DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (PERAK)
SERI ISKANDAR

BUILDING SERVICES I
(BSR 101)
Topic:

WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE, FIRE FIGHTING AND

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
At:

NO 33 JALAN KESUMA 5/1L BANDAR TASIK KESUMA 43700, BERANANG,

SELANGOR
VS
BLOK TERATAI, UiTM PERAK KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR, 31750 SERI ISKANDAR,
PERAK

Prepared for:

SR. MOHD NURFAISAL BAHARUDDIN

Prepared by:

HUSNA SYAHIDAH BINTI ZAINORDIN

(2016472348)

NURUL SHAKINAH BINTI OTHMAN

(2016491812)

ANDREA ANAK DALING

(2016491823)

MUHAMMAD FARIZ AZRI BIN AB RAHIM

(2016472356)

Semester:

JUNE OCTOBER 2016

Submission date:

WEEK 10 (DURING CLASS)

HUSNA SYAHIDAH BINTI ZAINORDIN

(2016472348)

NURUL SHAKINAH BINTI OTHMAN

(2016491812)

ANDREA ANAK DALING

(2016491823)

MUHAMMAD FARIZ AZRI BIN AB RAHIM

(2016472356)

CONTENT

No
1

Chapter
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF REPORT
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY
1.4 METHODOLOGY OF REPORT
1.5 BUILDING BACKGROUND

Chapter 2 : WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 CASE STUDY
2.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
2.4 PROBLEM AND RECOMMENDATION
Chapter 3 : SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

6-12

13-24

4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

4.2 CASE STUDY
4.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

25-36

Chapter 5 : SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

4-5

Chapter 4 : FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.2 CASE STUDY
3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
3.4 PROBLEM AND RECOMMENDATION

Pages

5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

5.2 CASE STUDY
5.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Chapter 6 : CONCLUSION

37-43

44-45

6.1 REFFERENCES

CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
Building services play a central role in contributing to the design of a building, not only in
terms of overall strategies and standards to be achieved, nut also in faade engineering, the
3

weights, sizes, and location of major plant and equipment, the position of vertical service
risers, routes for the distribution of horizontal services, drainage, energy sources,
sustainability and so on. This means that building services design must be integrated into
the overall building design from a very early age, particularly on complex building projects
such as hospitals. Whist it is usual for a building design team to be led by an architect, on
buildings with very complex building services requirements, a building services engineer
might be appointed as the lead designer.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF REPORT

To understand our lesson in class better

To increase our knowledge about these systems
To know the safety of the buildings
To make sure that we know all the flow of these systems

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY

Things that we learn and discover in this tutorial is, water distribution systems, sewerage and
drainage systems, fire fighting systems and solid waste management. All of the systems
must be investigated based on our case study which is a double-storey house and a medium
high rise building. We must know all the advantages, disadvantages, problems and
recommendation of these systems.
1.4 METHODOLOGY OF REPORT
Method of doing this tutorial, we need to understand what we have learned in the class and
apply it in our tutorial. Firstly, we need to select a medium high rise building and know about
the buildings background. We must show the flowchart of the systems based on our case
study to make it clearer and compile it with pictures as evidences. We need to refer journals,
books and internet to obtain more sources. Then, we need to acknowledge the problem and
the recommendation about the system. Also, we need to know the advantages and
disadvantages of the system in the buildings. Lastly, a conclusion is made based on our
studies.
1.5 BUILDING BACKGROUND
House

Medium High Rise Building

Address

Age of the
building
Purpose of the
building
Water
authority

No 33 Jalan Kesuma 5/1L Bandar

Tasik Kesuma 43700 Beranang,
Selangor.
10 years

Blok Teratai, UiTM Perak Kampuas

Seri Iskandar, 31750 Seri Iskandar,
Perak.
17 years

Residence

University

2.0 WATER SUPPLY

5

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

DIRECT SYSTEM OF COLD WATER SYSTEM
For efficient operation, a high pressure water supply is essential particularly at periods of
peak demand. Pipework is minimal and the storage cistern supplying the hot water cylinder
need only have 115 litres capacity. The cistern may be located within the airing cupboard or
be combined with the hot water cylinder. Drinking water is available ar every draw-off point
and maintenance valves should be fitted to isolate each section of pipework. With every
outlet supplied from the main, the possibility of back siphonage must be considered.
Back siphonage can occur when there is a high demand on the main. Negative pressure can
then draw water back into the main from a submerged inlet , e.g. a rubber tube attached to a
tap or a shower fitting without a checl valve facility left lying in dirty bath water.

