Computer Graphics Lecture Notes On Unit I

Overview of Graphics Systems
Agenda
Video display devices

Raster-scan systems
Graphics workstations and viewing systems
Input devices
Learning Objectives
Understand which are the important display
devices and input devices.
Understand how the important output
devices for computer graphics work.
Understand how the important input devices
for computer graphics work.
Video Display Devices
Cathode-ray tubes
Raster-scan displays
Random-scan displays
Color CRT displays
Cathode-Ray Tubes
Classical output device is a monitor.
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun (1897)
Beam of electrons directed from cathode (-)to
phosphor-coated (fluorescent) screen (anode (+))
Directed by magnetic focusing and deflection coils
(anodes) in vacuum filled tube
Phosphor emits photon of light, when hit by an
electron, of varied persistence (long 15-20 ms for texts /
short < 1ms for animation)
Refresh rate (50-60 Hz / 72-76 Hz) to avoid flicker /
trail
Phosphors are organic compounds characterized by
their persistence and their color (blue, red, green).
Cathode-Ray Tubes
(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)

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Cathode-Ray Tubes

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Cathode-Ray Tubes
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Horizontal deflection and vertical deflection direct the
electron beam to any point on the screen
Intensity knob: regulates the flow of electrons by
controlling the voltage at the control grid (high voltage
reduces the electron density and thus brightness)
Accelerating voltage from positive coating inside
screen (anode screen) or an accelerating anode
Image maintenance
Charge distribution to store picture information
OR
Refresh CRT: refreshes the display constantly to
maintain phosphor glow.
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Cathode-Ray Tubes
Characteristics of Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Intensity is proportional to the number of electrons
repelled in beam per second (brightness)
Resolution is the maximum number of points that can
be displayed without overlap; is expressed as number of
horizontal points by number of vertical points; points
are called pixels (picture elements); example: resolution
1024 x 768 pixels. Typical resolution is 1280 x 1024
pixels.
High-definition systems: high resolution systems.

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Cathode-Ray Tubes

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Cathode-Ray Tubes
Focusing
Focusing forces the electron beam to converge to a
point on the monitor screen
Can be electrostatic (lens) or magnetic (field)
Deflection
Deflection directs the electron beam horizontally and/or
vertically to any point on the screen
Can be controlled by electric (deflection plates) or
magnetic fields (deflection coils)
Magnetic coils: two pairs (top/bottom, left/right) of
tube neck
Electric plates: two pairs (horizontal, vertical)
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Raster-scan Displays
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The image is stored in a frame buffer containing the total
screen area and where each memory location corresponds
to a pixel.
In a monochrome system, each bit is 1 or 0 for the
corresponding pixel to be on or off (bitmap).
The display processor scans the frame buffer to turn
electron beam on/off depending if the bit is 1 or 0.
For color monitors, the frame buffer also contains the color
of each pixel (color buffer) as well as other characteristics
of the image (gray scale, ). 8 bits/pixel 0..255
(pixmap).
Depth of the buffer area is the number of bits per pixel (bit
planes), up to 24.
Examples: television panels, printers, PC monitors (99%
of raster-scan)...
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Refresh rate: 24 is a minimum to avoid flicker,
corresponding to 24 Hz (1 Hz = 1 refresh per second)
Current raster-scan displays have a refresh rate of at least
60 frames (60 Hz) per second, up to 120 (120 Hz).
Uses large memory: 640x480 307200 bits 38 kB
Refresh procedure:
Horizontal retrace beam returns to left of screen
Vertical retrace bean returns to top left corner of screen
Interlaced refresh display first even-numbered lines, then oddnumbered lines
permits to see the image in half the time
useful for slow refresh rates (30 Hz shows as 60 Hz).
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Raster-scan Displays - Architecture

Display Processor
Memory
CPU
Frame
buffer
Display
Processor
Video
Controller
Monitor
System
Memory
System Bus
I/O Devices
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Random-scan Displays
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Random scan systems are also called vector, strokewriting, or calligraphic displays.
The electron beam directly draws the picture in any
specified order.
A pen plotter is an example of such a system.
Picture is stored in a display list, refresh display file, vector
file, or display program as a set of line drawing commands.
Refreshes by scanning the list 30 to 60 times per second.
More suited for line-drawing applications such as
architecture and manufacturing.
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Advantages:
High resolution
Easy animation
Requires little memory
Disadvantages:
Requires intelligent electron beam (processor controlled)
Limited screen density, limited to simple, line-based images
Limited color capability.
Improved in the 1960s by the Direct View Storage Tube

(DVST) from Tektronix.
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Images are described in terms of line segments rather than pixels
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Random-scan Displays - Architecture
CPU
System
Memory
Display
Processor
Monitor
System Bus
I/O Devices
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Color CRT Monitor

Color CRTs are designed as RGB monitors also
called full-color system or true-color system.
Use shadow-mask methods with intensity from
each electron gun (red, green, blue) to produce any
color directly on the screen without preprocessing.
Frame buffer contains 24 bits per pixel, for 256
voltage settings to adjust the intensity of each
electron beam, thus producing a choice of up to 17
million colors for each pixel (2563).
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Color CRT Monitor
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Work Station
A workstation is a computer
designed for technical or
scientific applications. Intended
primarily to be used by one
person at a time, they are
commonly connected to a local
area network and run multi-user
operating systems.
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INPUT DEVICES
The key matrix
This keyboard uses rubber dome

switches.
Optimus keyboard programmable

hot keys
Buttons
Dials
Trackball
Spaceball
Joysticks / Mice / Trackballs
Data Glove
Digitizer Tablet( Data Tablet)
Digitizer used for drawing larger

Images
Voice Systems

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Computer Graphics Lecture Notes On Unit I

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Overview of Graphics Systems

Video display devices

Video Display Devices

(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)

(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)

High-definition systems: high resolution systems.

(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)

Raster-scan Displays - Architecture

Improved in the 1960s by the Direct View Storage Tube

Images are described in terms of line segments rather than pixels

Random-scan Displays - Architecture

Color CRT Monitor

Color CRT Monitor

(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)

The key matrix

This keyboard uses rubber dome

Optimus keyboard programmable

Joysticks / Mice / Trackballs

Digitizer Tablet( Data Tablet)

Digitizer used for drawing larger

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