Chemistry of Carbohydrates

BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES
DEFINITION
CARBON NUMBERING SYSTEM
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or

polyhydroxy ketones or compounds that can
be hydrolyzed into these compounds. General
formula is CnH2nOn..
FUNCTIONS
1.
Major source of energy in most organisms
2.
Serve as metabolic intermediates
3.
Constituents of nucleotides that form DNA &

RNA
4.
Give structure to cell membranes & cell walls
5.
Play a role in immunity, joint lubrication & cell

to cell communications
Common
diseases
associated
with
carbohydrates
include diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen

storage diseases and lactose intolerance.
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
A. Simple Only Carbohydrate Moiety
1.
Monosaccharides
i.
Aldoses [glucose (6C), glycerose (3C),

erythrose (4C), ribose (5C)]
ii.
HAWORTH
(OPEN
CHAIN)
CARBOHYDRATES
Ketoses [fructose (6C), dihydroxyacetone

(3C), erythrulose (4C), ribulose (5C)]
2.
Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
3.
Oligosaccharides (3-9 residues; Eg. raffinose,

stachyose)
4.
Polysaccharides
(>/=
10
residues;
Homopolysaccharides - starch, inulin, cellulose

and
Heteropolysaccharides
heparin,
chondroitin sulphate)
B.
Complex Sugar + Lipid Or Protein Moiety
Proteoglycan, Glycoprotein, Glycolipid
BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE
STRUCTURE
OF
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
PYRANOSE RING STRUCTURES
Optical Isomerism
Same molecular formula but differs in their

physical
property
of turning
the
plane
polarized light.
d / + : dextrorotatory
l / - : laevorotatory.
Stereoisomerism
Same molecular formula but differs in spatial

configuration
of
&
OH
groups
at
penultimate carbon atoms.
OH on the right side- D form. Eg- D-glucose &

OH on left side- L form. Eg- L-glucose.
FRUCTOSE STRUCTURE
Asymmetric carbon atom- C atom with 4

different groups attached to it.
ISOMERISM
Same molecular formula but different physical or
No of isomers = 2n (n = no of asymmetric
carbon atoms).
chemical properties
Epimerism
Types
1.
Optical
2.
Functional
3.
Stereoisomerism
Differ in orientation of H & OH groups

around single C atom. Eg- Glu & Gal at C4,
i.
Anomerism
ii.
Epimerism
iii.
Enantiomerism
iv.
Diastereoisomerism
Glu & Mannose at C2.

Anomerism
Differ in orientation of H & OH groups

around first C atom. E.g. - OH to the right of
1st C., -glucose; - OH to the right of 1st C., glucose.
GLYCOSIDES
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Sugar + Aglycone
Phlorhizin- glucose + phloretin; renal damage
Digitonin-
glucose+
digitogenin;
Component of inulin
KEY POINTS ABOUT GALACTOSE
Ouabain- Na -K ATPase inhibitor

+
Amino sugars
It is a major constituent of honey
cardiac
stimulant
Glucosamine- in hyaluronic acid, heparin &
Component of lactose
Epimer of glucose at C4
Constituent of glycolipids & glycoproteins
Oxidized to galactonic acid, galacturonic acid

& mucic acid
blood group substances
Galactosamine- in chondroitin of cartilage,
Reduced to dulcitol
bone & tendons
Mannosamine, N-acetylated glucosamine &

N-acetylated galactosamine- in glycoproteins
Occurs in glycoproteins
Erythromycin- Diethyl amino sugar; antibiotic
Epimer of glucose at C2
IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT DISACCHARIDES
Deoxysugars
L-fucose- 6-deoxy L-galactose - in blood
Sucrose
group antigens
KEY POINTS ABOUT MANNOSE
carbons of glucose & fructose are involved in
Deoxyribose- in nucleic acid. Feulgen staining is
glycosidic linkage
specific for DNA
D-Ribose- constituent of RNA, ATP & NAD
Deoxyribose- in DNA
D-Ribulose- in HMP shunt
D-Xylose- in proteoglycans
D-Lyxose- in heart muscle
(- 19.50 ) on hydrolysis
(1, 4) contains 2 glucose units
Present in malt sugar and germinating seeds.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch (amylase)

Acted on by maltase.
Forms
Aldo-sugar with 6 membered pyranose ring
-D glucopyranose is the most common form
C1 carbon is the anomeric carbon
Ring closure occurs between C1 & C5
D-glucose is dextrorotatory
Forms 16 stereoisomers
Glucose
is
oxidized
gluconic
Reduced to sorbitol (mechanism in diabetic
KEY POINTS ABOUT FRUCTOSE

structure
Lactose
(1, 4) is sugar present in milk.
Contains glucose & galactose
Hedgehog or powder puff appearance of

lactosazone crystals
Digested by separate enzyme, lactase
C2 carbon is the anomeric carbon. D-fructose is

HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Forms 4 isomers
of
(1, 6) contains 2 glucose units produced by
Keto-sugar with predominant furanose ring
laevorotatory
crystals
partial digestion of glycogen and starch
acid,
cataract)
shaped
Isomaltose
glucuronic acid & glucosaccharic acid
sunflower
maltosazone
to
Honey contains invert sugar
Maltose
KEY POINTS ABOUT GLUCOSE
It is called invert sugar as sucrose being

dextrorotatory (+66.50) becomes laevorotatory
PENTOSES
(1, 2) is not reducing since both anomeric
Structural Homopolysaccharides
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Cellulose made up of glucose residues linked
All GAGs are sulfated so that they get a
by (1,4) linkages., so its not digestible in
negative charge, but hyaluronic acid is neither
humans
sulfated nor acetylated.
Inulin is a fructosan
Chitin- the constituent of exoskeleton of

crustaceans is made up of amino sugar Nacetyl glucosamine
Functions
Constituents of extracellular matrix providing

negative charge which is important for
Storage Homopolysaccharides
basement membranes charge selectivity for
Starch- 2 components- amylose, unbranched

form with (1, 4) linkages [300-400 glucose
proteins.
units] and amylopectin, highly branched with

(1, 4) along straight lines and (1, 6) along
cancer.
branch points [each branch at interval of 24-30

glucose units].Amylose is water soluble and
molecules are attached with (1, 4) linkages
the cornea.
Glycoproteins
Glycosylated protein but the side chains are
along straight line & (1, 6) along branch
branched,
non-repetitive
carbohydrate
points [each branch at interval of 12-18
moieties-
carbohydrates
less
glucose units]. Each branch has 11 residues &

the whole molecule is arranged in 12
It helps in maintaining receptor function,

protein
Mucopolysaccharides
GAG / Proteoglycans are composed of an
Eg- plasma proteins, Igs, hormones, enzymes,

transport proteins etc
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
Features of glycosaminoglycans (GAG)-
than
proteoglycans
concentric circles.
Dermatan sulfate is responsible for shape of
Glycogen highly branched, formed on a

protein core- glycogenin to which glucose
Keratan sulfate is responsible for corneal

transparency.
amylopectine is water insoluble.
Helps in morphogenesis and metastasis in
folding,
determining
protein
solubility.
Types- N-linked, O-linked & GPI anchored.
GPI anchored glycoprotein- carboxy terminal
uronic acid & amino sugar. Exception
of amino acid is linked to the carbohydrate
keratan sulphate doesnt have uronic acid,
chain, ethanolamine & inositol. Eg- Decay
instead it has galactose.
acceleration factor is a GPI anchored protein
Normally, they prefer to have glucuronic acid
which prevents RBC lysis by complement
& N-acetyl glucosamine. Exception- Iduronic
pathway product, mutation of which causes
acid in Heparin & Dermatan sulphates.
PNH.
Galactosamine in chondroitin & dermatan

sulphate.
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
1.
Molisch test- for carbohydrates
COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDES
2.
Benedicts test- for reducing sugars
Proteoglycans
3.
Barfoeds test- for distinguishing between
It has a core protein, to which the GAGs
monosaccharides & disaccharides
(unbranched, repetitive units) are linked by
4.
Bials test- for pentoses
O linkage.
5.
Seliwanoffs test- for distinguishing between
Exception is keratan sulfate type 1, which is Nlinked and, hyaluronic acid is not linked to the
aldoses & ketoses.

6.
Iodine test to detect polysaccharides.
core protein directly at all.

BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
DEFINITIONS
Metabolism- process by which we assimilate energy from
the food we intake (Catabolism) & utilize the same for
building up macromolecules (Anabolism).
Oxidative Phosphorylation- The energy obtained by
oxidation of substrates is trapped in the form of reducing
equivalents
NADH
or
FADH2
which
passes
thro
mitochondria to generate ATP

Substrate Level Phosphorylation
ATP is generated directly from the substrate.

Eg- Phosphoglycerate kinase
Irreversible Steps
Pyruvate kinase
Succinyl thiokinase
Creatine kinase
Catabolic Pathways- Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, fatty

acid oxidation, amino acid oxidation
Pathways-
Hexokinase or glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase
Rate Limiting Step
EXAMPLES OF
Anabolic
Glycogen
synthesis, protein synthesis
synthesis,
FFA
Phosphofructokinase
Substrate Level Phosphorylation Steps
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Pyruvate kinase
Amphibolic Pathways- TCA cycle

Products
KEY POINTS IN GLYCOLYSIS
Pyruvate
Lactate- For the regeneration of NAD- NAD is

required for the G3PDH step when itll be
converted to NADH. In aerobic glycolysis,
NADH will enter into respiratory chain & we
get back the NAD, but if its happening
anerobically, LDH step converts it back to
NAD to convert pyruvate to lactate.
AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS :7 ATPs are produced.

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS- occurs in RBC, white
muscle fibres, lens, retina, brain, renal medulla. Only 2
ATP is produced.
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
RBC- glycolysis is the only energy generating pathway
PEPCK
as it lacks mitochondria & hence dependent on
Fructose 1,6 bis phosphatase (rate limiting step)
anaerobic pathway.
Glucose-6-phosphatase
RAPPAPORT LUEBERIN CYCLE- a deviation of the

normal glycolysis whereby phosphoglycerate kinase
step is bypassed & phosphoglycerate mutase generates
2, 3-DPG which is essential for decreasing the affinity of
Substrates
Glucogenic amino acids, lactates, glycerol &

propionate
Regulation
RBC for oxygen, thereby facilitating unloading in
Regulated by PFK-2
tissues.
PFK-2 on phosphorylation acts like fructose 2, 6

bisphosphatase
PASTEUR
EFFECT-
Body
attempts
to
prevent
it
&
behaves
when
like
it
gets
PFK-2
synthesizing fructose 2,6 bisphosphate.
anaerobic glycolysis whenever there is high ATP level,

which is obtained by lipolysis & fatty acid oxidation.
(glucagon)
dephosphorylated,
Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is an allosteric activator

of PFK-1 (glycolysis)
FATES OF PYRUVATE
Aerobic Condition- forms acetyl Co A
Anaerobic Condition- forms lactate
Well Fed State- forms alanine by transaminase
Starvation-
forms
oxaloacetate
for
gluconeogenesis
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX (PDH)
TCA CYCLE
Multi enzyme complex, mitochondrial enzyme

with
PDH,
dihydrolipoyl
tranacetylase,
dihydrolipoyl DH & coenzymes: TPP, CoA, Lipoic

acid, NAD, FAD
Generates 2.5 ATP.
REGULATION
Allosteric inhibition by acetyl Co A(glucose

sparing effect), NADH, ATP
COVALENT
MODIFICATION-activated
by
phosphorylation & vice versa.
Activated by insulin.
KEY POINTS IN GLUCONEOGENESIS
Formation of glucose from non carbohydrate

sources
ORGANS INVOLVED- liver & kidney
Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate
Occurs in mitochondria
consumes CO2 & ATP generating inorganic
Only aerobic pathway
phosphate.
Amphibolic
Enzymes Involved
Catabolic- generates 12 ATP/10 ATPs from acetyl
Pyruvate carboxylase
Co A
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Anabolic-
forms
various
glutamate
from
alpha-KG,
intermediates
aspartate
like
from
Succinate DH
FADH2
2X2=4
Malate DH
NADH
3X2=6
oxaloacetate, fatty acids from acetyl Co A.