INDIRECT SYSTEM OF COLD WATER SUPPLY

The indirect system of cold water suppy has only one drinking water outlet, at the sink. The
cold water storage cistern has a minimum capacity of 230 litres, for location in the roof
space. In addition to its normal supply function, it provides an adequate emergency storage
in the event of water main failure. The system requires more pipework than the direct system
and is therefore more expensive to install, but uniform pressure occurs at all cistern-supplied
outlets. The water authorities prefer this system as it imposes less demand on the main.
Also, with fewer fittings attached to the main, there is less chance of back siphonage. Other
advantages of lower pressure include less noise and wear on fittings, and the opportunity to
install a balanced pressure shower from cistern.

2.2 CASE STUDY

System
Flowchart

House

Medium High Rise Buiding

Direct Water Supply System

Indirect Water Supply System

Water from main pipe supply will

be distributed through service
pipe to sink in the kitchen to get
clean water.

Water from main pipe supply will

be distributed through service pipe
to the additional water storage tank
and water storage tank in the
medium high rise building.

Pipe meter
Additional Water Storage
Tank

Water Storage Tank

Sink in the kitchen will

receive water straight
from main pipe.

Water will be distributed by

distribution pipe to all
bathrooms on each floor.

Indirect Water Supply System

Water from storage tank will be
distributed by distribution pipe to
all bathrooms in the house.

Service
pipe

Distribution
pipe

Storage tank
Overflow pipe
Cleaning Pipe

Meter pipe
Main
supply
Service
pipe
Diagram above is schematic drawing of water distribution for house.

Water storage tank

Additional Service
pipe
water
storage

Overflow
pipe
Cleaning pipe

Distributi
on pipe

Pump A
Main pipe
supply

Pump
B

Main pipe
supply
Diagram above shows schematic drawing of water distribution for medium high rise building
10

2.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Direct Water Supply

Indirect Water Supply

Advantages
Saving in pipework
especially in multi-storey
building.
Fresh drinking water may
be obtained at any point.
Only needs a small storage
cistern.

Water is supplied if the

mains stop working
Can supply cold water even
if water pressure is low.
Less system noise

Disadvantages
If the is cut off even for
a short period, there is
no water available
When the supply is cut
off, back siphonage
could occurwhich
could contimate the
mains.
More expensive to
install
Cannot deal with large
demand of water
Water can grow
harmful bacteria

2.4 PROBLEM AND RECOMMENDATION

11

Problem

Recommendation

House
Back-siphonage
A reverse flow condition created by a
difference in water pressures that
causes water to flow back into the
distribution pipes of a drinking water
supply from any source other than
the intended one.

The simplest, most reliable way to

provide backflow prevention is to
provide an air gap. An air gap is
simply an open vertical space
between any device that connects to
a plumbing system (like a valve or
faucet) and any place where
contaminated water can collect or
pool. A simple air gap has no moving
parts, other than flowing water. Many
plumbing codes specify a minimum
air gap distance required for various
circumstances, such as a drain
connection for a dishwasher, e.g.,
BS 6282.
Alternatively, a specialized backflow
preventer valve may be installed at
strategic locations in the plumbing
system wherever there is a risk of
contaminated fluids entering the
water supply pipes. These valves
are used where there is not sufficient
vertical clearance or physical space
to install an air gap, or when

Building
Water Hammering
Water hammer is a
specific plumbing noise,
not a generic name for
pipe clatter. It occurs
when you shut off the
water suddenly and the
fast-moving water rushing
through the pipe is
brought to a quick halt,
creating a sort of shock
wave and a hammering
noise. Plumbing that's
properly installed has air
chambers, or cushions,
that compress when the
shock wave hits, softening
the blow and preventing
this hammering. The
chambers can fail, though,
because water under
pressure gradually
absorbs the air.
You can cure water hammer
by turning off the water behind
the waterlogged chamber,
opening the offending faucet
and permitting the faucet to
drain thoroughly. Once all the
water drains from the
chamber, air will fill it again
and restore the cushion. If the
air chamber is located below
the outlet, you may have to
drain the main supply lines to
allow the chamber to fill with
air again.

