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    2 Historical Development of Ecology and Scope

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    Clarenz Rendell Ocampo
    This document provides an overview of the history and scope of ecology. It establishes that ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It traces the roots of ecology back to early Greek inquiries and natural historians in the 16th-18th centuries. Key figures that contributed to the development of ecology include Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace and others in the 19th century. The document outlines several subdisciplines of ecology and allied sciences. It summarizes foundational concepts and models in areas like population ecology, community ecology, ecoclimatology and ecophysiology established by thinkers like Malthus, Liebig, Shelford, Gause and others.

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    2 Historical Development of Ecology and Scope

    Uploaded by

    Clarenz Rendell Ocampo
    126 views27 pages
    This document provides an overview of the history and scope of ecology. It establishes that ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It traces the roots of ecology back to early Greek inquiries and natural historians in the 16th-18th centuries. Key figures that contributed to the development of ecology include Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace and others in the 19th century. The document outlines several subdisciplines of ecology and allied sciences. It summarizes foundational concepts and models in areas like population ecology, community ecology, ecoclimatology and ecophysiology established by thinkers like Malthus, Liebig, Shelford, Gause and others.

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    This document provides an overview of the history and scope of ecology. It establishes that ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It traces the roots of ecology back to early Greek inquiries and natural historians in the 16th-18th centuries. Key figures that contributed to the development of ecology include Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace and others in the 19th century. The document outlines several subdisciplines of ecology and allied sciences. It summarizes foundational concepts and models in areas like population ecology, community ecology, ecoclimatology and ecophysiology established by thinkers like Malthus, Liebig, Shelford, Gause and others.

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    126 views27 pages

    2 Historical Development of Ecology and Scope

    Uploaded by

    Clarenz Rendell Ocampo
    This document provides an overview of the history and scope of ecology. It establishes that ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It traces the roots of ecology back to early Greek inquiries and natural historians in the 16th-18th centuries. Key figures that contributed to the development of ecology include Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace and others in the 19th century. The document outlines several subdisciplines of ecology and allied sciences. It summarizes foundational concepts and models in areas like population ecology, community ecology, ecoclimatology and ecophysiology established by thinkers like Malthus, Liebig, Shelford, Gause and others.

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    Scope and

    History of
    Ecology

    Objectives
    1. Establish the scope and
    conceptual framework of
    ecology

    2. Identify key historical


    personalities that led to the
    growth of the science of
    ecology
    3. Summarize the brief
    beginnings of ecology

    Adapted from Supplementary Readings in Biology 150 by


    Cervancia , Cuevas and Sierra.

    Ecology defined

    study of the interactions of


    organisms in and with their
    environment

    Greek oikos (house/home)

    term was coined by Ernst


    Haeckel (1869)

    study of the economy of


    resources

    By ecology, we mean the body of knowledge


    concerning the economy of nature the investigation of
    the total relations of the animal both to its organic and
    to its inorganic environment; including above all, its
    friendly and inimical relation with those animals and

    plants with which it comes directly or indirectly into


    contact in a word, ecology is the study of all the
    complex interrelationships referred to by Darwin as the
    conditions of the struggle for existence.

    Father of Ecology
    Alexander von
    HUMBOLDTFather of Biogeography
    Interactions between
    organisms and the
    environment

    Late 1800s

    Immense body
    of knowledge
    about the world
    around us

    Accelerated
    deterioration
    of the earths
    environment

    Increasing
    technology and
    materialism

    European and
    American
    scientists ecologists

    Upon which
    Ecological understanding
    humanity
    depends for is needed more than ever
    food, water,
    To learn the best
    protection
    policies for
    against natural managing natural
    resources
    catastrophes,
    environmental
    and public
    support systems
    health

    The Realm of Ecology

    within the hierarchy of the different levels of organization

    Earth Solar Systems Galaxies Clusters Super Clusters Universe


    Biosphere

    Multiverse???

