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Geography Notes: Birth Rates

The world population is growing faster than ever, with the population doubling less frequently over time. Most growth is occurring in developing countries, where birth rates are highest. While global fertility rates have declined slightly in recent decades, the world's population is projected to peak at 10-12 billion by 2070. Death rates are generally higher in poorer countries due to lack of resources and infrastructure. Life expectancy has increased significantly worldwide since 1960, especially in Southeast Asia. Population projections attempt to predict future population trends based on patterns in fertility, mortality, and migration.

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57 views

Geography Notes: Birth Rates

The world population is growing faster than ever, with the population doubling less frequently over time. Most growth is occurring in developing countries, where birth rates are highest. While global fertility rates have declined slightly in recent decades, the world's population is projected to peak at 10-12 billion by 2070. Death rates are generally higher in poorer countries due to lack of resources and infrastructure. Life expectancy has increased significantly worldwide since 1960, especially in Southeast Asia. Population projections attempt to predict future population trends based on patterns in fertility, mortality, and migration.

Uploaded by

ayah fadil
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Geography notes

Birth rates:
The worlds population is increasing faster than ever and most of this
growth is of recent timing. The world's population doubled between
1650 and 1850, 1850 and 1920, and 1920 and 1970. It is thus taking
less time for the population to double. Up to 95% of population growth
is taking place in developing countries.
The infant fertiliaty has decreased from 1990 to 2010 going from 3.3
children per mother to 2.5. The worlds population is likely to peek at
10-12 billion by 2070.
The crude birth rates (CBR) is the amount of births per 1000 people.
Total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman would
have per age. In general, the poorest countries have the highest
fertility rates. There are multiple causes for high birth rates because
parents want children for labour, heiritage, look after them when
theyre older
Reasons for low fertility rates are mostly because chidren are costly.
Africa has the fastest growing population in the world.
Death rates:
Death rates are generally higher in poorer countries. There is a lack of
clean water and food, poor hygiene and infections and illnesses. The
crude death rate (CRD) is an indication of mortality rates.
Life expectancy increased from 1960 to 1980. Especially in south east
Asia, it elevated from 42 years to 60 years. In rich countries life
expectancy is increasing so last that hall the babies born in 2007 will
live to be at least 104, and half the Japanese babies born that year will
reach the age 01 107. Population pyramids tell us a great deal about
the age and sex structure of a population. They also tell us about
population growth.
The growth rate is the avcrage annual percentage changc in the
population, resulting frolll a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths
and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate
may be positive or ncgative.
Population momentum is the tendency for population to grow
despite a fall in the birth rate or fertilily levels. It is aiso the tendency
for a population to continue to fall despite a rise in the birth rate.

Population projections are predictions about future population


based on trends in fertility, mortality and migration.

Ageing populations:
An ageing population or the grey economy has certain advantages.
The elderly may have skills (including social skills) and training, and
some employers, especially supermarkets and home
improvement/furniture stores,
prefer them to younger workers. The elderly may look after their
grandchildren and therefore allow both parents to work. Europe has
the largest grey economy
Managing population change:
There are a number of ways in which governments attempt to
control population numbers. Their strategies will depend on whether
the country wishes to increase its population size (pro-natalist) or limit
it (anti-natalist). Family planning methods include contraceptives such
as the pill and condoms, as well as drastic methods such as forced
sterilization, abortion and infanticide.
Migration:
People migrate for a number of different reasons. Most voluntary
migrants are people moving either for work, to retire to different
calmer city. There are also for educational and health purposes. Forced
contrast may be due to civil conflict, environmental difficulties or some
form of persecution.
Migrations are commonly divided into a number of types:
forced or voluntary
long distance or short distance
international or internal.
International migrations can have a range of positive and negative
impacts on both the source area and the destination. Some economics
could not function without foreign workers. In the United Arab
Emirates, for instance, they make up an astonishing 85% of the
population.

The movement of migrant workers - those who migrate to find work can be:
permanent or temporary
long or short distance
internal or across an international boundary.
Migrant labour has been vital for economic development in many
countries, and it remains important today for many developed countries
such as the USA, Australia and the UK.
Trends:
The main trends with migrant labour are:
the globalization of migration
the acceleration of migration
the differentiation of migration into different types
the feminization of migration, e.g. the migration of nurses from the
Philippines to the UK.
Refugees:
Refugees are an example of a forced migration. A refugee is someone
who has fled their normal country of residence, often for fear of
persecution. For many refugees a lack of civil liberties in their home
country has led to political repression or persecution, and forced them
to migrate across an international border. However, it is difficult to
define and measure persecution, or prove it has happened.
Push factors for refugees may be:

intolerance of one part of society towards another

environmental deterioration (overpopulation)

state persecution

natural disasters

wars.

Gender and life expectancy:

Worldwide, men have higher mortality and greater disability than


women. In nearly every (country they die at younger ages.) However,
just because Women live longer does not mean that they have better
health. The female health disadvantage stems from the biological
differences between the sexes (women are subject to risks related to
pregnancy and childbearing) and gender (the distinct social and
cultural roles played by men and women).
There are over 200 million people around the world living in a country
other than the one in which they were horn. Data collected by
governments indicate that women now
account for almost half of immigrants around the world, but the
proportion of international migrants who are male or female varies by
country and region.

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