12

pressurized operation or other

factors rule out use of an air gap.
Because these valves use moving
parts, they are often required to be
inspected or tested periodically.

3.0 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM (Underground)
The type of drainage systems selected for a building will be determined by the local water
authoritys established sewer arrangements. These will be installed with regard to foul water
processing and the possibility of disposing surface water via a sewer into a local water
course or directly into a soakaway.

Combined Sewerage System

13

This uses a single drain to convert both foul water from sanitary appliances and rainwater
from roofs and other surfaces to a shared sewer. The system is economical to install, but the
processing coasts at the sewage treatment plant are high.

Separate Sewerage System

This has foul water from the sanitary appliances conveyed in a foul water sewer. The
rainwater from roofs and other surfaces is conveyed in a surface water drain into a surface
water sewer or a soak away. This system is relatively expensive to install, particularly if the
ground has poor drainage qualities and soakaways cannot be used. However, the benefits is
reduced volume and treatment costs at the processing plant.

Partially Separate Sewerage System

For convenience and to reduce site costs, the local water authority may permit an isolated
rainwater inlet to be connected to the foul water drain. This is shown with the rainwater inlet
at A connected to the foul water inspection chamber. Also, a rodding point is shown at B.
these are often used at the head of drain, as an alternative to a more costly inspection
chamber.
A back inlet gully can be used for connecting a rainwater down pipe or a waste pipe to a
drain. The bend or trap provide a useful reservoir to trap leaves. When used with a foul
water drain, the seal prevents air contamination. A yard gully is sofely for collecting surface
14

water and connecting this with a drain. It is similar to a road gully, but smaller. A rainwater
shoe is only for connecting a rainwater pipe to a surface water drain. The soil and vent pipe
or discharge stack is connected to the foul water drain with a rest bend at its base. This can
be purpose made or produced with two 135 bends. It must have a centre-line radius of at
least 200mm.

TYPES OF SANITATION PIPING SYSTEM (Above the ground)

One-pipe system
Stack may be offset above the
highest sanitary appliance

15

The fully vented one-pipe system is used in buildings where there are a large number of
sanitary appliances in ranges; e.g factories, schools, offices and hospitals
The trap on each appliance is fitted with an anti-siphon or vent pipe. This must be
connected within 300mm of the crown of the trap.
Individual vent pipes combine in a common vent for the range, which is inclined until it
meets the vertical vent stack. This vent stack may be carried to outside air or it may
connect to the discharge stack at a point above the spillover level of the highest
appliance.
The base of the vent stack should be connected to the discharge stack close to the
bottom rest bend to relieve any compression at this point.
Size of branch and stack vents:
Discharge pipe or stack (D) (mm)

Vent pipe (mm)

<75

0.67D

75-100

50

>100

0.50D

All pipe sizes are nominal inside diameter.

Two-pipe system
16

Rest bend or beck-iniet gully

This system was devised to comply with the old London Country Council requirements
for connection of soil (WC and urinal) and waste (basin, bath, bidet, sink) appliances to
separate stacks. For modern systems the terms soil and waste pipes are generally
replaced by the preferred terminology, discharge pipes and discharge stacks. There
many examples of the two-pipe system in use. Although relatively expensive to install, it
is still permissible and may be retained in existing buildings that are the subject of
refurbishment.
It may also be used where the sanitary appliances are widely spaced or remote and a
separate waste stack is the only viable method for connecting these to the drain. A
variation typical of 1930s dwellings has first floor bath and basin wastes discharging
through the wall into a hopper. The waste stack from this and the ground floor sink waste
discharge over a gully. A gully may be used as an alternative to a rest bend before the
drain.

