Gymnastics

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This article is about The general competition. For a specific form of gymnastics, see Gymnastics
(disambiguation).

Daniele Hyplito on the Balance Beam at the 2007 Pan American Games

Gymnastics is a very complex competition involving the performance of exercises requiring physical strength,
flexibility, power, agility, coordination, grace, balance and control. Internationally, all of the competitive
gymnastic events are governed by the Fdration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its
own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the
gymnastic events. It typically involves the women's events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and
vault. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and the high bar.
Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and
dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.
Other gymnastic disciplines include: rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining, Team Gym, tumbling, aerobic
gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics. Participants can include children as young as 20 months old doing
kindergym and children's gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at varying
levels of skill, and world class athletes.

Etymology[edit]
The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective (gymnos) meaning "naked",[1] by way of
the related verb (gymnazo), whose meaning is "to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally
"to train, to exercise".[2] The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed
without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gynmastikos "fond of or
skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).

History[edit]
In 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale from Forl (Italy) wrote Le Arte Gymnastica, which brought together his study of
the attitudes of the ancients toward diet, exercise and hygiene, and the use of natural methods for the cure of
disease. Girolamo was an Italian philogist and physician, who received his doctorate in 1555. He was later
asked to occupy the Chair of Medicine in 1569. De Arte Gymnastica also explained the principles of physical
therapy and is considered the first book on sports medicine.
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators Johann
Friedrich GutsMuths (17591839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (17781852) created exercises for boys and
young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don
Francisco Amors y Ondeano, marquis de Sotelo, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on

August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in
France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.[3]
The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881.[4] By the end of the nineteenth
century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games
in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing
variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that
included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and
horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's
Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games
were held in 1928, in Amsterdam.
By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern
format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this
time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a
precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of
gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent
gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976
Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity),
Bla Krolyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in
the floor exercise.[5] Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union.
Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.
In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the
difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault). The
B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed.[6]

International competitive gymnastics[edit]

Artistic gymnastics[edit]
Main article: Artistic gymnastics

Artistic Gymnastics is usually divided into Men's and Women's Gymnastics. Men compete on six events: Floor
Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and High Bar, while women compete on four: Vault,
Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings,
high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the USSR).
In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10
points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition.[6] Unlike the old code of points, there are two
separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the "execution score" was the
only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct from this score
only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty
score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is
subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be
connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be
difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed

correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills
they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as
the difficulty of the skills increase.
Artistic events for women[edit]

Piked Tsukahara vault.

Vault[edit]
Main article: Vault

In the vaulting events gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto or perform a roundoff entry
onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or
vaulting table (pre flight segment), then sprint off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment).
Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post
flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. Round-off
entry vaults are the most common vaults in elite level gymnastics. In vaults with roundoff entries, gymnasts
"round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff

position the gymnast travels backwards as in a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting platform
(horse). She then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The
post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.
In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue or
vaulting table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse
approximately 1m in length and 1m in widthgiving gymnasts a larger blocking surface, and is therefore
considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table,
gymnasts are attempting more difficult and dangerous vaults.[7]

Gymnast on uneven bars.

Uneven bars[edit]
Main article: Uneven bars

On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars
are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of
wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width of
the bars may be adjusted. Gymnasts perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass
over, under, and between the two bars. Movements may pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the
Uneven Bars using a springboard, or a small mat. Chalk and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to
protect hands and improve performance) may be used while doing this event. The chalk helps hands to grip the
wooden bar better than bare hands. Grips help stabilize the performer to make skills easier to complete, and they
also help protect the hands of the performer from getting blisters on their palms.
Balance beam[edit]
Dorina Bczg performing a one arm press hold during her balance beam mount, 2013.
Main article: Balance beam

The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic
skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from
the ground, 500 centimetres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10 centimetres (3.9 in) wide.[8] The event requires, in
particular, balance, flexibility, poise and strength.
Floor[edit]
Gymnast doing a stag leap on floor exercise.
Main article: Floor

In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the
floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood,
which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor. This provides a firm surface that
provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve extra height and a softer

landing than would be possible on a standard floor. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90
seconds in the floor exercise event. They must choose an accompanying music piece. In some gymnastic
associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have
vocals in their music[9] but USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having
vocals in the music.[10] The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, dance elements, acrobatic
skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes
at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a
different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 23, and in
levels 810, at least 34 tumbling passes are required.[11]
Scoring (Code of Points)[edit]
Main article: Code of Points