    Biomes

    Ecosystems
    Communities
    Populations
    Elementary Particles

    Organisms

    Atoms Molecules Protoplasm Cells Tissues Organs

    The Biology layer cake

    basic (horizontal), taxonomic (vertical) divisions

    BASIC
    DIVISIONS
    layers

    TAXONOMIC
    DIVISIONS
    slices

    ornithology
    entomology
    bacteriology
    mycology
    bryology

    The Biology layer cake

    basic (horizontal), taxonomic (vertical) divisions

    Subdisciplines of Ecology

    Organismal Ecology
    Population Ecology
    Community Ecology
    Ecosystem Ecology
    Landscape Ecology

    Microbial Ecology
    Plant Ecology
    Animal Ecology

    Physiological Ecology
    Genetic Ecology
    Behavioral Ecology
    Systems Ecology

    Sciences Allied to Ecology


    Natural History

    Environmental
    Science
    Resource
    Management Sciences

    Conceptual Framework for Ecological Research

    Scientific Method
    Reductionism vs. Holism
    Limitations of Experimental Manipulation
    Making inferences from comparative studies
    Statistical Analysis and Mathematical Modeling
    Proximate and Ultimate Explanations

    Ecology is relatively new


    basic subject matter of ecology is acquired

    from other fields like physiology, geology and


    climatology, etc.

    Modern ecology traces its roots


    to natural history
    Sometimes connotes anecdotal,
    unsystematic and causal
    investigation
    A true naturalist requires:
    attention to details
    precision of recording
    recognition and manipulation
    of variable influences of the
    observations

    HistoryGreek inquiry
    ARISTOTLE wrote
    Historia Animalium based on second hand
    data
    THEOPHRASTUS
    observed plants and
    animals brought to him
    by those who
    accompanied Alexander
    the Great
    HERODOTUS and
    PLATO Nature
    provides for all
    organisms. Providential Ecology

    History16th to 18th century


    GESNER and
    ALDROVANDI
    described
    interactions of
    plants and animals

    LINNAEUS
    phenology and
    flowering of plants

    RAUMURnatural checks
    in insect
    populations

    BUFFONdifferent regions
    have distinct
    plants and
    animals
    HUMBOLDTFather of
    Ecology and
    Biogeography

    History19th century
    DARWIN and
    WALLACE on the
    Theory of Natural
    Selection

    WARMING considered
    both abiotic and biotic
    factors in the assembly
    of communities
    BATES first to
    scientifically
    document
    mimicry

    ECOCLIMATOLOGY

    branch of bioclimatology which studies the relationship


    between living organisms and their climatic environment

    G. Clarke (1939)- studied the effect of solar energy on aquatic


    organisms
    R. Geiger (1941)- demonstrated the importance of microclimate
    for the survival of organisms
    Bullock (1945)- studied the response of poikilotherms to
    temperature changes

    ECOPHYSIOLOGY

    studies the adaptation of organism's physiology to


    environmental conditions

    Justus von Liebig Law of the Minimum


    (1830s)
    -a plant's development is
    limited by the one
    essential mineral that is in
    relatively shortest supply

    -visualized as "Liebig's
    barrel"

    ECOPHYSIOLOGY

    studies the adaptation of organism's physiology to


    environmental conditions

    Frederick Frost Blackman


    extended Liebigs Law of
    Minimum;

    Law of Limiting Factors


    (1905)
    -when a process depends on a
    number of factors, its rate is
    limited by the pace of the
    slowest factor

    ECOPHYSIOLOGY

    studies the adaptation of organism's physiology to


    environmental conditions

    Victor Ernest Shelford


    Law of Tolerance (1911) - each individual or population has a
    certain minimum, maximum, and optimum environmental factor or
    combination of factors that determine success

    POPULATION ECOLOGY

    Thomas Robert Malthus


    (1798)- "The power of population
    is indefinitely greater than the
    power in the earth to produce
    subsistence for man."

    POPULATION ECOLOGY

    Pierre Verhulst(1844/45)
    proposed the
    logistic growth
    model

    POPULATION ECOLOGY

    Lotka and Volterrapredator and prey model

    POPULATION ECOLOGY

    Georgii Gause -

    Competitive Exclusion
    Principle (1934)
    -two species competing for
    the same resources cannot
    coexist if other ecological
    factors are constant

    COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

    Mobius (1877)- proposed the term


    biocoenosis to describe the
    community of organisms

    Cowles (1899) studied succession in


    plants
    Tansley- proposed and clearly defined
    the term ecosystem

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