Single stack system

If L is less than than 3000 the stack
must terminate 900mm above the
window opening.
Note : the above rule applies to all

17

The single stack system was developed by the Building Research Establishment during the
1960s, as a means of simplifying the extensive pipework previously associated with above
ground drainage. The concept is to group appliances around the stack with a separate
branch pipe serving each. Branch pipe lengths and falls are constrained. Initially the system
was limited to five storeys, but applications have proved successful in high rise buildings of
over 20 storeys. Branch vent pipes are not required unless the system is modified. Lengths
and falls of waste pipes are carefully selected to prevent loss of trap water seals. Water
seals on the waste traps must be 75mm (50mm bath and shower).
Branch pipe slope or fall:
Sink and bath 18 to 90 mm/m
Basin and bidet 20 to 120mm/m
Water closet 9 mm/m
The stack should be vertical below the highest sanitary appliance branch. If an offset is
unavoidable, there should be no connection within 750 mm of the offset.
The branch bath waste connection must be at least 200 mm below the centre of the WC
branch to avoid crossflow. This may require a 50 mm normal diameter parallel pipe to offset
the bath waste pipe, or an S trap WC to offset its connection.
The vent part of the stack may reduce to 75 mm normal diameter when it is above the
highest branch.
2.2 CASE STUDY
18

House

Medium High Rise Building

Under The
Ground

Separate Sewerage System

Sewage from your bathroom, 1

Sewage from bathrooms, toilet,

toilet, kitchen and laundry

and sinks, flows through two

enters the sewerage system

different pipes. There are two

through

main pipe.

underground

network
pipes.

of

There
2

are two main pipes.

Sewage is discharge into the

sewerage

system,

which

is

Sewerage is discharge into

usually

the sewerage system, that is

rain

usually contaminated except

systems

rain

However,

convey waste water and storm

sewerage is discharge two

water/rain water in separate

different things,(sewage and

pipes.

water.

contaminated

water.

Separate

are

except
sewer

designed

to

rain water), through different

pipes.

Sewage flows to larger sewers.

19

Sewage

flows

larger

Sanitary sewer system collect

sewers.

Sanitary

sewer

and transport waste water. Rain

system collect and transport

water collected and transported

waste

runoff.

water.

collected
runoff.

and
The

to

Rain

water

transported
sewer

The

sewer

slope

downwards so sewage can use

slope

gravity to slowly flows along.

downwards so sewage can

use gravity to slowly flows
along.

Sanitary sewer systems may

also collect wet weather flow
via

illicit

connections

from

Sanitary sewer systems may also

house drains or storm sewers,

collect wet weather flow via illicit

as well as through defects in

connections from house drains or

the pipes and manholes. Lastly,

storm sewers, as well as through

they

defects in the pipes and

treatment plants. The sewage

manholes. Lastly, sewage enters

will be processed 30-35 days

treatment plants. The treatment

before

plants process sewage before it

water

can be supplied as recycled water

environment.

will

discharge

supplied
or

as

released

to

the

recycle
into

the

or released into the environment.

This process can take up to 30-35
days.

Sewage and waste water are

discharged through drainage
pipes under the ground.

Sewage and waste water are

20

It will then be discharge into public

sewers that carry waste materials to
a sewage treatment plant.

It will be processed by Indah

Water sdn.bhd

21

Surface water will be dischard=ged

into sewers directly to rivers or the
sea.
Diagram above shows how
separate sewerage systems
works for house

22

House

Medium High Rise Building

Above The
Ground

One Pipe System

The

plumbing

system

in 1
which the waste from sinks,

The waste water from sinks,

bathroom, and wash basins,

directly flows to the vertically

and soil pipe branches are all

main pipe.

bathroom, and wash basins are

collected into one vertically

2

main pipe.

The waste then distributed to

ground floor through the vertical

The waste then distributed to

ground

floor

through

main pipe.

the
3

vertical main pipe.

All the traps of water closets,

basin, bathroom are completely

All the traps of water closets,

ventilated to preserve the water

basin,

seal.

bathroom

completely

are

ventilated

to

preserve the water seal.