A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is calculated
based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition
requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus. This score is called the D score.[12]
Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score.[13] The final score is
calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score.[14] Since 2007, the scoring
system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final
score.
Landing[edit]

In an aerial routine, or any form of tumbling, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight [15] This is a
critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without
the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during
somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities and include; cartilage lesions,
ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures.[16] To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score,
proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must
be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing." [17] A successful landing in
gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.[15]
A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents
external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts
linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the
landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing.
Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude.[15] With the increase of height, the
amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.
Artistic events for men[edit]
Floor
Male gymnasts also perform on a 12m. by 12m. spring floor. A series of tumbling passes
are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance. The gymnast must also
show strength skills, including circles, scales, and press handstands. Men's floor routines
usually have four passes that will total between 6070 seconds and are performed without
music, unlike the women's event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of
the floor at least once during their routine.

Chris Cameron on the pommel horse

Pommel Horse
A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg
skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels.
Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs
in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and
performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging,
gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and
spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a
dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand.
Still Rings
The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point 5.75 meters from the floor, and
adjusted in height so the gymnast has room to hang freely and swing. He must perform a
routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the
rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some
gymnasts may include two or three. A routine should have a dismount equal in difficulty to
the difficulty of the routine as a whole.
Vault
Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before
hurdling onto a spring board. The body position is maintained while "punching" (blocking
using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a
standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added
before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle,
the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic
awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex
vaults.
Parallel Bars
Men perform on two bars slightly further than a shoulder's width apart and usually 1.75m
high while executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength
and coordination.
High Bar
A 2.8 cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2.5m above the landing area is all the
gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giant swings or giants (revolutions around the
bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all
of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can
be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto. Leather grips are
usually used to help maintain a grip on the bar.

As with women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events including their execution, degree of
difficulty, and overall presentation skills.

Rhythmic gymnastics[edit]
Russian rhythmic gymnast Irina Tchachina stretching in her warm-up before practice.
Main article: Rhythmic gymnastics

Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics although there is a new version of this discipline for men being
pioneered in Japan (see Men's rhythmic gymnastics). This is a sport that combines elements of ballet,
gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines
with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, ropeon a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on
the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses
of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography
and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.[18]
International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for
women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a
very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (1519) or early twenties. The largest
events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships, World Cup and
Grand-Prix Series.
Rhythmic events (women)[edit]
Evgenia Kanaeva doing a Split leap in her hoop routine

Soviet Galina Shugurova performing an Attitude balance in her ball apparatus

Ball
It is made of either rubber or synthetic material (pliable plastic) provided it possesses the
same elasticity as rubber. It is from 18 to 20 cm in diameter and must have a minimum
weight of 400g. The ball can be of any colour and should rest in the gymnast's hand, not
the wrist. Fundamental elements of a ball routine include throwing, bouncing, and rolling.
The gymnast must use both hands and work on the whole floor area while showing
continuous flowing movement. The ball is to emphasize the gymnasts flowing lines and
body difficulty.
Hoop
A hoop is an apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics and may be made of plastic or wood,
provided that it retains its shape during the routine. The interior diameter is from 51 to
90 cm, and the hoop must weigh a minimum of 300g. The hoop may be of a natural colour
or be partially of fully covered by one or several colours, and it may be covered with
adhesive tape either of the same or different colour as the hoop. Fundamental
requirements of a hoop routine include rotation around the hand or body and rolling, as
well as swings, circles, throws, and passes through and over the hoop. The routines in
hoop involves mastery in both apparatus handling and body difficulty like leaps, jumps and
pivots.