Net generation in Glycolysis
10 - 2 = 8
Regulation of TCA Cycle
Generation in PDH reaction
=6
Depends on the type of the cell
Generation in TCA cycle
= 24
In skeletal muscle- main purpose is energy
Net generation of ATP from 1 molecule of glucose
production, the cycle generates ATP. The
= 38(old) /32 ATPs.
dehydrogenases are all activated by calcium

ions & the ATP/ADP ratio will be very low:
inhibition on PDH is overcome.
KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
In Liver- cycle is anabolic. Citrate synthase is
Occurs in 2 tissues- liver & muscle
inhibited by high energy level, so oxaloacetate
Total glycogen is higher in muscle than liver
Liver glycogen gives rise to plasma glucose
accumulates, which can be utilized for

aspartate
synthesis.
Similarly
ATP
whereas muscle glycogen does not since glucose-
allosterically inhibits DH to help in glutamate

& other synthesis. Succinyl CoA is used in
heme synthesis.
In adipose tissue- aconitase inhibited-citrate

accumulates & helps in FA synthesis.
Inhibitors of TCA cycle
Fluoroacetate- inhibits aconitase
Malonate- inhibits succinate dehydrogenase
6-phosphatase is absent in muscle
Key enzyme for glycogen synthesis- glycogen

synthetase
Key
enzyme
for
glycogenolysis-
glycogen
phosphorylase
Regulation of glycogen metabolism- by cyclic AMP
Total ATP utilized in glycogen synthesis- 2
ENERGY YIELD (NO OF ATP GENERATED) PER

MOLECULE
OF
GLUCOSE
THROUGH
GLYCOLYSIS PLUS CITRIC ACID CYCLE, UNDER
KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
AEROBIC CONDITIONS
Enzymes-
Pathway
Source
No of ATPs
gained
- Minus 1
Phosphofructokinase - Minus 1
Glyceraldehyde-3-P-DH
NADH
3X2=6
1, 3-BPG Kinase
ATP
1X2=2
Pyruvate kinase
ATP
1X2=2
Glucokinase has got high Km & low affinity for

glucose
UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen synthase adds glucose subunits to

glycogen primer i.e Glycogenin in straight chains
until 11 residues are attached
Branching enzyme (1->4)->(1->6) transferase
KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Pyruvate to Acetyl Co A
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Hexokinase in skeletal muscle & glucokinase in

liver
Glycolysis
Hexokinase
NADH
3X2=6
Enzymes
involved
are
phosphorylase
&
debranching enzyme (amylo 1, 6 glucosidase)

TCA Cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase NADH
3X2=6
Alpha-KG DH
NADH
3X2=6
Succinate thiokinase
GTP
1X2=2
Rate limiting step is phosphorylase- pyridoxine

dependent enzyme
Gives rise to glucose-1-phosphate
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Energy from glucose obtained by glycogenolysis- 9

ATP
Liver glycogen phosphorylase is activated by

glucagon & epinephrine, whereas muscle GP is
only by epinephrine & not glucagon
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Glycogenesis
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Glycogenolysis
HEXOSE MONO-PHOSPHATE SHUNT

10
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
11
KEY POINTS IN HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE

SHUNT
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Occurs in cytosol of liver, mammary glands,
Biochemically-
increased
adipose tissue & fetal heart
decreased
2 PHASES-
albuminuria, aminoaciduria
Oxidative-
production
of
NADPH
(used
for
reductive synthesis of lipid derivatives)
blood
blood
glucose,
12
galactose,
galactosuria,
FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
Non oxidative- production of ribose-5-phosphate

(used
for
purine
biosynthesis,
nucleoside
synthesis)
No ATP is generated
Significance : Generation of NADPH and Pentoses.
Prevents RBC hemolysis by assisting glutathione
deficiency
peroxidase
G6PD
deficiency
causes
drug
Fructose intolerance- Aldolase B
(antimalarial)
Clinicallydamage,
induced hemolytic anemia
hypoglycemia,
hyperuricemia,
acidosis.
GALACTOSE METABOLISM
Disorders :
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance :
Autosomal Recessive
Defect of Aldolase B.
Seen in infants at around 6 months of age.
Hypoglycemia is the prominent feature.
Hepatomegaly and Jaundice.
GALACTOSEMIA
Defect in the following enzymes
Galactose-1-P-
uridyl
transferase
classical type
Galactokinase : minor type
Epimerase : rare
Clinically manifest with failure to thrive,

lethargy,
hypoglycemia,
hepatomegaly,
congenital cataract, mental retardation.

liver
lactate
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Glycogen Storage Disorders
INTRODUCTION
13
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B. Galactose
C. Mennose
D. Xylose
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 168
MONOSACCHARIDES
1.
Which of the following are aldoses sugars?

A. Glucose and mannose
B. Glucose and fructose
C. Fructose and Xylulose
D. Xylulose and ribulose
11. True blood sugar level measures the levels
Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10

5.
A carbohydrate which cannot be hydrolyzed into

simple form is called ________
A. Monosaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Oligosaccharide
D. Polysaccharide
Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 10
1 molecule of glucose forms molecules of
A.
B.
C.
D.
pyruvate
1
2
3
5
7.
The
of
Glucose
Fructose
Glucose + fibose
Glucose + fructose
is
A.
B.
C.
D.
One
Two
Three
Four
Ref: Harper 1/e p 150
monosaccharides
glucose
is
best
described by which one of the following

A.
B.
C.
D.
statements.
It usually exists in the furanose form
It is a ketose.
It possesses an anomeric C-2 carbon atom.
It forms part of the disaccharides sucrose.
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10
8.
Which of the following is not polymer of
sugar
absorbed
concentration gradient is
A. Glucose
13. A carbohydrate, commonly known as dextrose, is

A. Dextrin
B. D Fructose
C. D Glucose
D. Glycogen
14. The predominant form of glucose in solution is
A. Acyclic form
B. Hydrated acyclic form
C. Glucofuranose
D. Glucopyranose
Ref: Harper 1 /e 151
glucose?
A. Glycogen
B. Amylose
C. Inulin
D. Cellulose
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20 21
9. Starch and glycogen are polymens of
A. Alpha glucose
B. Beta glucose
C. Fructose
D. Sucrose
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20, 21
only
A.
B.
C.
D.
12. Number of asymmetric carbon atoms in glucose
6.
10. The
14
15. Glucose is the only source of energy for

A. Mycocardium
B. Kidneys
C. Erythrocytes
D. Thrombocytes
Ref: 1/e, p. 190
16. In anaerobic conditions, muscles can derive
against
energy from
A. Fatty acids
B. Amino acids
C. Glucose
D. All of the above
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Ref: 1/e, p. 208

17. Maximum capacity for tubular reabsorption of
the nonoxidative phase generates pyruvate
22. The cotton ball osazone crystal structure is seen
Ref: 1/e, p. 217

18. Sorbitol can be formed from
A. Glucose
B. Galactose
C. Mannose
D. Ribose
Ref: 1/e, p. 228
19. Close ring structure of glucose is known as
A. Glucan
B. Furan
C. Pyran
D. Glycan
20. Renal threshold value of glucose is
A. 90 mg/dl
B. 120 mg/dl
C. 150 mg/dl
D. 180 mg/dl
21. Cellulose is made up of the molecules of
A. - Glucose
B. - Glucose
C. Both of above
D. None of the above
Most lipogenic carbohydrate
A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Ribose
D. Sucrose
3.
C. It is active in adipose tissue, liver, and gonads

D. The oxidative phase generates NADPH and
Ref: Harper 27/E p. 177, 180
glucose is about
A. 180 mg/dl
B. 180 mg/min
C. 350 mg/dl
D. 350 mg/min
2.
15
Regarding pentose phosphate pathway all of the

following are true EXCEPT
A. Occurs in the cytosol
B. No ATP is produced in the cycle
when phenyl hydrazine reacts with

A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Maltose
D. Lactose
23. Oligosaccharides are defined as glycosides with
A. Less than 2 monosaccharides
B. 2 monosaccharides
C. 2 10 monosaccharides
D. >10 monosaccharides
24. Maltose is a disaccharide of
A. Glucose and galactose
C. Glucose and glucose
D. Fructose and fructose
25. The non reducing sugar is
A. Galactose
B. Sucrose
C. Mannose
D. Maltose
26. Inversion is a features of
A. Glucose
B. Maltose
C. Sucrose
D. Mannose
27. Starch on hydrolysis forms
A. Amylose only
B. Amylopectin only
C. Amylose + amylopectin
D. Fructose + glucose
28. Cellulose
A. Is water insoluble
B. Is non reducing
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
C. Gives no color with I2
D. All of the above
Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p22
29. Which of the following is true?
A. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides of
B.
animal origin
Starch is of plant origin and is much more
C.
branched than glycogen

Starch gives blue color with I2 whereas
glycogen gives red color

D. Starch is galactose polysaccharide and
glycogen is glucose polysaccharide
Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p21
30. Glycolysis occurs in
A. Cytoplasm
B. Mitochondrion
C. Both in cytoplasm and mitochondria
D. Only in presence of O2
31. The rate limiting step in glycolysis is catalysed by
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Enolase
D. Pyruvatekinase
32. The amount of ATPs generated by glycolytic
pathway is
A. 6
B. 8
C. 10
D. 12
33.
The major pathway for utilization of glucose in

erythrocytes is
A. Krebs cycle
B. Glycolysis
C. Hexose monophophate shunt
D. Anaerobic pathway
34. NaF is added to blood collected for blood glucose

estimation because
A. It inhibits the enzyme enolase
B. It prevent the glucose oxidation by
C.
atomospheric O2
It prevents conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl
coenzyme A
16
D. It oxidizes all double bonds and saturates the

sugars
35. Krebs cycle operates in
A. Aerobic conditions only
B. Anaerobic conditions only
C. Aerobic and anaerobic conditions
D. Microaerophilic conditions
36. The HMP shunt pathway occurs in
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm
C. Extracellularly
D. Both mitochondira and cytoplasms
37. Metabolic disease (glycogen storage) associated
with glucose 6- phophatase enzyme deficiency
A. Coris disease
B. Pompes disease
C. Von Gierkes disease
D. Gauchers disease
38. Glycogen breakdown leads to formation of
A. Glucose
B. Lactic acid
C. Glucose and lactic acid
D. Glycoprotein
39. The major sites of gluconoegenesis are
A. Liver and kidney
B. Brain
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Heart muscle
40. A patient who reports loss of weight, mental
retardation and development of cataract;
emission of certain substance corrects it; which is
A. Galactose
B. Glycogen
C. Cellulose
D. Glycine
41. Glucagon causes increased blood sugar level due
to
A.
Increased glycogen breakdown in muscle only
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B. Increased glycogen breakdown in liver only
C. Increased glycogenolysis in live and muscle
D. Glycogenesis from glucose
42. Epinephrine causes increased blood glucose level
due to
A. Increased glycogenolysis in liver and muscle
B. Activation of phophorylase
C. Inhibition of glycogen synthesis in liver
D. All of the above
17
D. Lactose
47. Cellulose is not digested by humans because
A. It is insoluble in water
B. It is present in bulk in the diet
C. Large number of intra and inter- chain
hydrogen bonds are present
D. Human intestine lacks the enzyme which
will split -1, 4 glucosidic bonds
48. Which of the following statement, that is NOT
43. Sucrose is a non reducing sugar because:

A. It is a disaccharide
B. It is made up of non reducing
C.
monosaccharides
Carbonyl
group
of
constituent
monosaccharides is not free, but is in

glycosidic linkage
D. It does not exist in ring structure
44. Why glucose and fructose form the same
osazone?
A. Because they are isomers
B. Because they are anomers
C. Because they have same molecular weight
D. Because they have exactly same structure of
the molecule from carbon number 3 to 6
while the dissimilarity in structure at C 1 and
C2 disappears during the reaction with
phenyl hydrazine
45. Which of the following is the most appropriate

statement about mucopolysaccharides
A. Mucopolysaccharides are polymers of more
than one sugar unit
B. They contain glucose
C. They are complex molecules
D. They are not soluble in water
reserve
__________
A. Starch
B. Glycogen
C. Glucose
carbohydrate
49. The reducing action of sugar is due to

A. Large number of hydroxylic groups
B. Presence of free carbonyl group
C. Presence of ring structure
D. Their complex structure
50. Which of the following is not a disaccharide?
A. Lactose
B. Maltose
C. Galactose
D. Sucrose
51. The isomers whose orientation is different only
46. The
true for all sugars?

A. All sugars are soluble in water
B. All sugar are reducing
C. All sugar are sweet in taste
D. All sugar do not give colour with iodine
in
animals
is
at one carbon atom are known as ______

A. Anomers
B. Epimers
C. Both
D. None
52. D glucose and D galactose differs at ______
A. One carbon atom
B. Two carbon atoms
C. Three carbon atoms
D. None
53. The ring structure of D glucose involves
________
A. C1 and C4
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B. C1 and C5
C. C1 and C6
D. C2 ad C5
54. Optical rotation of a compound can be measured
by a
A. Polaragraph
B. Polarimeter
C. Spectrophotometer
D. Flourimeter
pyruvate
is
toxic
in
18
A.
Because
B.
concentration
Because pyruvate can form amino acid by
larger
amination
C. Because pyruvate can form glucose back
D. Because this allows the regeneration of NAD
from NADH2 which is formed in earlier step
of glycolysis thus assuring continuation of
glycolysis
59. Which of the following step is not involved in
55. Why excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen

and not glucose?
A. Because glycogen is not soluble in water
B. Because
glucose
is
most
abundant
C.
carbohydrate
Because glycogen has more energy than
glucose
D. Because glycogen considerably decreases
osmotic pressure in the cell thus preventing
cell lysis
56. How
epinephrine
stimulates
glycogenolysis
simultaneously stopping glycogenesis

A. By stimulating enzyme phosphorylation
B. By converting inactive phosphorylase into
C.
active phosphorylase by phosphorylation

By releasing cAMP for glycogenolysis but not
for glycogenesis
D. By
converting
the
two
enzymes
phosphorylase and glycogen synthase into

their active forms sin active forms
by
phosphorylation respectively
57. Which mammalian cell does not have aerobic
pathway of glucose catabolism?
A. Nerve cell
B. Sperm cell
C. Ovum
D. Red cell
58. In aerobic glycolysis, glucose is first broken
down to pyruvate and then to CO 2 and H2O in the
Krebs cycle; but in anaerobic glycolysis it does
not stop at pyruvate but forms lactate. Why?
substrate level phosphorylation?

A. Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
B.
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
1, 3 diphosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate
C. Succinyl CoA Succinate
D. Phosphoenol pyruvate pyruvate
60. How may ATP molecules are produced in the
citric acid cycle itself?
A. One
B. Two
C. Twelve
D. Fifteen
61. The
TCA
cycle
is
suppressed
by
higher
concentrations of _____________
A. ATP
B. NAD
C. Citrate
D. Oxaloacetate
62. CO2 is not produced in the reaction catalyzed by
the enzyme
A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B. Succinate dehydrogenase
C. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
D. - Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
63. The three steps of _________ resembles the steps
of - Oxidation of fatty acids
A. Fatty acid synthesis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Citric acid cycle
D. HMP shunt
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 255, 288
70. Suggest a test to distinguish a case of renal

glycosuria from diabetic glycosuria
A. Benedicts test
B. Blood sugar
C. Urine sugar
D. GTT
64. What is the main aim of citric acid cycle?

A. To produce energy from carbohydrates
B. To provide keto acids for synthesis of amino
C.
acids
To completely oxidize acetyl CoA to CO2 and
H2O with complete release of energy

D. To synthesize acids to maintain pH
65. Which of the following statement is not true for
HMP shunt pathway?
A. CO2 is not produced in it
B. NADPH is produced
C. Pentoses are produced
D. Does not produce ATP
66. The __________ utilize fructose but not glucose
A. Ovum
B. Spermatozoa
C. Adipose tissue
D. Mammary gland
67. Neoglucogenesis occur predominantly from the
following compounds EXCEPT
A. Lactate
B. Fatty acids
C. Glycerol
D. Amino acids
68. The uronic acid pathway is unique as it provides
_____to man
A. Ascorbic acid
B. Xylulose
C. Glucuronic acid
D. All of the above
69. The _________ hormone does not stimulate
hepatic glycogenolysis
A. Thyroxine
B. Adrenaline
C. Glucagon
D. Cortisol
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266, 267, 439
19
71.
A male patients urine shows positive Benedicts

test, which sugar is unlikely to occur in it?
A. Glucose
B. Galactose
C. Lactose
D. Pentose
72. In monkeys, L ascorbic acid is synthesized in

____ pathway
A. Fatty acid synthesis
B. Uronic acid
C. HMP shunt
D. Glycolysis
73. NADPH serves to regenerate _______ in red cells
to prevent their lysis
A. Cholesterol
B. Glutathione
C. NADP
D. Cysteine
74. The G-6- PD deficiency causes hemolytic anemia
due to lack of_________
A. NADPH
B. NADP
C. Pentoses
D. Cholesterol
75. How many ATP molecules are produced on
complete oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric
acid cycle?
A. Six
B. Nine
C. Twelve
D. Fifteen
76. Which acid acts as a carrier molecule in citric acid
cycle?
A. Citric acid
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B. Oxaloacetic acid
C. Succinic acid
D. Isocitric acid
83. When a patient of galactosemia is placed on a

galactose free diet, the galactose required for
77. The deficiency of disaccharidase ________ is very

common in humans
A. Sucrose
B. Maltase
C. Lactase
78. The
reserve
carbohydrate
20
galactolipids biosynthesis is derived from.

A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Fucose
D. Sucrose
84. The most important initial source of blood
in
plants
is
_______________
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Cellulose
79. The __________ has highest rate of absorption
from gut in humans
A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Galactose
D. Mannose
80. The idiopathic pantosuria is characterized by
_______
A. Excretion of L-Xylulose
B. Excretion of glucose
C. Excretion of arabinose
D. Cataract formation
81. Which of the following enzyme is not involved in
gluconeogenesis?
A. Pyruvate carboxylase
B. Phosphoenol pyruvate
C. Carboxykinase
D. Hexokinase
82. Which of the following compound is not a
substrate for gluconeogenesis pathway?
A. Glycerol
B. Lactate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Glycogen
glucose during fasting is __________

A. Muscle glycogen
B. Muscle protein
C. Liver triglyceride
D. Liver glycogen
85. Glycolysis is inhibited by ___________
A. Chloride
B. Fluoride
C. Magnesium
D. Cobalt
86. The major fate of glucose 6 phosphate in
tissues in a well fed state is ___________
A. Hydrolysis of glucose
B. Conversion to glycogen
C. Isomerisation to fructose 6 - phosphate
D. Conversion to ribulose 5 phosphate
87. The major fuel for the brain after prolonged
starvation is ________
A. Glucose
B. Fatty acids
C. Ketone bodies
D. Glycerol
88. The only sugar absorbed by intestine against a
concentration gradient is
A. Glucose
B. Galactose
C. Both
D. None
89. The monosaccharide most rapidly absorbed from
the intestine is _________
A. Glucose
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B. Fructose
C. Mannose
D. Galactose
C. L Xylulose
D. L gulonate
96. The tubular maximum for reabsorption of
90. Which of the following is not a polymer of

glucose?
A. Glycogen
B. Cellulose
C. Amylase
D. Inulin
interfered because
A. Fructokinase activity is not affected by
insulin
Glucokinase also affects fructose utilization
There is deficiency of fruckinase in diabetic
patient
D. Fructose is more rapidly utilized by liver
comparison
to
resting
EXCEPT
A. Epinephrine
B. Nor epinephrine
C. Glucagon
D. Insulin
99. Number of CO2 molecules released during citric
state,
vigorously
contracting muscles show ________

A. Decreased oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and
B.
H2O
An increased conversion of pyruvate to
lactate
C. Decreased concentration of AMP
D. A decreased NADH/NAD ratio
Ref: Harper 28/E, p 150
contribute directly to blood glucose level because

A. Muscles lack glucose 6 phosphatase
B. Muscles contain no glucokinase
C. Muscles lack glycogen
D. Muscles contain no glycogen phosphorylase
pentosuria
is
characterized
appearance of __________ in urine

A. Glucuronate
B. Xylitol
acid cycle are ______________

A. 4
B. 2
C. 3
D. 0
100. The glycolytic enzyme inhibited by fluoride is
94. In contrast to liver, muscle glycogen does not
95. Essential
body in
A. Muscle
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Intestine
98. The enzyme adenyl cyclase is activated by all
92. Lactose intolerance is due to

A. ADH deficiency
B. Deficiency of bile
C. Lactase deficiency
D. Malabsorption syndrome
93. In
glucose is about ______________ mg/ 100 ml

A. 350
B. 100
C. 180
D. 250
97. The largest amount of glycogen is stored in the
91. Fructose utilization in a diabetic patient is not
B.
C.
21
by
______
A. Pyruvate kinase
B. Hexokinase
C. Enolase
D. Lactate dehydrogenase
101. Which of the following statement is true
regarding the - amylase?
A. Breaks glucose from
one
carbohydrate
B. Cleaves only - 1, 4 linkages
C. Cleaves only - 1, 6 linkages
D. All of the above
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p21
end
to
the
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
22

102. Fructose,
the
major
source
of
energy
for
spermatozoa in seminal fluid is formed by

A. Dephosphorylation of fructose 1,
108. An essential for the conversion of glucose to

6
B.
bisphophate
Reduction of glucose to sorbital and oxidation
C.
of sorbital to fructose
Isomerisation of glucose 6 phosphate and
then its dephosphorylation

Ref: Harper 28/E, p 178, 179
103. Oligosaccharides is
A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Maltose
D. Dextrin
104. Which one of the following human tissues
contains the greatest amount of body glucogen?
A. Liver
B. Kidney
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Cardiac muscle
105. The rate of absorption of sugars by the

A.
B.
C.
D.
small highest for

Pentoses
Hexoses
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides
A.
B.
C.
D.
109. Glycogen synthesis is increased by

A. Cortisone
B. Insulin
C. GH
D. Epinephrine
110. Major contribution towards gluconeogenesis
A.
B.
C.
D.
NADP as coenzyme
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
Beta hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase
107. Which of the following is not polymer of

E.
F.
G.
H.
glucose?
Glycogen
Amylose
Inulin
Celluose
is by
Lactate
Glycerol
Ketones
Alanine
111. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and

_______
A. Kidney
B. Glycerol
C. Ketones
D. Alanine
112. The tissue with the highest glycogen content
A.
B.
C.
D.
106. Which one of the following enzymes use

A.
B.
C.
D.
glycogen in liver is
UTP
GTP
Pyruvate kinase
Guanosine
(mg/100g)
Liver
Muscle
Kidneys
Testes
113. Adrenaline
A.
B.
C.
D.
acts
on
which
enzyme
in
glycogenolysis?
Glucokinase
Hemokinase
Phosphorylase
Glucose diphosphatase
114. Glucose can be synthesized from all except

A. Amino acids
B. Glycerol
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
C. Acetoacetate
D. Lactic acid
115. Adrenaline
acts
on
which
enzyme
in
glycogenolysis?
A. Glucokinase
B. Hemokinase
C. Phosphorylase
D. Glucose diphosphatase
116. The first product of glycogenolysis is
A. Glucose-6-phosphate
B. Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate
C. Glucose-1-phosphate
D. Fructose 1 phosphate
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p265
117. The compound that can give rise to glucose
A.
B.
C.
D.
by gluconeogenesis is
Acetyl CoA
Lactate
Palmitic acid
Fructose
118. During conversion of glycerol to pyruvic

acid, the first glycolytic intermediate to form
is
A. 2-phosphoglyceric acid
B. 3-phosphoglyceric acid
C. 3-phosphoglyceraldehydes
D. Dihydroxyacetone
119. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and
B.
galactose
The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and
fructose.
C. The hydrolysis of sucrose yields only glucose
D. All of the above statement are true.
23
121. Which of them is multienzyme complex.

A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
C. Succinate dehydrogenase
D. Enolase.
122. Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle
are found in the
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosomes
C. Mitochondria
D. Non particular cytoplasm.
123. Krebs cycle occurs in _______ condition
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic
C. Microaerophilic
D. Aerobic and anaerobic.
124. In TCA, substrate level phosphorylation
A.
B.
C.
D.
takes place in
Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
Succinyl CoA to succinate
Succinate to fumarate.
Oxaloacetate to citrate.
125. Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle?

A. Oxaloacetic acid
B. Glutamic acid
C. Nitric acid
126. Cane sugar is
A. Glucose
B. Sucrose
C. Fructose
D. Maltose
127. The main enzymes responsible for the
120. All of the following are substrates for

gluconeogenesis EXCEPT
A. Alanine
B. Oleic acid
C. Glycerol
D. Tryptophan.
A.
B.
C.
D.
activation of xenobiotics in (detoxification)

Cytochrome P-450
Glutathione-3-transferase
NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase
Glucuronyl transferase.
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
128. The conversion of glucose-6-P to glucose -1P is an example ofwhich of the following
A.
B.
C.
D.
reactions.
Phosphate transfer
Isomerisation
Dehydration
Aldol cleavage
formed in the citric acid cycle through

substrate level phosphorylation.
ATP
TTP
ITP
GTP
130. Which of the following are abnormal

A.
B.
C.
D.
constituents of urine?
Glucose
Creatine
Urea
None of the above
A.
B.
C.
D.
of
the
end
product
of
matched?
Isocitrate to oxalosuccinate 1ATP is formed
Succinyl CoA to succinate 1 ATP is
formed.
C. Succinate to furmarate 1 ATP is formed.
D. Malate to oxaloacetate 1ATP is formed.
138. In TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle,
following
is
monosaccharide?
Maltose
Sucrose
Fructose
Galactose
133. The
step of glycolysis is
Phosphofructokinase
Glucose 6 phosphatase
Hexokinase
Enolase
136. Renal threshold for glucose is

A. 80 mg%
B. 100 mg%
C. 180 mg/dL
D. 200 mg%
A.
B.
sugar:
A. Glucose
B. Maltose
C. Lactose
D. Sucrose
one
A.
B.
C.
D.
137. Which one of the following is correctly
131. Which of the following is a non-reducing
132. Which
B. Fructose 1,6 diphosphatase.

C. Glucose 6 phosphatase
D. Phosphonol pyruvate carboxykinase
135. The enzyme involved in the first committed
129. What high energy phosphate compound is
A.
B.
C.
D.
24
glycolysis
A.
B.
C.
D.
which is first formed?

Isocitrate
Citrate
Succinate
Fumarate
139. In
under
anaerobic conditions is
A. Lactic acid
B. Pyruvic acid
C. Accetoacetic acid
D. Oxaloacetic acid
134. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis is
TCA
cycle
substrate
phophorylation occurs at:

A. Succinate dehydrogenase
B. Malonate reduction
C. Thiokinase
140. Krebs cycle does not occur in
A. Muscle
B. RBC
C. Heart
D. All of the above
level
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
141. In TCA cycle, citrate is converted into after
losing a molecule of H2O
A. Isocitrate
B. Cisaconitate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Glutarate.
order
in
which
the
given
enzymes of krebs cycle are formed by after

A.
B.
C.
D.
a molecule of acetyl CoA?

Citrate, oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate
Ketoglurate, oxaloacetate, citrate
Citrate, ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate, citrate
detoxification of ammonia in brain?