After that, those waste flows to

drainage through underground

After that, those waste flows

pipe

to

vertical

drainage

through

underground pipe connected

connected
main

between
pipe

and

drainage.

between vertical main pipe

and drainage.
23

3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages

Disadvantages

The load on treatment plant

Cleaning of sewer is difficult

Separate
Sewerage
System

is less as only sewage is

due to their small size

carried to the plant

Maintenance cost is high
The size of sewer is small,
Needs of reliable supply of

thus economical

piped water
Natural

water

unnecessarily

is

not

polluted

by

Problems

associated

with

blockages and breakdown of

sewage

pumping equipment
No

nuisance

of

smell,
Higher risk of water pollution by

mosquitoes or flies

accidents (oil, chemical)

Limited or no risk of sewage
overflow

One Pipe System

Allows for each terminal to be
controlled

separately

by

Cost of repairing leakage pipe

(because only one pipe)

installing the right valves

High risk of blockage because
Constant
ensures

flow

of

reduction

water
in

solid

and

liquid waste

are

discharge with only one pipe.

blockage problem.
Difficult in term of construction
Highly economical in terms of
cost.
Easy to construct. Required

work.(bigger size of pipe, heavy

pipe - difficult to handle)
High cost of pipe (large pipe

24

only one vertical main pipe.

more costly)

Easier work of maintenance

due

to

only

one

main

pipe(vertical large pipe)

3.4 PROBLEM AND RECOMMENDATION

Separate

Problem
The storm sewers come in

Recommendation
Make sure the garbage is always

Sewerage

operation in rainy season only.

throw inside the rubbish bin. Thus,

System

They may be chocked in dry

this behavior can make our

season by garbage

neighboring surrounding more

One Pipe System

Blockage in the vertical main pipe

may occur.

clean.
The user should not throw any solid
materials in the water closet such
as pampers, cloths and any
materials that can cause blockage
to the main pipe.

25

4.0 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
The fire protection system plays a very important role to prevent the spread of fire breakouts
in buildings. The duty of the fire protection system is to extinguish the fire and control the
spread of fire. Besides, it also reduces the impact of uncontrolled fire and to protect human
life and state, public, and private property from fire. There are two fire protection methods,
which are active fire protection method and passive fire protection method.
ACTIVE FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
Active fire protection is the process of protecting a building or structure from fire with
methods that use the action of moving parts. (wisegeek, n.d.) These systems can be
automatic or manually such as fire alarm system, smoke & heat detector, wet & dry risers,
hose reels and CO2 fixed installation.

Fire extinguisher

Fire extinguisher is used to extinguish small or initial outbreak fires, often in emergency
situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire. It should be located at
conspicuous location. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical
pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 227 - Portable extinguisher shall be designed and installed in
accordance with MS 1539.

26

External fire hydrant

A fire hydrant is a system of pipe work that allows water to flow from a water main with
the control of a valve in order to put out a fire. (wisegeek, n.d.) The water is discharged
into the fire engine from which it is then sprayed over the fire.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 225(2) - Every building shall be served by at least one fire
hydrant located not more than 45 meter from the fire brigade access, designed and
installed in accordance with MS 1489. In any case, hydrants shall be located not more
than 90 meters apart. Under UBBL 1984 Section 225(3) - Depending on the size and
location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire
hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the D.G.F.R.

Hose Reel

27

Hose reel systems intended for occupant to use during early stage of fire. It consist of
pumps, pipes, valves, hose reel tank and hose reels located strategically in a building,
ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 226A - Hose reel systems shall be designed and installed in
accordance with MS 1489.

Water storage tank

Water supplied from a designed water tank (16m3) located at roof level. The tank is
made up of pressed steel and the external surface is painted with a red band of minimum
200mm. It has two compartments which is compartment 1 and 2. Besides, level indicator
is also provided.

Wet riser

Wet Riser Systems are installed in buildings for fire fighting purposes which are
permanently charged with water from a pump source. (protec, n.d.) It required when
topmost floor of building is higher than 30.5m and lower than 70.5m above the fire
28

appliance access level. Water supply shall be capable of maintaining a running pressure
of 410kPa at the highest landing valve and give a flow rate of 2.3 I/s.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 231(1) - Wet rising systems shall be provided in every
building in which the top most occupied floor is more than 30 meters above fire appliance
access level.