Ribbon
It is made of satin or another similar material cloth of any colour and may be multicoloured as well as have designs on it. The ribbon itself must be at least 35g (1 oz), 4
6 cm (1.62.4") in width and for senior category a minimum length of 6m (20') (5m
(16.25') for juniors). The ribbon must be in one piece. The end that is attached to the stick
is doubled for a maximum length of 1m (3'). This is stitched down both sides. At the top, a
very thin reinforcement or rows of machine stitching for a maximum length of 5 cm is
authorized. This extremity may end in a strap, or have an eyelet (a small hole, edged with
buttonhole stitch or a metal circle), to permit attaching the ribbon. The ribbon is fixed to
the stick by means of a supple attachment such as thread, nylon cord, or a series of
articulated rings. The attachment has a maximum length of 7 cm (2.8"), not counting the
strap or metal ring at the end of the stick where it will be fastened. Compulsory elements
for the ribbon include flicks, circles, snakes and spirals, and throws. It requires a high
degree of co-ordination to form the spirals and circles as any knots which may accidentally
form in the ribbon are penalised. During a ribbon routine, large, smooth and flowing
movements are looked for.
Clubs
Multi-piece clubs are the most popular clubs. The club is built along an internal rod,
providing a base on which a handle made of polyolefin plastic is wrapped, providing an
airspace between it and the internal rod. This airspace provides flex, cushioning impact,
making the club softer on the hands. Foam ends and knobs further cushion the club. Multipiece clubs are made in both a thin European style or larger bodied American style and in
various lengths, generally ranging from 19 to 21 inches (480 to 530 mm). The handles and
bodies are typically wrapped with decorative plastics and tapes. The skills involved are
apparatus mastery and body elements, Clubs are thrown from alternate hands; each
passes underneath the other clubs and is caught in the opposite hand to the one from
which it was thrown. At its simplest, each club rotates once per throw, the handle moving
down and away from the throwing hand at first. However, double and triple spins are
frequently performed, allowing the club to be thrown higher for more advanced patterns
and to allow tricks such as 360s to be performed underneath.
Rope
It may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness
and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should,
when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at
each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the
exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral
may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially
and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided
that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of
a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles,
rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in
rhythmic gymnastic competitions.

Aesthetic Group Gymnastics[edit]

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removed. (November 2013)

Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) is developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". "AGG is art, expression
and feelings combined into a high level competitive sport. It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics through its big
and continuous body movement and larger teams. Apparatus aren't used in international AGG competitions
compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope are used on the floor area.
The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of
rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized in the flow, expressive and aesthetic appeal. A good
performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and
varied body movements, such as body waves and swings, balances and pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps,
and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics was established in 2003.[19]
Aesthetic Group Gymnastic teams consist of a minimum of six- and a maximum of 10 (12) gymnasts, who
perform a program from 2.15-2.45 minutes. An over- or under run of 5 sec is though permitted. The
International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics is divided into two age categories: Junior Category
Gymnasts that are at the age of 14 16 years and Senior Category Gymnasts that are over 16 years old. The
competition dress of a group must be a leotard with aesthetic appeal considering the spirit of competitive sport.
The size of the competition area, which is a gymnastics carpet, is 13 m x 13 m. The area should be used diverse.
The Finnish Gymnastics Federation[edit]

Aesthetic Group Gymnastics in Finland follow the rules of The Finnish Gymnastics Federation, which is one of
Finland's largest sport federations, with 381 clubs consisting of approximately 122 000 members.[20]
Aesthetic Group Gymnastics in Finland[edit]

In Finland the Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) has been divided into two series: the championship and the
competition series. The championship series is tougher than the competition series, as they compete for the
Finnish Championship. The teams can decide themselves in which series they want to compete but The Finnish
Gymnastics Federation has put out recommendations that they prefer to be followed. Competitions within AGG
are organized at local, national, and international levels.
In the spring teams compete with programs without apparatus and on the fall with programs including
apparatus, which is dependent on the age category. The teams are divided into age groups in both series; the age
categories in the championship series are 12-14, 14-16, and 16+. The equivalent categories in the competition
series are: 12-14, 14-16, 16-20, and women's category 18+. Younger than 12 years old compete in the same
series, and after that decide in which series they want to participate in. In the autumn competitions the apparatus
are following:
Championship series