A. -ketoglutarate
B. Ornithine
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Glycine
the
key
(rate
limiting ) enzymes of
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Beta oxidation
D. D.TCA cycle
146. In glycolysis ATP is produced by the
following enzyme
A. Hexokinase
B. Pyruvate kinase
C. Enolase
D. Phophohexose isomerase
147. An enzyme not involved in glycolysis is
A. Enolase
B. Phosphoglycero mutase
pathway
D. Glycogenolysis and citric and cycle
150. In which type of glycogen storage disease is

A.
B.
C.
D.
144. Inhibition of glycolysis by O2 is known as

A. Muni effect
B. Pasteur effect
C. Hill reaction
D. Gluconeogenesis
is
are
A. Glycolysis and citric acid cycle
B. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
C. Embden Meyerhof pathway and HMP shunt
149. McArdles disease is due to the deficiency of

A. Glucose-1-phosphatase
B. Glucose-1,6 diphosphatase
C. Glucose-6-phosphatase
D. Myophosphorylase
143. Which metabolite of TCA cycle is used in
145. Phosphofructokinase
C. Aldolase
D. Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
148. The main pathways of metabolism in brain
142. Which of the following is the correct

sequential
25
hyperuricemia ia feature
I
II
III
IV
151. Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP

A. G6 PD
B. 6 phosphogluconat dehydrogenase
C. Transketolase
D. Transaldotase
152. Galactosemia commonly is due to deficiency
A.
B.
C.
D.
of
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
Galactose-1-phosphate
Glucose-1- phosphatase
153. Sites where HMP shunts can occur include

A. WBC
B. Lactating mammary glands
C. Testes
D. All
154. Blood glucose levels cannto be augmented
by mobilization of muscle glycogen due to
lack of
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
A. G-6 dehydrogenase
B. G-6-phosphatase
C. Aldolase
D. Glucokinase
155. Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency is seen in
A. Pompers disease
B. Von Gierkes disease
C. McArdles syndrome
D. Downs syndrome
156. All are true regarding glucose-6-phosphate
A.
B.
C.
D.
deficency except
Hyperuricaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Defective coricycle
Increased mobilization of glycogen from liver.
157. HMP shunt is of great importance in cellular

A.
B.
C.
D.
metabolism because it produces.

ATP
ADP
Acetyl CoA
NADPH.
158. Which of the following is not a product

ofHMP shunt;
A. NADPH
B. D-fructose 6- phosphate
C. D-sedoheptulose 7 phosphate
D. D-glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate.
159. NADPH is generated by the action of
A. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
B. Glucose 1 phosphate dehydrogenase
C. Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate dehydrogenase.
D. All of the above
161. Number of ATP molecules generated in the

A.
B.
C.
D.
conversion of glycogen to lactate in

2
36
38
14
162. One molecule of acetyl CoA gives rise to

A.
B.
C.
D.
___________ ATP molecules.

2
8
12
32
163. Which is not a oligosaccharide sugar?

A. Galactose
B. Lactose
C. Maltose
D. Sucrose
164. Fructose intolerance is to
A. Fructose only
B. Fructose and glucose
C. Sucrose only
D. Fructose and sucrose.
165. Glycogen breakdown leads to formation of
A. Glucose
B. Lactic acid
C. Glucose and lactic acid
D. Glycoprotein.
166. Dietary fibre is rich in
A. Starch
B. Cellulose
C. Collagen
D. Inulin
167. Increase in pyruvate and lactate is seen in
160. All these reactions take place inside the

mitochondria except
A. EMF pathway
B. Kreby cycle
C. Urea cycle
D. Electron transfer
26
A.
B.
C.
D.
which of the following deficiency?

Thiamine
Pyridoxine
Niacin
Vitamin C.
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
168. Type II glycogen storage disorder is due to
deficiency of:
A. Alpha Glucosidase
B. Alpha Galactosidase
C. Muscle phophorylase
D. Acid lipase
169. Which one of the folloiwng enzymes
provides a link between glycolysis and the
A.
B.
C.
D.
citric acid cycle

Pyruvate Kinase
Citrate synthase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
177. Which
glucose by glucokinase
B. GLUT 2 is stimulated by insulin
C. Glucokinase has a low Km for glucose
D. Hexokinase in liver has a high affinity for
glucose
172. Insulin increases the following pathways in
liver EXCEPT
Fatty acid synthesis
Glycogen synthesis
Protein synthesis
Glucose synthesis
of
A.
B.
C.
D.
of
the
following
cannot
be
metabolised in the body?

Galactose
Sucrose
Fructose
Dextrose
178. Which of the following surgars exhibit

A.
B.
C.
D.
invesion?
Glucose
Maltoe
Lactose
None of the above
179. Inulin is a polysaccharide composed of units
the
following
is
monosaccharide?
E. Maltose
F. Sucrose
G. Fructose
H. Galactose
174. A sugar is characterised by its non-reducing
property. It is also called cane sugar and
A.
B.
galactose
The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and
fructose.
G. The hydrolysis of sucrose yields only glucose
H. All of the above statement are true.
following a carbohydrate meal because

A. There is increase in phosphorylation of
one
175. Which of the following is a milk sugar?

A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Sucrose
D. Lactose
F.
171. The uptake of gulcose by the liver increases
173. Which
C. Maltose
D. Sucrose
176. Which of the following statements is true?

E. The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and
170. Most lipogenic

A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Galactose
D. Ribose
A.
B.
C.
D.
27
table sugar. The sugar is

Glycogen
Glucose
A.
B.
C.
D.
of
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Maltose
180. Glucose monomers in glucogen are held by

A. Alpha 1 4 bonds only
B. Alpha 1 4 bonds, alpha 1 6 bonds
C. Alpha 1 5 bonds, alpha 1 5 bonds
D. Alpha 1 4 bonds, beta 1 - 4 bonds
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
181. A diasaccharide ( cellulose) linked by bet
(1,4) glycosidic linkage is
A. Glycogen
B. Cellobiose
C. Starch
for
E. Pentoses
F. Hexoses
G. Polysaccharides
H. Oligosaccharides
183. Which of the following is a carbohydrates
reserve of the body?
Glucose
Starch
Glucogen
Cellulose
supplying energy to
Liver
Heart
Brain
Muscle
and
called as
A. Glycolysis
B. Glycogeneis
C. Glycogenlysis
D. The hexose monophosphate shunt
191. All these reactions take place inside the
185. Muscle glycogen is mainly utilised for
proteins
189. Renal threshold for glucose is

E. 80 mg%
F. 100 mg%
G. 180 mg/dL
H. 200 mg%
pyruvate and lactate by EMF pathway is
(mg/100g)
E. Liver
F. Muscle
G. Kidneys
H. Testes
186. The
constituents of urine?
A. Creatinine and urea
B. Glucose and urea
C. Cratinine and glucose
D. Ketone and glucose
190. The oxidation of glucose or glycogen to
184. The tissue with the highest glycogen content
A.
B.
C.
D.
D. Serine
188. Which of the following are abnormal
182. The rate of absorption of sugars is highest
A.
B.
C.
D.
28
carbohydrates
glycoproteins are held together by

A. Ether bonds
B. Peptide bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Glycosidic bonds
187. Siallic acids are acetylated derivatives of
A. Ethanolamine
B. Mannose
C. Neuraminic acid
E.
F.
G.
H.
mitochondria except
EMF pathway
Kreby cycle
Urea cycle
Electron transfer
192. Phosphofructokinase
of
is
the
key
(rate
limiting ) enzymes of
E. Glycolysis
F. Gluconeogenesis
G. Beta oxidation
H. D.TCA cycle
193. Allosteric inhibition with ATP affects
A. Phosphofructo kinase
B. Phosphoenol pyruvase
C. G6PD
D. pyruvate kinase
194. The enzyme involved in the first committed
step of glycolysis is
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
E.
F.
G.
H.
Phosphofructokinase
Glucose 6 phosphatase
Hexokinase
Enolase
195. In glycolysis ATP is produced by the

following enzyme
E. Hexokinase
F. Pyruvate kinase
G. Enolase
H. Phophohexose isomerase
196. Glycolsis enzyme inhibited by flouride is
A. Phosphoglycerate mutase
B. Enolase
C. Pyruvate kinase
D. LDH
197. An enzyme not involved in glycolysis is
E. Enolase
F. Phosphoglycero mutase
G. Aldolase
H. Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
198. Insuin acts on which enzyme in glycolysis?
A. Glucokinase
B. Hexokinase
C. Glucose 6 phosphatase
D. Adenylate kinase
199. Inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of
oxygen in called as [B]
A. Bohr effect
B. Pasteur effect
C. Kerbs effect
D. Thomoson effect
200. The main pathways of metabolism in brain
are
E. Glycolysis and citric acid cycle
F. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
G. Embden Meyerhof pathway and HMP shunt
pathway
H. Glycogenolysis and citric and cycle
201. The
end
product
of
glycolysis
29
under
anaerobic conditions is
E. Lactic acid
F. Pyruvic acid
G. Accetoacetic acid
H. Oxaloacetic acid
202. The ion which is important in glycolysisin
A. Ca
B. Mg
C. Cu
D. Zn
203. During conversion of glycerol to pyruvic
acid, the first glycolytic intermediate to form
E.
F.
G.
H.
is
2-phosphoglyceric acid
3-phosphoglyceric acid
3-phosphoglyceraldehydes
Dihydroxyacetone
204. Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle

E.
F.
G.
H.
are found in the

Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Non particular cytoplasm
205. Krebs cycle occurs in _______ condition

E. Aerobic
F. Anaerobic
G. Microaerophilic
H. Aerobic and anaerobic.
206. Krebs cycle does not occur in
E. Muscle
F. RBC
G. Heart
H. All of the above
207. Which of them is multienzyme complex.
E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
F. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
G. Succinate dehydrogenase
H. Enolase
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
208. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains
all except
A. Biotin
B. NAD
C. FAD
D. Co-A
which in first formed?

Isocitrate
Citrate
Succinate
Fumarate
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p.254
losing a molecule of H2O

E. Isocitrate
F. Cisaconitate
G. Oxaloacetate
H. Glutarate
212. Which of the following is the correct

in
which
the
given
enzymes of krebs cycle are formed by after

E.
F.
G.
H.
E.
F.
G.
H.
pyruvate
1
2
3
5
217. Numberof ATP molecules generated in the
211. Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle?

E. Oxaloacetic acid
F. Glutamic acid
G. Nitric acid
H. None of the above
order
matched?
E. Isocitrate to oxalosuccinate 1ATP is formed
F. Succinyl CoA to succinate 1 ATP is formed
G. Succinate to furmarate 1 ATP is formed
H. Malate to oxaloacetate 1ATP is formed
216. 1 molecule of glucose forms molecules of
210. In TCA cycle, citrate is converted into after
sequential
ATP
TTP
ITP
GTP
215. Which one of the following is correctly
209. In TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle,

E.
F.
G.
H.
E.
F.
G.
H.
30
a molecule of acetyl CoA?

Citrate, oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate
Ketoglurate, oxaloacetate, citrate
Citrate, ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate, citrate
213. In TCA, substrate level phosphorylation

takes place in
E. Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
F. Succinyl CoA to succinate
G. Succinate to fumarate
H. Oxaloacetate to citrate
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p.256
214. What high energy phosphate compound is
formed in the citric acid cycle through
E.
F.
G.
H.
conversion of glycogen to lactate in

2
36
38
14
218. One molecule of acetyl CoA gives rise to

E.
F.
G.
H.
___________ ATP molecules

2
8
12
32
219. Which metabolite of TCA cycle is used in

E.
F.
G.
H.
detoxification of ammonia in brain?

-ketoglutarate
Ornithine
Oxaloacetate
Glycine
Ref: Harper 8/E, p. 241
220. An essential for the conversion of glucose to

E.
F.
G.
H.
glycogen in liver is
UTP
GTP
Pyruvate kinase
Guanosine
substrate level phosphorylation

BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
221. Glycogen synthesis is increased by
E. Cortisone
F. Insulin
G. GH
H. Epinephrine
228. Gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in which of
222. Rate limiting step of glycogenolysis is

A.
B.
C.
D.
mediated by
Phosphorylase
Glucan transferase
Debranching enzyme
A.
B.
C.
D.
230. Major contributors towards gluconeogenesis
224. The conversion of glucose-6-P to glucose -1-
A.
B.
C.
D.
P is an example ofwhich of the following
acts
on
which
E.
F.
G.
H.
enzyme
in
glycogenolysis?
E. Glucokinase
F. Hemokinase
G. Phosphorylase
H. Glucose diphosphatase
226. Glycogenolysis in muscle does not raise
A.
B.
C.
D.
by
Lactate
Glycerol
Ketones
Alanine
231. The compound that can give rise to glucose
reactions.
Phosphate transfer
Isomerisation
Dehydration
Aldol cleavage
225. Adrenaline
the following organs.