Sprinkle system

A sprinkler system is integrated system of piping work, connected to a water supply, with
listed sprinklers that automatically initiate water discharge over a fire area. Where
required, the sprinkler system also includes a control valve and a device for activating an
alarm when the system operates.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 228 - Sprinkler systems shall be designed andinstalled in
accordance with MS 1910.

Firemans switch

A firemans switch is an electrical isolation switch located beside the top edge of the lift to
permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.
(Arsyad, 2011) Besides, it is to cut down the supply of electrical services to the shop
29

when the fire exists. This is to avoid the electric current over flow to cause explosion.
The firemans switch is placed in a conspicuous and accessible location which not more
than 2.75m from the ground. Besides, it is painted in red colour and mounted onto the
wall.

Manual call point

Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once
verification of a fire or emergency condition exists, by operating the push button or break
glass the alarm signal can be raised. (Crouse-hinds, n.d.) it uses break glass call point. It
is installed at a height of 1.2m above floor level and sited where user can be easily seen.
Besides, it is fitted on the floor side of an access door to a staircase so the floor of origin
is indicated at the Control Panel. Moreover, the greatest travel distance from any point in
the building to the nearest call point does not exceed 30m. (Fire safety advice centre,
n.d.)

Fire alarm bell

30

The primary function of a fire bell is to alarm people who are at risk to take the necessary
precautionary safety and evacuation measures. (Fest fire security, n.d.) Fire bells are
relatively loud and also designed to produce a specific and unique sound pattern with the
intention of eliminating confusion to successfully warn for hazards. The fire bell is
installed throughout the building with an even distribution.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 237 - Fire detection and fire alarm systems shall bedesigned
and installed in accordance with MS 1745.

Smoke detector

A smoke detector's initial function is to detect that fire is present. There are two types of
detectors which are ionized smoke detector and light scattering smoke detector. Smoke
detector is mounted on the ceiling. When smokes enter the unit, it will reduce current
which energies alarm relay and obstruct the light passing through. Therefore, it will
trigger the alarm bell to give signal for the occupants to escape.

Voice communication system

An emergency voice communication system allows the fire-fighting team to
communicate critical information and to notify the building occupants of the need for
31

action in connection with a fire or other emergency. emergency telephone handsets

are securely mounted on the wall and coloured in red. It is used as two-way
communication system. It is a network of telephone handsets located at designated
area of the building and connected to the master handset at the Fire Command
Centre. (Fire safety and protection systems, n.d.)
Under UBBL 1984 Section 239(a) - There shall be two separate approved
continuously electrically supervised voice communications system, one a fire brigade
communications system and the other a public address system between the central
control station.

PASSIVE FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

Passive fire protection method is an integrated component of the structural fire protection
and fire safety in a building. It attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of
fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors. Besides, passive system must comply with the
associated listing and approval of use in order to provide the effectiveness expected by
building codes.

Fire door

The passive system that we found is fire door which allows the flow of traffic around the
building. Fire doors have two important functions in the fire incident which are to act as a
barrier to stop the spread of fire when the door is closed and to provide an escape route
for occupants to escape when the door is opened. (Fire safety advice centre, n.d.)
Under UBBL 1984 Section 163 - Fire doors including frames shall be constructed in
accordance with MS 1073.

32

Fire escape route

A fire escape is a type of emergency exit. It usually provides a directional exit signs for
occupants to leave for a safe place immediately. It is usually mounted to the outside of a
building or occasionally inside but separated from the main areas of the building. The fire
escape plan is located beside the lift for showing these escape routes.

33

Staircase and compartment

The fire escape staircase is being properly designed to meet the requirement of UBBL
168 part 8. This can be proved by the number of riser per flight are not more than 16,
tread & riser dimensions are consistence, no winders in escape staircase and the length
of the landing is not less than width. Besides, the building is sub-divided into
34

compartment by using compartment walls and compartment floors. The period of

insulation should not less than 15 minutes.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 168(4) - The required width of a staircase shall be maintained
throughout its length including at landings

4.2 CASE STUDY

Active Fire Fighting System

Passive Fire Fighting System

35

Medium High Rise

Building

Heat detector

Triggers

Emergency exit sign

Alarm bell

Staircase

Corridor

Hose reel

Fire extinguisher

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Active Fire Fighting System

House

Passive Fire Fighting System

There is no active fire fighting

system in this house.

