Cell Division

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
CELL BIOLOGY
CELL DIVISION
One of the basic characteristic of all living
organisms is the ability to reproduce. It is
either asexually in unicellular organisms or
sexually in multicellular organism.
Sexual reproduction requires fertilization

resulting to a fertilized egg cell called
zygote. All the cells in our body came from
the division of the pre-existing one.
In prokaryotes, cell division can be

observed through binary fission. While in
the eukaryotes, cell cycle consists of two
distinct phases: Interphase and Mitotic
phase.
Cell cycle is a means for the continuity of life. So
before the cell divides it spends most of its life in
the period of cell growth called Interphase with
three sub- stages: G1 phase, S phase and G2
phase followed by M phase or Mitotic phase.
Cell cycle
is the series of events that occur in a cell to prepare
cell division and to produce two new daughter cells.
Phases of cell cycle include two major

activities:
1. Interphase
2. M-phase (Mitotic phase)
Cell cycle
Interphase is the longest
phase of the cell cycle
process. It is also the
known as the resting
phase. Although the cell
is at rest but it is
metabolically active. The
metabolic activities of the
cell can be observed
through cell growth,
production of nutrients
Interphase
Interphase has 3 sub-
stages:
1. G1 phase (Gap1
phase/Growth 1 phase)
2. S-phase (Synthesis
phase)
3. G2 phase (Gap2
Interphase
stages:
1. G1 phase (Gap1
the cell increases in
size; protein
synthesis also occurs
enable the cell to
increase the amount of
cytosol.
Interphase
stages:
2. Synthesis phase is
the longest and the
most essential stage of
interphase. It is due to
the complexity of the
replication of genetic
material which results
to the
Interphase
stages:
3. G2 phase (Gap2
is the final stage where
the cell
prepares itself for cell
division process, and
also ensures that the
DNA replication
Interphase
Cell cycle checkpoints
Cell cycle checkpoints verify whether all
the cellular activities are accurately
completed at each stage of interphase.
In eukaryotic cells, there are three major
checkpoints that control the cell cycle
process. They are:
1. G1 checkpoint at the G1/S transition
2. G2 checkpoint at the G2/M transition
3. Spindle checkpoint, transition from
metaphase and anaphase
G1 checkpoint
checks the following:
a. Cell’s size (Does the cell large
increase its size or large enough for
cell division?)
b. Nutrients (Does the cell have
enough reserve energy and nutrients
for cell division?)
c. DNA integrity (Is any part of the
DNA damaged?)
d. Molecular signals (Does the cell
receives growth factors and other
signals from neighboring cell?)
G1 checkpoint
a. Cell’s size (Does the cell large
increase its size or large enough for
cell division?)
b. Nutrients (Does the cell have
enough reserve energy and nutrients
for cell division?)
c. DNA integrity (Is any part of the
DNA damaged?)
d. Molecular signals (Does the cell
receives growth factors and other
signals from neighboring cell?)
G1 checkpoint
If the cell does not comply with the

following factors, cell cycle will
stop and enters the G0 phase called
the resting state. Some cell stays in
G0
phase permanently, while others
proceed to divide if the condition of
the cell
improves
G2 checkpoint

a. DNA integrity (Is any part of the
DNA damaged?)
b. DNA replication (Is the DNA
replication completed in the S
phase?)
G2 checkpoint
If there is an error, the cell will pause
at the G2 phase and allow for some
repairs. If the damage is within the
DNA, the cell cycle will paused and let
the cell complete the DNA replication
or repair it. But if the damage cell is
irreparable, the cell will undergo
apoptosis or cell death.
Metaphase checkpoint or
Spindle checkpoint
occurs at metaphase stage
of mitosis. It is regulated
by Anaphase-promoting
complex (APC). It checks
whether all chromosomes
are properly attached to
the spindle fibers and its
alignment at the
metaphase plate. If there
are mistakes, the cell
delays it anaphase
Metaphase checkpoint or
Spindle checkpoint
occurs at metaphase stage
of mitosis. It is regulated
by Anaphase-promoting
complex (APC). It checks
whether all chromosomes
are properly attached to
the spindle fibers and its
alignment at the
metaphase plate. If there
are mistakes, the cell
delays it anaphase
Cancer
is the result of the
unregulated process of the
cell cycle due to the
breakdown of the
mechanisms that controls
the entire process. It
happens during
the synthesis phase,
wherein the cell cannot
determine the changes in
the DNA sequence that
Oncogenes
are the genes that cause
the cell to become
cancerous.
Proto-oncogenes
are the genes that code
for positive regulators
during cell
cycle. When these normal
genes are altered by
mutation it can be an
oncogenes leading to
cancer cells formation.
Proto-oncogenes
are healthy normal genes that
slow down cell division, helps to
repair DNA mistakes and also cell
apoptosis or cell death. It
codes for the negative regulator
protein, when activated can
prevent the cell from
uncontrolled division. But when
tumor suppressor gene does not
work properly,
cell division will be out of control
Activity:
Write it in a short bond
paper: don’t forget to
write your Name and
Search Me! Grade Level and Strand
Research one topic and answer the guide questions

below
1. RB as tumor suppressor gene
2. Cancer chemotherapy
Guide Questions:
A. Make a research about tumor B. Make a research about cancer.

suppressor gene. 1. Chemotherapy for cancer, how it
1. Why Rb protein can be considered works?
as a tumor suppressor gene? 2. Write the reference where did you
2. Write the reference where did you get your answer.
get your answer.
ACTIVITY:
Cell Cycle and
Checkpoints Story
Make a creative short story video about the phases of cell cycle and its
checkpoints. Highlight each function of the checkpoints and the characteristics of
the cell during the different stages of the cycle.

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CHAPTER 1:

Sexual reproduction requires fertilization

In prokaryotes, cell division can be

Phases of cell cycle include two major

If the cell does not comply with the

checks the following:

Research one topic and answer the guide questions

A. Make a research about tumor B. Make a research about cancer.

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