Liver and kidney
Kidney and heart
Muscle and liver
None of the above
229. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis is

E. Pyruvate carboxylase
F. Fructose 1,6 diphosphatase
G. Glucose 6 phosphatase
H. Phosphonol pyruvate carboxykinase
223. First product of glycogenolysis is

E. Glucose-6-phosphate
F. Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate
G. Glucose-1-phosphate
H. Fructose 1 phosphate
E.
F.
G.
H.
31
blood sugar due to lack of

Pyruvate kinase
G-6-phosphatase
Arginino succinase
227. Glucose can be synthesized from all except

A. Tryptophan and phenylalanine
B. Glycerol
C. Acetoacetate and oleic acid
D. Lactic acid and propionic acid
by gluconeogenesis is
Acetyl CoA
Lactate
Palmitic acid
Fructose.
232. Amino acid that enters TCA cycle for

gluconeogenesis and also ketogenic in
A.
B.
C.
D.
nature.
Atenyl alanine
Alanine
Glycine
Serine.
233. Glycerol is converted to glucose is

A. Liver
B. Muscle
C. Heart
D. Brain
234. In which type of glycogen storage disease is
hyperuricemia ia feature
E. I
F. II
G. III
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
H. IV
235. McArdles disease is due to the deficiency of
E. Glucose-1-phosphatase
F. Glucose-1,6 diphosphatase
G. Glucose-6-phosphatase
H. Myophosphorylase
236. Glucose-6-phosphate
A.
B.
C.
D.
dehydrogenase
deficiency is seen is;

Pompers disease
Von gierkes disease
Mc ardles syndrome
Downs syndrome
deficency EXCEPT
Hyperuricaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Defective coricycle
Increased mobilization of glycogen from liver
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 269 70
238. Galactosaemia
commonly
is
due
to
deficiency of
E. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
F. Galactose-1-phosphate
G. Glucose-1- phosphatase
H. Glucose-6-phosphatase.
239. Which
of
the
following
242. Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP

E. G6 PD
F. 6 phosphogluconat dehydrogenase
G. Transketolase
H. Transaldotase
is
true
of
240. The main enzymes responsible for the

activation of xenobiotics in (detoxification)
Cytochrome P-450
Glutathione-3-transferase
NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase
Glucuronyl transferase.
241. sites where HMP shunts can occur include

E. liver
E.
F.
G.
H.
metabolism because it produces.

ATP
ADP
Acetyl CoA
NADPH
244. Dehydrogenases of HMP shunt are specific

for
A. FAD
B. NAD
C. NADP
D. FMN.
245. Which of the following is not a product
cytochromes?
A. They are pyridine nucleotides
B. They are riboflavin containing nucleotides.
C. Metal containing flovao proteins
D. Iron containing porphyrine.
E.
F.
G.
H.
WBC
Lactating mammary glands
Testes
All
243. HMP shunt is of great importance in cellular
237. All are true regarding glucose-6-phosphate

E.
F.
G.
H.
F.
G.
H.
I.
32
E.
F.
G.
H.
ofHMP shunt
NADPH
D-fructose 6- phosphate
D-sedoheptulose 7 phosphate
D-glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate.
246. Which one of the following enzymes of

A.
B.
C.
D.
NADP as coenzyme?
Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Beta hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
247. NADPH is required for

A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycolysis
C. Fatty acid synthesis
D. HMP pathway
248. RQ of dental pulp is
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
249. -1, 4 Glycosidic bond is present in

A. Maltose
B. Lactose
C. Sucrose
250. Number of stereoisomers of glucose is
A. 4
B. 8
C. 16
251. A homopolysaccharide made up of fructose
A.
B.
C.
D.
33
is
Glycogen
Dextrin
Cellulose
Insulin
255. -1, 6 Glycosidic bond is not present in

A. Glycogen
B. Dextrin
C. Amylase
D. Amylopectin
Ref: Harper3/e p 288
256. Sulphated iduronic acid is present in
A. Hyaluronic acid
B. Chondroitin sulphate
C. Heparin
D. All of the above
Ref: Harper1/e p 155-156
257. Monosaccharides can be separated by
A. Electrophoresis
B. Chromatography
C. Salting out

252. Aglycone portion in methyl glucoside is
A. Glucose
B. Methanol
C. Both of the above
D. Neither of the above
253. Identical osazones are formed by
A. Glucose and fructose
B. Glucose and mannose
C. Mannose and fructose
D. All of the above
254. Maltose can be formed by hydrolysis of
A. Starch
B. Dextrin
C. Glycogen
D. All of the above
258. Fructose is present in hydrolysate of

A. Sucrose
B. Insulin
Ref: Harper1/e p 155-156
259. N Acetylgalactosamine sulphate is present
in
A. Hylauronic acid
B. Heparin
C. Chondrotin sulphate
260. Invertase catalyses the hydrolysis of
A. Maltose
B. Lactose
C. Sucrose
261. In fructofuranose, anomeric carbon atom is
A. Carbon 1
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
34
C. Erythromycin
D. All of the above
B. Carbon 2
C. Carbon 3
D. Carbon 4
262. A carbohydrate found in DNA is
A. Ribose
B. Deoxyribose
C. Ribulose
D. All of the above

268. A carbohydrate found only in milk is
A. Glucose
B. Galactose
C. Lactose
D. Maltose
263. A monosaccharide not having D and L
269. A carbohydrate, known commonly as invert
isomers is
A. Ribose
B. Deoxyribose
C. Erythrose
D. Dihydroxyaceptone
sugar is
A. Fructose
B. Sucrose
C. Glucose
D. Lactose
Ref: Harper 3/e p 279-280

264. Ribulose is a
A. Ketotetrose
B. Aldotetrose
C. Ketopentose
D. Aldopentose
Ref: Harper 1/e p154

270. A homopolysaccharide among the following
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ref: Harper 3/e p291, 296-297
265. In D glyceraldehyde, - OH group is present

on the right hand side of carbon atom
number
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 1, 2 and 3
271. A heteropolysaccharide among the following

A.
B.
C.
D.
is
Heparin
Hyaluronic acid
Dermatan sulphate
Cellulose
is
Insulin
Cellulose
Heparin
Dextrin
Ref: Harper 4 /e 102
266. A disaccharide made up of two glucose units

272. Optical isomerism is denoted by
A. D- and LB. d- and lC. (+) and (-)
D. Any of the above
is
A. Sucrose
B. Maltose
C. Lactose
D. Dextrin
Harper 1/e 150
267. Amino sugars are present in

A. Hyaluronic acid
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
273. An L-isomer of monosaccharide formed in
human body is
A. L- Frucose
B. L Erythrose
C. L- Xylose
D. L Xylulose
Harper 1/e 153
279. In
A.
B.
C.
D.
glucopyranose,
OH
groups
attached to carbon atoms

1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 4
2, 3 and 4
1, 2 and 5
Harper 1/e 151
280. In glucopyranose, the anomeric carbon is

A. Carbon 1
B. Carbon 2
C. Carbon 5
D. Carbon 6
275. The following causes laevorotation

A. D Fructose
B. L Glucose
C. L Ribose
D. All of the above
Harper 1/e 151
Harper 1/e 150
281. The smallest monosccharide having furanose
276. In straight chain structure of D glucose, OH group is present on left hand side of
carbon atom number
2
3
4
5
A.
B.
C.
D.
ring structure is
Erythrose
Ribose
Glucose
Fructose
Harper 2/e 466-468
282. The specific rotation of D glucopyranose
Harper 1/e 150

277. In straight chain structure of D glucose, OH group is present on right hand side of
carbon atom number
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. All of the above
chain
form
of
monosaccharide changes into ring form is

known as
A. Anomeric carbon atom
B. Epimeric carbon atom
C. Isomeric carbon atom
is
+19
+52.5
+92
+112
283. The specific rotation of D glucopyranose
278. The carbon atom which becomes asymmetric

straight
A.
B.
C.
D.
Harper 3/e 282
Harper 3/e 280
the
-D-
projecting below the plane of the ring, are
Harper 1/e 153
when

Harper 1/e 151
274. A pentose found in nucleotides is

A. D Ribose
B. L Ribose
C. D Ribulose
D. All of the above
A.
B.
C.
D.
35
A.
B.
C.
D.
is
+19
+52.5
+92
+112
Harper 3/e 282
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
284. The ratio of D-glucopyranose to D
glucopyranose at equilibrium is nearly
A. 2:1
B. 1:1
C. 1:2
D. 1:15
Harper 3/e 282
285. The following is an epimeric pair
A. Glucose and fructose
B. Glucose and galactose
C. Galactose and mannose
D. Lactose and maltose
Harper 1/e 151
286. Similar osazones are formed by
A. Glucose and mannose
B. Mannose and galactose
C. Glucose and galactose
Harper 4/e 99
287. Glycosidic bond is present in
A. Lactose
B. Maltose
C. Sucrose
D. All of the above
Harper 1/e 155
288. Branching occurs in glycogen approximately
A.
B.
C.
D.
after every
Five glucose units
Ten glucose units
Fifteen glucose units
Twenty glucose units
Harper 2/e 472
289. Mucopolysaccharides are also known as

A. Mucoproteins
B. Glycoproteins
C. Glycosaminoglycans
D. Homopolysaccharides
Harper 1/e 156
290. N Acetylglucosamine is present in
A. Hyaluronic acid
C. Glycosaminoglycans
D. Homopolysacchrides
Harper 3/e 282
291. -Iduronic acid is present in
A. hyaluronic acid
C. Dermatan sulphate
D. Keratin sulphate
Harper 3/e 703-704
292. Iodine gives a red colour with
A. Starch
B. Dextrin
C. Glycogen
D. Insulin
Harper 4/e 102
293. Amylase is a constituent of
A. Starch
B. Cellulose
C. Glycogen
Harper 1/e 155
294. A homopolymer of glucose is
A. Starch
B. Dextrin
C. Glycogen
D. All of the above
Harper 1/e 155
295. Synovial fluid contains
A. Heparin
B. Hyaluronic acid
C. Chondroitin sulphate
D. Keratan sulphate
Harper 1/e 703-704

296. Glycolytic pathway is located in
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytosol
C. Microsomes
D. Nucleus
36
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Ref: 1/e, p.191
303. In anerobic glycolysis, energy yield from each
297. End product of aerobic glycolysis is

A. Acetyl coa
B. Lactate
C. Pyruvate
D. CO2 and H2O
molecule of glucose is
A. 2 ATP equivalents
B. 8 ATP equivalents
C. 30 ATP equivalents
D. 38 ATP equivalents
Ref: 1/e, p. 198
Ref: 1/e, p. 194

298. During fasting glucose is phosphorylated mainly
by
A.
B.
C.
D.
37
Hexokinase
Glucokinase
Both of the above
Neither of above
304. The reaction catalysed by the following enzyme

is freely reversible
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphohexose isomerase
C. Pyruvate kinase
D. Phosphofructokinase
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
Ref: 1/e, p. 191

299. The following is an inducible enzyme
A. Glucokinase
B. Hexokinse
C. Phosphohexose isomerase
D. Aldose
305. The following is an allosteric enzyme

A. Phosphohexose isomerase
B. Phosphotriose ismomerase
C. Lactate dehdyrogenase
D. Phosphofructokinase
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
Ref: 1/e, p. 191

300. Glucokinase is found in
A. Muscles
B. Brain
C. Liver
D. All of the above
306. The following is into an allosteric enzyme

A. Glucokinase
B. Hexokinase
C. Phosphofructokinase
D. Pyruvate kinase
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
Ref: 1/e, p. 191

301. Fluoride ions inhibits
A. Aldolase
B. Enolase
C. Glucokinase
D. Pyruvate kinase
307. Glycolysis is always anaerobic in

A. Liver
B. Brain
C. Kidneys
D. Erythrocytes
Ref: 1/e, p. 195
Ref: 1/e, p. 192

302. During aerobic glycolysis energy yield from each
Ref: 1/e, p. 198
308. Phosphofructokinase is allosterically inhibited

by
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fructose 1, 6 phosphate
Lactate
Pyruvate
Citrate
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
309. Glucose 6 phosphate is an allosteric inhibitor of

BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucokinase
Hexokinase
Phosphohexose isomerase
None of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
310. The following is an allosteric enzymes

A. Hexokinase
C. Pyruvate kinase
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 212-213
311. ATP is a co-substrate as well as an allosteric
inhibitor of
A. Phosphofructokinase
B. Hexokinase
C. Citrate
D. Alanine
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
312. Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by
A. Enol pyruvate
B. Lactate
C. Citrate
D. Alanine
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
313. Complete oxidation of one molecules of glucose
in to CO2 and H2O yields
Ref: 1/e, p. 198
314. A substrate linked phosphorylation in glycolysis
is catalysed by
A. Hexokinase
C. Phosphoglycerate kinase
D. Pyruvate kinase
Ref: 1/e, p. 194
315. A unique by product of glycolysis in erythrocytes
is
A.
B.
C.
D.
38
Lactate
1,3 bisphosphate
2,3 bisphosphate
All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 195
316. When glycolysis occurs in erythrocytes via 2,3biphosphoglycerate, the net energy from one
A. Zero
Ref: 1/e, p. 195
317. Inorganic phosphate is incorporated in the
substrate by
A. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
B. Phosphoglycerate kinase
C. Pyruvate kinase
D. Enolase
Ref: 1/e, p. 193
318. Biphosphoglycerate mutase is present in
A. Liver
B. Muscles
C. Brain
D. Erythrocytes
Ref: 1/e, p. 195
319. Glycerol can enter glycolytic pathway via
A. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B. 1,3 biphosphoglycerte
C. 3-phosphoglycerate
D. 2-phosphoglycerate
Ref: 1/e, p.210
320. Enzymes of hexose monophosphate shunt are
present in
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytosol
C. Lysosomes
D. Microsomes
Ref: 1/e, p.219
321. HMP shunt is present in
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
Erythrocytes
Cytosol
Testes
All of the above
B. NAD
C. Thiamin pyrophosphate
D. No coenzyme is required
Ref: 1/e, p. 221
Ref: 1/e, p. 221
328. The number of NADP molecules reduced per
322. In Hmp Shunt reducing equivalents are accepted

by
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ref: 1/e, p. 219
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
323. HMP shunt produces