Competition series

<10: Apparatus of own choice

<10: Apparatus of own choice

10-12: Rope/ ball

10-12: Rope/ ball

12-14: Hoop

12-14: Rope/ ball/ hoop

14-16: Clubs

14> : Rope/ ball/ hoop/ clubs/ ribbon

16>: Rope/ ball/ hoop/ clubs/ ribbon

The jury is composed of three judges: technical, artistical, and execution. The technical jury will assess the
difficulty of the required parts, balances, jumps, body movements, as well as other required parts. The artistical
jury evaluates the structure, diversity and artistic creativity of the program. The jury will judge the formation of
figures, music, the talent level of the group, and performance in rhythm. The executive jury evaluates the
simultaneous and the technique of the performance.
The points are given in categories for the age group10-12 years. It consists of 10 categories, which of 1 is the
highest and 10 the lowest category. The championship series in the age group 1214 years get points, in the
same way as the elder age groups in the championship series. The highest total score is 20.00 points consisting
of: Technical 5.9 (+ 0.1 bonus), Artistical 3.9 (+ 0,1 bonus), and Execution 9.9 (+ 0,1 bonus).[21]
The competition series in the age group 1214 years get categories from A to E, which of A is the highest and E
the lowest category. Each judge give a score* according to which teams will be placed in a category. *The
highest total score is 20.00 points consisting of: Technical 4.9 (+ 0.1 bonus), Artistical 4.8(+ 0,2 bonus), and
Execution 9.9 (+ 0,1 bonus).[21]
Trampolining and tumbling[edit]
Double mini-trampoline competitor
Main articles: Trampolining and Tumbling (gymnastics)
Trampolining[edit]

Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini
trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floor[citation needed]). Since 2000, individual
trampoline has been included in the Olympic Games. Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up
phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces
without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a
maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be
earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is
an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines,
one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine.
This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the
finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.
Synchronized trampoline[edit]

Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks
are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves.

Double-mini trampoline[edit]

Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two moves are performed per routine.
Moves cannot be repeated in the same order on the double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a
skill is competed as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The scores are marked in a similar
manner to individual trampoline.
Tumbling[edit]

In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is
similar to trampolining.
Acrobatic gymnastics[edit]
Acrobatic Women's Pair performing a skill.
Main article: Acrobatic gymnastics

Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly Sport Acrobatics), often referred to as "Acro" if involved with the sport,
acrobatic sports or simply sports acro, is a group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in
groups of two, three and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of their partners. They may,
subject to regulations (e.g. no lyrics), pick their own music.
There are four international age categories: 11-16, 12-18, 13-19, and Senior (15+), which are used in the World
Championships and many other events around the world, including European Championships and World
Games. All levels require a balance and dynamic routine, 12-18, 13-19, and Seniors are also required to perform
a final (combined) routine.
Currently acrobatic gymnastics is marked out of 30.00 (can be higher at Senior FIG level based on difficulty):

10.00 for routine difficulty, (valued from the tables of difficulties)

10.00 For technical performance, (how well the skills are executed)

10.00 For Artistry, (the overall performance of the routine, namely choreography)

Aerobic gymnastics[edit]
Main article: Aerobic gymnastics

Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios
or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance
skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 1214 and 1517 trios and mixed
pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups
also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 6090 seconds depending on age of participant and routine
category.
TeamGym[edit]

The TeamGym competition is one of the latest new events within the UEG. The first official competition was
held in Finland in 1996 and it takes place every even-numbered year. TeamGym is a team competition for clubs
and consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams.

TeamGym competitions exhibit gymnastic skills in three different disciplines; floor, tumbling and trampette. In
common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in the element and spectacular acrobatic
elements. The event is attractive for spectators and media as well as sponsors.
Floor Programme
All members of the Team take part in the floor program, composed of a mixture of dance,
flexibility and skill. The routine has to be skillfully choreographed and the judges look out
for changes in shape. There needs to be at least two spins, two jumps/leaps, two acrobatic
elements, two balance/power elements, two section elements and one combination of
elements. These section elements are bodywaves for women's teams, power elements for
men's teams and lifts for mixed teams. Floor routines are performed to music.
Trampette
There are two components of this section of floor pregame. Vault and trampette on its
own. One of the three total runs that the gymnasts make must be a vault run. Generally
the first round is chosen for each individual gymnast to perform the same move. These are
also performed to music.
Tumbling
Again, here there are three runs (rounds) involved. One of which has to include all six
gymnasts doing a forwards series. Another run also has to include the gymnasts
completing the same move. Each series must have at least three different acrobatic
elements.[22]

Display gymnastics[edit]
General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more
than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders
and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial

P.E 4
[TEAM

SPORTS]

FACILITIES AND EQUEPMENTS OF

VOLLEY BALL

TERMINOLOGIES
AND MECHANICS OF
VOLLEYBALL

FAULTS OF
VOLLEYBALL

HANDS SIGNAL OF
VOLLEYBALL

Name: Sr. Myshell M. Alinton

Course: BSED- MAPEH 1