Staircase

Door

Party wall

4.3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FIRE FIGHTING

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Active Fire Fighting

Advantages
Avoidance of fire

spreading
Improved accessibility of

fire place
Better protection of

infrastructure
No

maintenance
No failings
Avoids

System

Passive Fire
Fighting System

operational

disintegration
Reduce spalling

Disadvantages
Destratification of smoke

layer
More complex equipment
Reduction of visibility

Does not prevent fire

spreading
Does not cause any

cooling effect
Gives no protection for

structural

persons and vehicles

5.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition

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Waste management is a crucial area related to the economic status of a country and
the lifestyle of its population. Solid waste management can be defined as a discipline
associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,
processing and disposal of solid wastes and

in spite of the aggressive economic

development in Malaysia, the solid waste management is relatively poor. Waste collection
methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection
services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies for
industrial and commercial waste. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries,
do not have formal waste-collection systems. Various collection and container systems are
used depending on the areas of waste collection. There is both door-to-door collection and
indirect collection, with containers or communal bins placed near markets, in apartment
complexes, and in other appropriate locations for haulage to transfer stations and disposal
sites by special waste vehicles.

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Medium Rise Building

Figure 1.1 Medium rise building

Figure 1.2 Refuse chute

Medium rise building like apartment or flat would use refuse chute.Refuse chute
system are a highly practical simple and cost effective solution for handling domestic
garbage in low and high rise building. There are normally incorporated in the building
construction phase ,however they can also be retrofitted in sophisticating the garbage
disposal system of the building.Refuse chute system comply with pertinent accident
prevention and hygiene code requirements.Since these system include cleaning , wash and
disinfecting facilities.Refuse chute is an integrated component of a dwelling unit.Under the
building plan for environmental health,refuse storage and collection system shall be
designed such that there will be minimum

nuisance

to occupants and

premises and no pollution to the environment.It also stated

neighbouring

that refuse chute shall be

provided for high rise and medium rise building so that occupants need not have to take their
refuse into lifts and walk down the stairs with it.

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Double Storey House

Double storey house is located in a residential area.Residential area is a land use in

which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may
vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family
housing, multi-family residential. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or
work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry.
For solid waste management system in residential area are household waste
collection.This service is carried out through street containers, door to door bags collection
service involves the labourers entering the premises, collecting garbage from a storage area
and emptying it into the collection vehicle ,building to building like collecting garbage from
outside/adjacent to buildings, along streets or alleyways and pneumatic collection boxes and
bins for collection in shops.
Handcart collection is a type of a kerbside collection system. Labourers collect
waste stored in containers, bags of waste left at the kerbside or collect waste directly from
the resident.

Handcarts must transfer their loads to a tractor, lorry or compactor for

transportation to the disposal site. In areas of the town/city that have narrow or congested
roads, handcarts are often used for collection.

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5.2 CASE STUDY

Name of
building

TERATAIS BLOCK

HOUSE

Teratais block is type of medium

This

house

located

in

residential

rise building .For this block they

area.This house type is double storey

using floor to floor waste collection

terrace house .The house is located in

system.

residential area so they use house to

house waste collection system.

Waste
collection
system

Everyday

cleaners

will

collect

garbage floor to floor and they will

bring the garbage to the area
provided.

Household or user will leave their

garbage directly outside their homes
according to a garbage pick-up schedule
set with the local authorities.

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This is the place to collect the

garbage. This place located behind

Collectors would from house to house to

collect the garbage.They would going

Uptown Uitm Seri Iskandar. Large

around residential area to collect the

garbage

from

house

house.The

garbage would sent to the landfill in Bukit

Tagar,Hulu Selangor.

containers used for the collection of

waste,suitable

for

medium

rise

building. Collectors will come to take

the trash to be sent to a landfill in
Sitiawan,Perak.

Alam Flora Sdn Bhd is responsible to

manages the transportation and waste
collection in Seangor area.

All waste management collection

system would manage by Majlis
Daerah Perak Tengah.

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After all waste collection at residential

area done ,all the solid will send to the
landfill that located at Bukit Tagar,Hulu
Selangor.All the process like recycling
would done at that place.