A. ATP
B. NADH
C. NADH
D. All of the above
329. The regulatory enzyme in HMP shunt is

A. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
B. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Ref: 1/e, p. 221
molecule of glucose 6 phosphate converted into

ribulose 5 phosphate is
A. One
B. Two
C. Six
D. Twelve
NAD
NADP
FMN
FAD
324. Glucose
39
6-
phosphate
Ref: 1/e, p.221

dehydrogenase
is
induced by
A. 6-phosphoglyconolactose
B. Glucose 6 phosphate
C. Ribose-5-phosphate
D. Insulin
Ref: 1/e, p. 221
325. The decarboxylation reaction in HMP shunt is
catalysed by
A. Gluconolactone hydrolase
B. 6-phosphogluconate decarboxylase
C. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
D. Transaldolse
Ref: 1/e, p. 220
326. The first pentose formed in HMP shunt is
A. Ribose 5- phosphate
B. Ribulose-5-phosphate
C. Xylose 5- phosphate
D. Xylulose-5-phosphate
Ref: 1/e, p. 220

327. The coenzyme for transketolase is
A. NADP
330. The rate of HMP shunt reactions is

A. Increase by insulin
B. Increased in diabetes mellitus
C. Increased by glucagon
D. Increased in starvation
Ref: 1/e, p.212
331. The coenzymes required in HMP shunt are
formed from
A. Thiamin and pyridoxine
B. Niacin and pyridoxine
C. Thiamin and niacin
D. Niacin and folic acid
Ref: 1/e, p.220-221
332. Glycogenesis requires
A. GTP
B. CTP
C. UTP
Ref: 1/e, p. 200
333. Substrate for glycogen synthase are glycogen the
formation of
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucose
UDP-glucose
Glucose-1-phosphate
Glucose 6 phosphate
Ref: 1/e, p. 200
334. Glycogen synthase catalyses the formation of

A. A-1, 4 glycosidic bonds
B. A-1, 6- glycosidic bonds
Ref: 1/e, p. 200
335. The energy spent for addition of each glucose
units to the glycogen primer is
A. One ATP equivalent
B. Two ATP equivalents
C. Three ATP equivalents
D. Four ATP equivalents
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
336. Glycogenesis is increased by
A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Epinephrine
D. Camp
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
337. Glycogen synthase is activated by
A. Phosphorylation
B. Adenylation
C. Dephosphorylation
D. Deadenylation
Ref: 1/e, p. 204
338. Hepatic glycogenolysis is increased by
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Glucocorticoids
Ref: 1/e, p. 205
40
D. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 201
340. Glycogen phosphorylase liberates the following
from glycogen
A. Glucose
B. Glucose 6 phosphatase
C. Glucose 1-phosphate
D. Maltose
Ref: 1/e, p. 201
341. After the action of phosphorylase glycogen is
converted into
A. Amylopectin
B. Limit dextrin
C. Amylase
D. Maltose
Ref: 1/e, p. 206
342. A-1,
6-Glycosidic
bonds
of
glycogen
are
hydrolysed by
A. Amylo 1,4 - 1,6 transgluocosidase
B. Debranching enzyme
C. Isomaltase
D. Amylase
Ref: 1/e, p. 202
343. Amylo-1 6 glucosidase liberates the following
from glycogen
A. Glucose 1 phosphate
C. Maltose
D. Glucose
Ref: 1/e, p. 200-01
344. Glucose 1 phosphate liberated from glycogen
cannot be converted into free glucose in
A. Liver
B. Kidneys
C. Muscles
D. Brain
Ref: 1/e, p. 201
339. Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolyses

A. A-1, 6 glycosidic bonds
B. A-1, 4 glycosidic bonds
C. B-1,4 glycosidic bonds
345. During glycogenesis glucose 1 phosphate and

glucose
are
liberated
approximately
in
the
ratio
of
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
30:1
24:1
10:1
1:1
Ref: 1/e, p. 198

351. A molecule of phosphorylation kinase is made
Ref: 2/e, p. 588

346. A coenzyme present in muscle phosphorylase is
A. NAD
B. Pyridoxal phosphate
C. Thiamin pyrophosphate
D. Coenzyme A
Ref: 1/e, p. 202
347. Generally
41
glycogenesis
in
muscles
is
immediately followed by
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. HMP shunt
D. Lipogenesis
Ref: 1/e, p. 199
348. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycgenolysis
in muscles is oxidized to CO2 and H2O the
energy yield will be
A. 38 ATP equivalent
B. 8 ATP equivalent
C. 39 ATP equivalent
D. 2 ATP equivalent
Ref: 3/e, p. 415-416, 497
349. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycogenesis in

muscles is catabolised to lactate, the energy yield
will be
A. 2 ATP equivalent
B. 3 ATP equivalent
C. 4 ATP equivalent
D. 8 ATP equivalent
Ref: 1/e, p. 198
350. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycogenolysis
in muscles is oxidized to pyruvate, the energy
yield will be
A. 2 ATP equivalent
B. 3 ATP equivalent
C. 8 ATP equivalent
D. 9 ATP equivalent
up of
A. 4 subunits
B. 8 subunits
C. 12 subunits
D. 16 subunits
Ref: 1/e, p. 202
352. In the active form of phosphorylation kinases

A. A and subunits are phosphorylated
B. A and subunits are not phosphorylated
C. and subunits are phosphorylated
D. and subunits are not phosphorylated
Ref: 1/e, p. 204

353. The following subunits of phorylase kinase bind
calcium ions
A. subunits
B. subunits
C. subunits
D. subunits
Ref: 1/e, p. 204
354. The catalytic activity of phosphorylase kinase is

present
A. subunits
B. subunits
C. subunits
D. subunits
Ref: 1/e, p. 204
355. The calcium bound subunits of phosphorylase
kinase are identical in structure to
A. Actin
B. Myosin
C. Calmodulin
D. Prothrombin
Ref: 1/e, p. 204
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
356. Camp
dependent
proteins
kinase
phosphorylation
A. Glycogen synthetase a
B. Phosphorylation kinase b]
C. Inhibitor I
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 204-205
357. Cyclic AMP binds to

A. Myocardium
B. Kidneys
C. Eyrthrocytes
D. Thrombocytes
Ref: 1/e, p. 202
358. Glycerol 3 phosphate for the synthesis of
triglycerides in adipose tissue is derived from
A. Phosphatidic acid
B. Diacylglycerol
C. Glycerol
D. Glucose
Ref: 1/e, p. 279
42
Ref: 1/e, p. 208-209
362. Coenyzmes
for
phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase is
A. ATP
B. ADP
C. GTP
D. GDP
Ref: 1/e, p. 208
363. Pyruvate carboxylase is present in
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochondria
Ref: 1/e, p. 208
364. Synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two
molecules
of
pyruvate
is
accompanied
by
oxidation of
A. One molecule of NADPH
B. One molecule of NADH
C. Two molecule of NADPH
D. Two molecule of NADH
Ref: 1/e, p. 209
359. Gluconeogenesis occurs in

A. Adipose tissue
B. Muscles
C. Kidneys
D. Brain
Ref: 1/e, p. 208
360. Glucose cannot be synthesized from
A. Glutamate
B. Aspirate
C. Alanine
D. Leucine
Ref: 1/e, p. 324
361. Reactions of gluconeogenesis occur is
A. Cytosol only
B. Mitochondria only
C. Cytosol and mitochondria
D. Cytosol and microsomes
365. Energy spent during synthesis of one molecule of

glucose from two molecule of lactate is
A. 2 ATP equivalent
B. 4 ATP equivalent
C. 6 ATP equivalent
D. 10 ATP equivalent
Ref: 1/e, p. 209
366. During synthesis of one molecule of glucose
from two molecules of glycerol, two molecules of
A. NADPH are oxidized
B. NADH are oxidized
C. NADP are reduced
D. NAD are reduced
Ref: 1/e, p. 209
367. A gluconeogenic enzyme among the following is
B. Pyruvate kinase
C. Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
D. Glucokinase
Ref: 1/e, p. 209

368. Glucose 6 phosphatase and PEP carboxykinase
are regulated by
A. Covalent modification
B. Allosteric regulation
C. Induction and repression
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
369. Regulation of gluconeogenesis is reciprocal to

that of
A. Glycogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Glycolysis
D. HMP shunt
Ref: 1/e, p. 211
370. Gluconeogenesis is decreased by

A. Glucagon
B. Epinephrine
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Insulin
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
371. Lactate formed in muscles can be utilized

throught
A. Rapoport luebering cycle
B. Glucose alanine cycle
C. Coris cycle
D. Citric acid cycle
Ref: 1/e, p. 214
372. Pyruvate formed in muscles can be used for
gluconeogenesis in liver through
A. Rapoport luebering cycle
B. Glucose alanine cycle
C. Coris cycle
D. Citric acid cycle
Ref: 1/e, p. 214
43
373. Glucose 6 phosphate is not present in

A. Liver and kidneys
B. Kidneys and muscles
C. Kidneys and adipose tissue
D. Muscles and adipose tissue
Ref: 1/e, p. 210

374. Cobamides
are
required
as
coenzyme
for
gluconeogenesis from
A. Lactate
B. Pyruvate
C. Succinyl co A
D. Propionyl co A
Ref: 1/e, p. 210
375. Pyruvate carboxylase is regulated by

A. Induction
B. Repression
C. Allosteric regulation
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
376. Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is an allosteric

regulator of
B. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase
D. Neither of above
Ref: 1/e, p. 212

377. Fructose 2, 6 - bisphosphate is formed by the
action of
A. Phosphofructokinase I
B. Phosphofructokinase 2
C. Fructose bisphosphate isomerase
D. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase
Ref: 1/e, p. 213

378. Phosphofructokinase 2 is regulated by
A. Allosteric mechanism and induction
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B.
Covalent
modification
and
allosteric
mechanism
C. Induction and repression
D. Repression and derepression
Ref: 1/e, p. 213

379. The coenzyme for UDP glucose dehydrogenase is
A. NAD
B. NADP
C. FAD
D. Lipoic acid
Ref: 1/e, p. 213
380. UDP glucuronide acid is needed to synthesis

A. Hyaluronic acid
B. Chondroth sulphate
C. Heparin
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 224

381. In the polyol pathway glucose is converted into
A. Glycerol
B. Dulcitol
C. Sorbitol
D. Mannitol
Ref: 1/e, p. 223
382. In the polyol pathway glucose is converted into

A. Glycerol
B. Dulcitol
C. Sorbitol
D. Mannitol
Ref: 1/e, p. 228

383. The highest concentration of fructose are found
in
A.
B.
C.
D.
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
Synovial fluid
Seminal fluid
Ref: 1/e, p. 226
44
384. Glucose uptake by liver cells is

A. Energy dependent
B. Mediated by GLUT4
C. Sodium dependent
D. Insulin independent
Ref: 1/e, p. 215-216
385. A decrease in tubular reabsorption of glucose

results in
A. Hypoglycaemia
B. Hyperlgycaemia
C. Renal glycosuria
D. Alimentary glycosuria
Ref: 1/e, p. 217
386. Active uptake of glucose by renal tubules is

inhibited by
A. Ouabain
B. Phlorrizin
C. Digoxin
D. Alloxan
Ref: 1/e, p. 217
387. Insulin receptors are down regulated in

A. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
B. Protein deficiency
C. Starvation
D. Obesity
Ref: 1/e, p. 622
388. Glucose 6 phosphatase is absent or deficient in

A. Von Gierbe s disease
B. Pompes disease
C. Coris disease
D. Mcardies disease
Ref: 1/e, p.208
389. Debranching enzyme is absent in

A. Corts disease
B. Andersens disease
C. Von Gierbes diseae
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
45
D. Hers disease
Ref: 1/e, p.206
395. Hereditary fructose intolerance occurs due to
390. Amylopectinosis occurs due to absence of

deficiency of
A. Phosphorylase
B. Glycogen synthetase
C. Branching enzyme
D. Debranching enzyme
Ref: 1/e, p. 225
Ref: 1/e, p. 206

391. In congenital absence of debranching enzyme
A. Amylopectin is deposited in tissues
B. Limit dextrin is deposited in tissues
C. Glycogen accumulates in tissues
D. Glycogen stores are decreased
Ref: 1/e, p. 206
392. Congenital
phosphofructokinase
deficiency
causes
A. Hypoglycaemia
B. Ketosis
C. Diminished exercise tolerance
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 206
393. Mcardles disease is due to deficiency of

C. Liver phosphorylase
D. Muscle phosphorylase
Ref: 1/e, p. 206

394. Congential galactosaemia is due to absence or
deficiency of
A. Lactose synthetase
B. Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridyl transferase
C. Hexokinase
D. Aldose reductase
Ref: 1/e, p. 229
absence or deficiency of
A. Fructokinase
B. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase
C. Aldolase
D. Aldolase B
396. Fructokinase is congenitally absent in

A. Hereditary fructose intolerance
B. Fructosaemia
C. Essential fructosuria
D. Hers disease
Ref: 1/e, p. 225
397. In essential pentosuria, urine contains

A. D-Ribose
B. D-xylulose
C. L-xylulose
D. D-xylose
Ref: 1/e, p. 224
398. Hurlers syndrome is due to deficiency of

A. A-L-Iduronidase
B. Iduronate sulphatase
C. B-galactosidase
D. Arylsulphatase A
Ref: 1/e, p. 705
399. Action of salivary amylase on starch leads to the

formation of
A. Maltose
B. Maltotriose
Ref: 1/e, p. 668
400. Glucose 6 phosphate and glucose 1 phosphate

can be interconverted by
A. Glucose phosphate isomerase
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B. Phosphohexose isomerase
C. Glucose phosphate racemase
D. Phosphoglucomutase
406.
Ref: 2/e, p.493

402. Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) is
A. Required for metabolism of galactose
B. Required for synthesis of glucuronic acid
C. A substrate for glycogen synthetase
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 199, 224, 226

403.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hexose monophosphate shunt provides

Glucose 1 phosphate for glycogen synthesis
Glycerol 3 phosphat for triglyceride synthesis
NADPH for fatty acid synthesis
Glucuronic acid for mucopolyusi
Ref: 1/e, p. 220-221
404.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucogenesis requires
Uridine diphosphate galacatose
Glycogen synthetase
Branching enzyme
All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 200

405. Catalytic activity of salivary amylase requires the
presence of
A. Chloride ions
B. Bromide ions
C. Iodide ions
D. Any of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 668
Disaccharides can be hydrolysed by enzymes

presence in
A. Saliva
B. Pancreatic juice
C. Bile
D. Succus entericus
Ref: 1/e, p.199
401. Congenital galactosaemia can lead to

A. Mental retardation
B. Premature cataract
C. Death
D. All of the above
46
Ref: 1/e, p. 668-9

407.
The following is actively absorbed in the

intestine
A. Fructose
B. Mannose
C. Galactose
Ref: 1/e, p. 667
408. An amphibotic pathway among the following is

A. HMP shunt
B. Glycolysis
C. Citric acid cycle
D. Gluconeogenesis
Ref: 1/e, p. 187
409. A reaction of glycolytic pathway which in
spontaneous in the conversion of
A. Glucose 6 phosphate into
fructose
phosphatase
B. 3 phosphoglycerate into phosphoglycerate
C. 2 phosphoglycerate into enolpyruvate
D. Enolpyruvate into pyruvate
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
410. GTP is required in the reaction catalysed by
B. PEP carboxykinase
C. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase
D. Glucose 6 phsophatase
Ref: 1/e, p. 209
411. ATP is required in the reaction catalysed by

A. Pyruvate carbxylase
C. Fructose 1 6 biphosphatase
D. Glucose 6 phsophatase
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
Ref: 1/e, p. 209

412. For the synthesis of hexosamines amino group is
provided by
A. Ammonia
B. Glutamate
C. Glutamine
D. Asparagus
47
A.
Its (s) versus velocity plot is hyperbolic at low
B.
ATP concentration
Its (s) versus velocity plot is sigmoidal at igh
C.
ATP concentration
A rise is ATP concentration lowers the Km of
the enzyme for fructose 6 phosphate

D. AMP is its allosteric activator
Ref: 2/e, p. 493
Ref: 1/e, p. 228
418. All the following statements about fructose 2, 6

413. Deficiency
of
inhibition
of
fructose
1,
biphosphatase is expected to impair

A. Utilization of dietary fructose
B. Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate
C. Synthesis of glucose from pyruvate
Ref: 1/e, p. 213
Ref: 1/e, p. 209

414. Intestinal digestion of lactose yields
A. Glucose and galactose
C. Glucose and mannose
D. Galactose and mannose
419. ATP decreases the activity of all of the following

except
A. Phosphofructokinasei
B. Pyruvate kinase
C. Pyruvate 1, 6 biphosphatase
D. Private dehydrogenase
Ref: 1/e, p. 669

415. The substrate for invertase is
A. Lactose
B. Maltose
C. Sucrose
D. Dextrin
Ref: 1/e, p. 212

420. Insulin increases the synthesis of all of the
following except
A. Glucose 6 phosphatase
B. Glucose 6 phosphatase dehydrogenase
C. 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
D. ATP citrate lyase
Ref: 2/e, p. 471

416. Lactose intolerance can occur due to deficiency of
A. Galactokinase
B. UDP galactose 4 epimerase
C. Galactase 1 phosphatase uridyl transferase
D. Lactase
Ref: 1/e, p. 669
417. All
the
following
biphosphate are true except

A. It is formed fructose 1, 6 biphosphate
B. It is degraded to fructose 6 phosphate
C. It activates phosphofructokinase
D. It inhibits fructose 1, 6 biphofructokinase
statements
phosphofructokinase are true following
about
Ref: 1/e, p. 212

421. Insulin represses the synthesis of all of the
following except
D. Phosphofructokinase I
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
422. Glucokinase differs from hexokinase in the

following respect
A. It has greater substrate specificity
B. It has lower km for glucose
C. It acts mainly in fasting state
D. It is inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate
428. Glucosylation occurs at the following residue or

glycogenin
A. Tyrosine
B. Scrine
C. Threonine
D. Hydroproline
423. Cori cycle transfers

A. Glucose from muscles to liver
B. Lactate from muscles to liver
C. Lactate from liver to muscles
D. Pyruvate from liver to muscles
Ref: 1/e, p. 682

429. Oligosaccharide
Ref: 1/e, p. 214

424. Inorganic phosphate is required as a reactant in
the reaction catalysed by
A. Hexokinase
C. Glyceralehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
D. Enolase
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
is
Ref: 1/e, p. 681
Ref: 1/e, p. 681
431. In N-linked glycoproteins, oligosaccharide is
and
decreasing the availability of pyruvate

D. Converting NAD+ into NADH and decreasing
427. Glycogenin is
A. Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation
dolichol
attached too protein through is

A. Serine of threonine residue
B. Tyrosine residue
C. Hydroxyproline residue
D. Hydroxylysine residue
Ref: 1/e, p. 278
Ref: 6/e, p. 99
pyrophoshoryl
required for the synthesis of

A. N-linked glycoprotein
B. O-linked glycoprotein
C. GPI linked glycoprotein
D. All of the above
430. In O linked glycoproteins, oligosaccharide is
425. Excessive intake of ethanol increase the ratio

A. NADH : NAD+
B. NAD+: NADH
C. FADH2 : FAD
D. FAD : FADH2
the availability of lactate
B. Polymer of glycogen molecules

C. Protein primes for glycogen synthesis
D. Intermediate in glycogen breakdown
Ref: 1/e, p. 199
Ref: 1/e, p. 191
426. Ethanol decreases gluconeogenesis by

A. Inhibiting glucose 6 phosphatase
B. Inhibiting PEP carboxykinase
C. Converting NAD+ into NADH
48
attached to protein through is

A. Asparagine residue
B. Glutamine residue
C. Arginine residue
D. Lysine residue
Ref: 1/e, p. 681
432. Apart from liver,glucokinase is present is

A. Intestinal mucosa
B. Pancreatic islet cells
C. Renal tubular cells
D. Erythrocytes
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B.
Ref: 1/e, p. 191
433. Glycolysis in erythrocytes is anaerobic because
A. NADH is used to reduce glutathione in
B.
C.
erythrocytes
Erythrocytes lack mitochondria
Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin
erythrocytes
D. 2,3
biphosphoglycerate
is
bound
Glyceraldehyde
49
phosphatase
dehydrogenase
C. Phophoglycerate mutase
D. Enolase
Ref: 1/e, p. 192

in
to
haemoglobin in mitochondria
Ref: 1/e, p. 191
438. If glycolysis occurs in the presence of arsenate

A. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase is
inhibited
B. Phosphoglycerate kinase is inhibited
C. 1 arseno 3 phoshoglycerate is formed
D. Energy yield remains unaffected
Ref: 1/e, p. 194

434. ATP is converted into ADP in reactions catalysed
by
A. Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase
B. Phosphofructokinase and phosphoglycerate
kinase
C. Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase
D. Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
439. All
the
following
biphosphoglycerate
statements
mutase
and
about
2,
biphosphoglycerate kinase are correct except

A. They catalyse reversible reactions
B. They are present in erythrocytes
C. Their
sequential
action
bypasses
phosphoglycerate kinase
D. These two activities are present in the same
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
enzyme
435. ADP is converted into ATP in reactions catalysed

by
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase

Phosphofructose and phosphoglycerate kinase
Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase
Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate
kinase
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
436. During dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3

phosphate, reducing equivalence are accepted by
A. NAD
B. NADP
C. FMN
D. FAD
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
437. Iodoacetate inhibits

A. Aldolase
Ref: 1/e, p. 195
440. Energy is spent in the following phase of

glycolysis
A. Glucose Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate
B. Fructose -1, 6 biphosphate glyceraldehyde
C.
3 phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3
phosphatase
pyruvate
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 192

441. Energy is captured in the following phase of
glycolysis
A. Glucose Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate
B. Fructose -1, 6 biphosphate glyceraldehyde
3 phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
C.
Glyceraldehyde 3
Ref: 1/e, p. 192

442. The enzyme which splits a 6 carbon compound
into two 3 carbon compounds in glycolysis is
A. Enolase
B. Phosphotriose isomerase
C. Aldolase
D. Phosphoglycerate mutase
correct
glycolysis is
A. 1,
3
sequence
of
intermediates
biphosphoglycerate
447. The regulatory enzyme in glycogenolysis is

A. Phosphorylase
B. Glucan transferase
C. Debranching enzyme
D. Glucose 6 phosphatase
in
B.
phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate
C.
phosphoenolpyruvate
1, 3 biphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate
2
phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate
448. Regulation of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis is

A. Synchronotis
B. Reciprocal
C. Mediated by camp
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 206
3phosphoenolpyruvate
D. Biphosphoglycerate 1.3 phosphoglycerate
Ref: 1/e, p. 201
phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate
1,
3
biphosphoglycerate
446. The regulatory enzyme in glycogenesis is

A. Udp glucose pyrophosphorylase
B. Glycogen synthetase
C. Branching enzyme
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 201
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
443. The
Ref: 1/e, p. 205
phosphatase
pyruvate
D. All of the above
2-
phosphoenolpyruvate
Ref: 1/e, p. 192
449. Between meals, blood glucose level can be

maintained by
A. Glycogenolysis in liver
B. Glycogenolysis in muscles
Ref: 1/e, p. 201
444. Glucose 1, 6 biphosphate is formed as an

intermediate during the reaction catalysed by
A. Glucokinase
B. UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
C. Phosphoglucomutase
450. A
difference
between
phosphorylase
and
debranching enzyme is
A. Phosphorylase acts on 1,6 bonds while
B.
branching enzyme acts on -1,4 bonds

Phosphorylase liberates free glucose while
debranching enzyme liberates glucose -1
Ref: 1/e, p. 199

C.
445. Glucogen synthesase is phosphorylated by
A. Camp-dependent protein kinase
B. Calmodulin dependent protein kinase
C. Glycogen synthesis kinase
D. All of the above
50
phosphate
Debranching enzyme catalyses the rate
limiting
step
of
glycogenolysis
phosphorylation does not

Ref: 1/e, p. 201
while
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
451. Inorganic phosphate is required as a reactant in
the reaction catalysed by
A. Glycogen Synthetase
B. Branching enzymes
C. Phosphorylase
D. Debranching enzyme
Ref: 1/e, p. 200
452. Glucagon can affect the rate of glycogenesis and
glycogenolysis in
A. Liver and skeletal muscle
B. Liver and heart muscle
C. Skeletal and heart muscles
D. Liver only
Ref: 1/e, p. 200
453. In liver
A. Glycogenin is present in the centre of each
B.
C.
glycogen molecule
Glycogenin is not required for glycogenesis
The number of glycogenin molecules exceeds
the number of glycogen molecules

D. The number of glycogen molecules exceeds
the number of glycogen molecules
Ref: 1/e, p. 199
454. All the following statements about pyruvat
carboxylase are correct except
A. It takes part in gluconeogenesis
B. It is present in mitochondria
C. It is activated by acetyl coa
D. It is inhibited by ATP
Ref: 1/e, p. 199
455. All of the following enzymes are required to
convert lactate into phosphoenol pyruvate except
A. Pyruvate kinase
B. Pyruvate carboxylase
C. Phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase
D. Lactate dehydrogenase
Ref: 1/e, p. 209
456. All the following enzymes are required to
synthesise glucose from oxaloacetate except
A. Pyruvate carboxylate
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
51
Ref: 1/e, p. 208
457. All the following enzymes are required to
synthesized glucose from glycerol except
A. Glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
C. Fructose 1 6 biphosphatase
Ref: 1/e, p. 209
458. Energy barriers for gluconeogenesis include all

the following except
A. Pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate
B. 3 phosphoglycerate to 1.3 biphosglycerate
C. Fructose 1,6 biphosphate to fructose
phosphatase
D. Glucose 6 phosphate to glucose
Ref: 1/e, p. 208
459. A simple reversal of glycolysis of synthesis
glucose from pyruvate or lactate is not possible
because
A. Free energy is liberated in some of the
B.
glycolytic reactions
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occur in
C.
different tissues
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occur in
different compartments of the cell

D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 208
460. Gluconeogenic enzyme
A. Circumvent the energy barriers in glycolysis
B. Are present in mitochondria
C. Catalyse endergonic reactions
D. Are regulated by covalent modifications
Ref: 1/e, p. 208-210
461. Energy is spent in the gluconeogenic reactions
catalysed by
A. Pyruvate
carboxylase
biphosphatase
and
fructose
1,
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B.
Glucose 6
C.
biphosphatase
Pyruvate
phosphatase and fructose 1 , 6

carboxylase
phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase
D. Glucose
6
phosphatase
and
C.
carboxykinase
and
Ref: 1/e, p. 213

