This document contains the answers to 16 questions about cell division and the cell cycle provided by a student named Vivek Singh with student ID number 15CS01019. Key points addressed include:
1) Cell division is important for both unicellular and multicellular organisms to reproduce and replace dead/damaged cells.
2) Cell division remains important after development for tissue renewal and wound healing.
3) Differentiation is when cells specialize in structure/function. Apoptosis is programmed cell death to eliminate unneeded/damaged cells.
4) Regulators stimulate or halt cell division, differentiation, or death; improper regulation can cause too few/many cells and tumors.
This document contains the answers to 16 questions about cell division and the cell cycle provided by a student named Vivek Singh with student ID number 15CS01019. Key points addressed include:
1) Cell division is important for both unicellular and multicellular organisms to reproduce and replace dead/damaged cells.
2) Cell division remains important after development for tissue renewal and wound healing.
3) Differentiation is when cells specialize in structure/function. Apoptosis is programmed cell death to eliminate unneeded/damaged cells.
4) Regulators stimulate or halt cell division, differentiation, or death; improper regulation can cause too few/many cells and tumors.
This document contains the answers to 16 questions about cell division and the cell cycle provided by a student named Vivek Singh with student ID number 15CS01019. Key points addressed include:
1) Cell division is important for both unicellular and multicellular organisms to reproduce and replace dead/damaged cells.
2) Cell division remains important after development for tissue renewal and wound healing.
3) Differentiation is when cells specialize in structure/function. Apoptosis is programmed cell death to eliminate unneeded/damaged cells.
4) Regulators stimulate or halt cell division, differentiation, or death; improper regulation can cause too few/many cells and tumors.
This document contains the answers to 16 questions about cell division and the cell cycle provided by a student named Vivek Singh with student ID number 15CS01019. Key points addressed include:
1) Cell division is important for both unicellular and multicellular organisms to reproduce and replace dead/damaged cells.
2) Cell division remains important after development for tissue renewal and wound healing.
3) Differentiation is when cells specialize in structure/function. Apoptosis is programmed cell death to eliminate unneeded/damaged cells.
4) Regulators stimulate or halt cell division, differentiation, or death; improper regulation can cause too few/many cells and tumors.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 3
NAME- VIVEK SINGH
NO.:15CS01019
ROLL
1. Why is cell division important for both unicellular and
multicellular organisms? Ans : This is because Cell division is the only way single-celled organisms can reproduce and in case of multicellular organisms, they need cell division to grow and to replace dead or damaged cells. 2. Why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed? Ans: After growth, division remains important in normal cell turnover, such as in our skin and gut, where cells are continuously renewed. Other cells have to divide to heal wounds like skin cuts or broken bones. 3. Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation? Ans: Cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells. Cells stop dividing to specialize in structure and function, a process called differentiation. Once differentiated, some cells may divide again under certain conditions. 4. What is apoptosis? What is its purpose? Ans: Cells can also undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, a process that eliminates unnecessary cells during development and removes unhealthy or damaged cells in the mature organism. 5. What are cell cycle regulators? Ans: Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death. 6. What happens if cell cycle regulators dont function properly? Ans: If regulators dont function properly, an organism may end up with too few or too many cells. This can cause problems of varying severity from harmless hair loss or the growth of warts to the development of life-threatening tumors. 7. Cells go through periods of growth and division. Cell division occurs during mitotic phase. 8. The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which a cell grows and replicates its DNA. 9. (a) G1 phase:- During this phase, the cell increases in size and prepares to replicate its DNA. Toward the end of G1, the cell has to be sufficiently healthy to replicate its DNA. If the DNA is undamaged and enough resources are available for the cell to keep growing and divide, growth signals will stimulate the cell to proceed to the DNA synthesis,
or S, phase. Otherwise, either the cell dies or it enters a resting state,
also referred to as G0 phase. (b)G2 phase:- During this phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares for division. To proceed to the next phase, all chromosomes have to be fully replicated and contain no other types of damage. Only then can it enter mitosis, or M phase, and divide. Protein synthesis and formation of organelle takes place here. (c)S phase:-The cell replicates its DNA. At the end of this phase, the cell has two complete sets of chromosomes. Throughout the S phase, DNA is continuously monitored for replication errors. If DNA synthesis progresses without errors, growth signals will stimulate the cell to proceed to G2, during which the cell matures. 10. In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle? Ans:- Checkpoints ensure that all the processes are going correctly, if not so, it will stop the further processes and reverse the process to make it correct. 11. What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle? Which factors determine whether a cell enters G0? Can cells leave G0? Ans: Toward the end of the G1 phase, a cell can "exit" the cell cycle when it receives a signal to differentiate, or when resources are insufficient to grow and divide. Whether or not a cell exits the cell cycle depends on the organisms stage in development, the type of cell, and the resources available. The cell is then said to be in G0a resting, or nondividing, stage. Yes cells can leave G0. 12. What are cell cycle regulators? Ans:- Cell cycle regulators are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and can either stimulate or inhibit cell cycle progression. a. Stimulatory proteins are encoded by protooncogenes. Examples include:- cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) b. Inhibitory proteins are encoded by tumor suppressor genes. Examples include:- cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 13. Cancer is the result of an improperly regulated cell cycle. Describe two reasons why cells can form Tumors. Ans: - Cancer results from an improperly regulated cell cycle. As a result, cells replicate indefinitely and form tumors. 14. In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the APC gene. What happens if the APC gene is mutated? Ans:-Mutations in the APC gene are also responsible for a disorder called Turcot syndrome, which is closely related to familial adenomatous polyposis. Turcot syndrome is an association of colorectal cancer with a type of cancerous brain tumor called a medulloblastoma. 15. Normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What are oncogenes and how do they affect the cell cycle? Ans:- Proteins that normally stimulate the cell cycle are encoded by proto-oncogenes. Mutated versions of these genes,
called oncogenes, are analogous to putting the foot on the accelerator,
increasing stimulation. a. To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require one allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered dominant. The mutation results in a gain of function. 16. Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. How do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle? Ans:- a. To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require two allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered recessive. The mutation results in a loss of function.