum sent, discards packet if checksums dont agree
n Reorders out-of-order packets
l Reliable
n Packets must be acknowledged
n If sender doesnt receive an acknowledgment after a short period,
it retransmits that packet
l Congestion control dont overwhelm the network

IP
n

IP Internet Protocol

Ethernet
n
n

Network is a bus broadcast to anyone who cares to listen


Every Ethernet device (everywhere in the world!) has a unique address
l The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
allocates addresses to manufacturers, who build a unique address
into each Ethernet device
Transmission Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
l Carrier sense: listen before broadcasting, defer until channel is
clear, then broadcast
l Collision detection: listen while broadcasting
n If two hosts transmit at same time collision the data gets
garbled
n Each jams network (short jammed signal is issued), then waits a
random (but increasing) amount of time, and tries again

ICMP
n

A part of IP that is less widely known is the Internet Control Message


Protocol (ICMP)
l

Allows gateways and hosts to exchange bootstrapping information,


report errors, and test the liveliness of the network

Some useful programs using ICMP:


l

traceroute
/usr/contrib/bin/traceroute
n Displays route taken to reach destination, time for each hop
n Sends multiple (?) 20-byte packets

ping
/usr/sbin/ping
n Tests that destination is up and reachable
n Sends ICMP echo request to destination
n Destination sends ICMP echo reply
n Sends 64-byte packets repeatedly

Connectionless

Unreliable
n Packets may be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order

Forward packet from sender through some number of gateways


(routers) until it reaches the final destination
n A gateway accepts a packet from one network and forwards it to a
host or gateway on another network

Destination has specific Internet address, which is composed of two


parts:
n network part network the host is on
n address part specific host on network

Routing is dynamic each gateway chooses the next gateway to


send the packet to
n Gateways send each other information about network congestion
and gateways which are down

Token Ring
n
n

n
n

Devices are joined in a ring


Transmission
l unique message (token) is circulated in the ring
l Token is free when no device is transmitting
l To transmit, a host waits for a free token, attaches its message to
it, sent the token status to busy, and sends it on
l Destination removes the message, sets the token status to free,
and sends it on
Advantage: not sensitive to load
Disadvantage: complexity token maintenance is complex

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