467. C-AMP
Ref: 1/e, p. 208

462. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase is inhibited by all of
A. Fructose 1 6 biphosphate
B. Fructose 2, 6 biphosphate
C. ATP
D. AMP
phosphorylation and
A. Inactivates pyruvate kinase
B. Activates fructose 2, 6 biphosphatase
C. Inactivates phosphafructokinase 2
D. All of the above
correct except
A. It is present in muscles and adipose tissue
B. It cause achieve uptake of glucose against its
C.
concentration gradient
It transports sodium down its concentration
gradient
D. It is insulin independent
beings
phosphoenolypruvate
carboxykinase is present in
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochondria
Ref: 1/e, p. 215

469. Glucose transporter present in small intestine is
A. SGLT 1
B. GLUT 2
C. GLUT 5
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 210
Ref: 1/e, p. 215
465. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase is present in all of

A. Liver
B. Kidney
C. Striated muscles
D. Smooth muscles
470. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine

through
A. SGLT
B. GLUT 3
C. GLUT 4
D. GLUT 5
Ref: 1/e, p. 210
Ref: 1/e, p. 669
466. A bifunctional enzyme that plays an important

regulation
kinase
dependent glucose transporter (SGLT 1) are
Ref: 1/e, p. 212
in
protein
468. All the following statements about sodium
463. Glucose 6 phosphate is allosterically inhibited by

A. Glucose
C. ATP
role
dependent
Ref: 1/e, p. , 211, 213
Ref: 1/e, p. 209
human
Phosphofructokinase 2 and fructose 2,6
biphosphatase
D. Pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylkinase
464. In
52
of
glycolysis
and
gluconeogenesis possesses the following catalytic

activities
A. Glucokinase and glucose 6 phosphatase
B. Phosphofructokinase 1 and fructose 1 6
471. All the following statements about intestinal

fructose absorption are correct except
A. It is absorbed by facilitated diffusion
B. Its absorption depends upon
C.
sodium
gradient
It enters the mucosal cell through GLUT 5
biphsophatase
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
D. It enters the capillaries from mucosal cells
D. NAD
through GLUT 2
Ref: 1/e, p. 195, 221
Ref: 1/e, p. 667
477. Glycolysis and HMP shunt have the following
472. All the following statements about intestinal

glucose absorption are except
A. It is absorbed against
B.
53
its
concentration
gradient
Rate of its absorption is proportional to
sodium gradient
C. Its active absorption is enchanced by insulin
D. Energy is spent during active uptake of
glucose to expel sodium ions
Ref: 1/e, p.529, 667
473. Uptake of glucose by muscles

A. Occurs by an active transport mechanism
B. Is energy dependent
C. Is linked to sodium uptake
D. Is enchanced by insulin
Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216
474. GLUT 4
A. Is present in adipose tissue
B. Facilitates diffusion of glucose
C. Is transferred from cytosol to the cell
membrane by insulin
D. Is enchaned by insulin
Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216
475. All the following statements about GLUT 4 are
correct except
A. It is present in muscles and adipose muscles
B. It is a trans-membrane and protein
C. It mediates energy dependant uptake of
glucose
D. Number of GLUT 4 molecules in the cell
membrane is increased by insulin
Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216
476. A coenzyme required by transketose as well as
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is
A. Thiamin pyrophosphate
B. Lipoic acid
C. FAD
similarity
A. Glucose 6 phosphate is an intermediate in
both
B. Ribose 5 phosphate is an intermediate in both
C. NAD is reduced in both
D. ATP is formed in both
Ref: 1/e, p. 221
478. Intermediates common to glycolysis and HMP
shunt include all the following except
B. Xylulose 5 phosphate
C. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
D. Fructose 6 phosphate
Ref: 1/e, p. 192, 222
479. Fructose 6 phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3

phosphate formed in the glycolytic pathway can
be used to synthesise ribose 5 phosphate if the
following enzymes are also present in the cell
A. Transketotase and transaldolase
B. Transketolase and ribose 5 phosphate
C.
ketoisomerase
Transaldolase
and
ribose
phosphate
ketoisomerase
D. Transladolase and ribulose 5 phosphate 3
epimerase
Ref: 1/e, p. 221, 223
480. NADPH formed in HMP shunt in erythrocytes
can be used to detoxity hydrogen peroxide if the
following is available
A. Glutathione
B. Glutathione reductase
C. Glutathione peroxidase
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p, 223
481. All the following statements about fructokinases
are correct except
A. It is present in liver
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
B. It has a low Km for fructose
C. It converts fructose into fructose 6 phosphate
D. Its activity is not affected by insulin
Ref: 1/e, p, 225
482. Acute loading of liver with fructose may cause all
of the following except
A. Fructosaemia
B. Hypertriglyceridaemia
C. Hypercholesterolaemia
D. Hyperuricaemia
Ref: 1/e, p, 227
483. Cataract occurs in congenital galactosaemia due
to accumulation of the following in lens
A. Galactose
B. Galactose 1 phosphate
C. Galactitol
D. Sorbitol
Ref: 1/e, p, 229
484. Normal range of fasting plasma glucose is
A. 65-110 mmol/litre
B. 65-110 mg/dl
C. 80-120 mmol/litre
D. 80-120 mg/dl
Ref: 1/e, p, 869
485. A unidirectional transporter of glucose is

A. GLUT 2
B. GLUT 3
C. GLUT 4
D. SGLT 1
Ref: 1/e, p 215
486. Blood glucose level is increased by all of the
following except
A. Glucagon
B. Glucocorticoids
C. Insulin
D. Epinephrine
C. Sucrose
D. Lactose
488. Which of the following is a distaccharide
A. Raffinose
B. Cellobisoe
C. Mannose
489. Raffinose consists of
A. Glucose + glucose + glucose
B. Galactose + glucose + fructose
C. Glucose + fructose + glucose
D. Galactose + glucose + glucose
490. Which of the following is not a disaccharide
A. Maltose
B. Sucrose
C. Pentose
D. Lactose
491. Which of the following drug is an example
A.
B.
C.
D.
of glycoside
Furosemide
Digitalis
Heparin
All of the above
492. Which of the following is not an end product

A.
B.
C.
D.
of carbohydrate digestion
Glucose
Fructose
Lactose
Galactose
493. Raffinose is an example of

A. Monosaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Trisaccharide
D. Polysaccharide
494. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA yields
A. 2 ATP
B. 6 ATP
C. 8 ATP
D. 10 ATP
495. Total number of ATP formed when one
Ref: 1/e, p 216

487. Invert sugar is
A. Glucose
B. Fructose
54
molecule of glucose is completely oxidized to

A.
B.
CO2 and H2O is

6
8
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
C. 24
D. 38
496. With
phenyl
hydrazine
which
of
the
following sugar form needle shaped crystals

A. Lactose
B. Glucose
C. Maltose
D. Fructose
497. Reaction between reducing sugar and which
of the following ingredient of Benedict
A.
B.
C.
D.
solution is responsible for different colour

Cupric sulfate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium citrate
All of the above
498. The non-reducing sugar is

A. Maltose
B. Galactose
C. Sucrose
D. Mannose
499. Which of the following sentence is true
A.
regarding isoelectric pH
Proteins act as a buffer on either side of
B.
isoelectric pH
The net charge of an amino acid is zero at
C.
isoelectric pH
At isoelectric pH amino acids exist in Zwitter
ion
D. All of the above
500. Which of the following sugar is present in
immunoglobulins
A. D-mannose
B. D-glucosamine
C. Galactose
D. All of the above
501. Which of the following enzyme of glycolysis
A.
B.
C.
D.
is blocked by sodium fluoride

Hexokinase
Pyruvate kinase
Phosphofructokinase
Enolase
502. Which of the following monosaccharide is

most rapidly absorbed from the small
intestine
A.
B.
C.
D.
55
Mannose
Glucose
Fructose
Trehalose
503. Monosaccharide
having
fastest
rate
of
absorption from gastrointestinal tract is

A. Galactose
B. Glucose
C. Mannose
D. Fructose
504. The reduced lipoate is reoxidized by
A. NAD+
B. NADP+
C. FAD+
D. FMN+
505. Fructokinase is present in
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Adipose tissue
D. Intestine
506. Phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate
is inhibited by
A. Arsenate
B. Fluoride
C. Iodonacetate
D. ATP
507. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in
A. -Ketoglutarate Succinyl COA
B. Succinate Fumarate
C. Succinyl CoA Succinate
D. Oxalosuccinic acid ketoglutaric acid
508. Conversion of lactate to glucose occur in
A. Muscle
B. Kidney
C. Liver
D. Brain
509. Glucokinase is formed in liver
A. Parenchymal cells
B. Blood vessels
C. Nonparenchymal cells
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
510. Which of the following enzymatic steps is
absent in liver?
A. Acetoacetyl CoA Acetoacetate
B. Acetoacetate Acetoacetyl CoA
C. Succinate Fumarate
D. -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA
511. Iodine solution produces no color with
A. Cellulose
B. Starch
C. Dextrin
D. Glycogen
512. The epimer of glucose is
A. Fructose
B. Galactose
C. Ribose
D. Deoxyribose
513. Honey contains the hydrolytic product of
A. Lactose
B. Maltose
C. Inulin
D. Starch
514. Muscle phosphorylase is deficient in which
glycogen storage disease
A. Andresons disease
B. Forbes disease
C. McArdles disease
D. Hers disease
515. The carrier of citric acid cycle is
A. Malic acid
B. Fumaric acid
C. Oxaloacetate
D. - Ketoglutarate
516. Fructokinase is present in
A. Liver
B. Adipose tissue
C. Heart
D. Brain
56
517. Concentrate of which of the following

enzymes is decreased in Wilsons disease?
A. Ceruloplasmin
B. Glucose 6 phosphatase
C. Aldolase
D. Alkaline phosphatases
518. What is the weight of storage carbohydrate
A.
B.
C.
D.
in liver in postabsorptive normal adult?

62 grams
65 grams
52 grams
72 grams
519. All of the following are present in pyruvate

dehydrogenase complex except
A. NAD
B. FAD
C. TPP
D. GDP
520. Number of molecules of CO2 and H2O
A.
B.
C.
D.
formed in the oxidation of pyruvic acid are

3 molecules of CO2 and 2 molecules of H2O
3 molecules of H2Oand 2 molecules of CO2
2 molecules of H2Oand 2 molecules of CO2
3 molecules of H2O and 3 molecules of CO2
521. Which of the following events in 1st step

makes the citric acid cycle go in forward
A.
B.
C.
D.
direction?
Addition of H2O
Removal of CoA.SH
Gain of heat
Loss of heat
522. All of the following vitamins take part in

Krebs cycle except
A. Riboflavin
B. Thiamin
C. Pantothenic acid
D. Pyridoxine
523. The citric acid cycle is
A. Anabolic
B. Catbolic
C. Amphibolic
D. Ammonophilic
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
524. Collagenase hydrolyses collagen is present
in
A. Eggs
B. Soyabeans
C. Meat
D. Milk
A. 8
B. 10
C. 12
D. 11
525. Glucose 6 phosphatase is absent from

which of the following organs?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Intestine
C. Heart
D. Liver
526. Lecithins are soluble in ordinary fat solvents
A.
B.
C.
D.
except
Benzene
Ethyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
Acetone
527. Net ATP synthesized in glycolysis are
57

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

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Chemistry of Carbohydrates

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BIOCHEMISTRY

CARBON NUMBERING SYSTEM

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or

Major source of energy in most organisms

Serve as metabolic intermediates

Constituents of nucleotides that form DNA &

Give structure to cell membranes & cell walls

Play a role in immunity, joint lubrication & cell

include diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen

Aldoses [glucose (6C), glycerose (3C),

Ketoses [fructose (6C), dihydroxyacetone

Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

Oligosaccharides (3-9 residues; Eg. raffinose,

Homopolysaccharides - starch, inulin, cellulose

Complex Sugar + Lipid Or Protein Moiety

Proteoglycan, Glycoprotein, Glycolipid

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

PYRANOSE RING STRUCTURES

Same molecular formula but differs in their

Same molecular formula but differs in spatial

penultimate carbon atoms.

OH on the right side- D form. Eg- D-glucose &

Asymmetric carbon atom- C atom with 4

Same molecular formula but different physical or

Differ in orientation of H & OH groups

Glu & Mannose at C2.

Differ in orientation of H & OH groups

Phlorhizin- glucose + phloretin; renal damage

KEY POINTS ABOUT GALACTOSE

Ouabain- Na -K ATPase inhibitor

It is a major constituent of honey

Glucosamine- in hyaluronic acid, heparin &

Constituent of glycolipids & glycoproteins

Oxidized to galactonic acid, galacturonic acid

blood group substances

Galactosamine- in chondroitin of cartilage,

bone & tendons

Mannosamine, N-acetylated glucosamine &

Erythromycin- Diethyl amino sugar; antibiotic

IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT DISACCHARIDES

L-fucose- 6-deoxy L-galactose - in blood

KEY POINTS ABOUT MANNOSE

carbons of glucose & fructose are involved in

Deoxyribose- in nucleic acid. Feulgen staining is

specific for DNA

D-Ribose- constituent of RNA, ATP & NAD

D-Ribulose- in HMP shunt

D-Lyxose- in heart muscle

(1, 4) contains 2 glucose units

Present in malt sugar and germinating seeds.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch (amylase)

Aldo-sugar with 6 membered pyranose ring

-D glucopyranose is the most common form

C1 carbon is the anomeric carbon

Ring closure occurs between C1 & C5

Reduced to sorbitol (mechanism in diabetic

KEY POINTS ABOUT FRUCTOSE

(1, 4) is sugar present in milk.