Block Teratai was placed in Uitm

Seri Iskandar Cawangan Perak , all
the waste collection would sent to
landfill that located at Sitiawan area
Manjung,Perak.

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5.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Type of

Advantage

Disadvantage

Building

Large

containers

have

been

If the waste collect late,maybe the

waste would to be filled quickly.

Smell pollution may occur due to the

provided to collect all solid waste

before the transportation of waste
Medium-rise
Building

collection come take.

Household didnt need to go

downstair to throw the trash.

Reduced oddur pollution

for

transportation

Household didnt need to put the

just need to put their garbage

Storey House

outside their house.

Its easy for collecter to collect the

waste.
Cost of
expensive.

collection

accordance with the schedule set.

Cost installation the refuse chute is
expensive.

waste far from their house,they

Double

waste

would come to collect the waste in

residential area.

of

Management of the waste collection

system problem they just collect the

waste twice a week

Smell problem infront house because
of collection of waste are late cause of
they follow the schedule that already

installation

not

to

set.
The collector need to going house to
house around the residential area to
collect the waste at every house, to
many work need to do.

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6.0 CONCLUSIONS

Through this assignment, we have developed the ability to identify and explain the
relevant information related to fire protection system,solid waste management, water supply
system and sewerage and drainage system. It has also advanced our skill to distinguish and
differentiate the installation of various types of services in a building as well as increasing
our capability to analyze and scrutinize on the problem of the building service systems.
For water supply system, we acknowledge both advantages and disadvantages for
direct water supply system and indirect water supply system and also problems that may be
encountered both systems. Knowledge of the benefits and problems can help us to
determine how to choose the right water supply system which is to be installed in a particular
building. Not only that, it also enables us to determine how to properly maintain the system
so that we can avoid and prevent problems in the system and thus, have a better, functional
and long-term water supply system. As the technology is improving, we were able to identify
several improvements that could be made to water supply system in order to enhance the
system and eliminate or reduce problems in the system.
We also know how important it is to have the knowledge about fire fighting system in
a building. Based on our assignment, both building must take action to support the operation
and maintenance of the mechanical, electrical and plumbing building services to ensure all
systems are fully operational and compliant as well as supporting the building and services
manager to ensure full compliance of all operating systems particularly with the fire
protection system, identifying risk and supporting solutions to create procedures which are
clearly documented.
With a good building service system, it can provide an optimum level of occupants
comfort and protect the customers as well. Same goes to solid waste management and
sewerage and drainage system. Both systems must work regularly so that there will be no
problem in processing and managing waste products.
In a nutshell, this assignment tought us a lot about how to cooperate well in the group
in order to complete this work. We want to thank everyone for the information we are getting.

46

And this knowledge will be more useful in answering our test that will be held around the
corner.

6.1 REFFERENCES
1. Handbook of Solid Waste Management By George Tchobanoglous
2. http://www.practicaldiy.com/plumbing/water-supply/direct-water-supply.php
3. Bekalan Air, Pembentungan Dan Pengairan / [written by] Nik Fuaad Nik Abllah 1st
ed
4. Water Supply / [written by] Edward Arnold 4th ed
5. Building Services Handbook / [written by] Fred Hall & Roger Greeno 7th ed
6. Building Services Handbook / [written by] Fred Hall & Roger Greeno 3rd ed
7. Building Services Ha Handbook / [written by] Fred Hall & Roger Greeno 6th ed
8. Concrete Construction Handbook / [edited by] Joseph A. Dobrowolski. 4th ed
9. https://www.pdhlibrary.com/water-supplypsystemspceupcontinuing-education
10. http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/plumbing/how-to-fix-pipes5.htm
11. http://www.homeenergyservices.co.uk/help-and-advice/advice-guides/understandingcold-water-systems/
12. http://www.practicaldiy.com/plumbing/water-supply/indirect-water-supply.php
13. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/watersupply/overview
14. http://www.festfiresecurity.co/Fire-Alarms.html
15. https://www.firesafe.org.uk/fire-alarms/
16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher
17. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-active-fire-protection.htm
18. https://www.southernwater.co.uk/misconnected-pipes
19. https://www.wessexwater.co.uk/connectright

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