Scribd
Upload
86 views

Digital Filter MBICT

This document discusses digital filter design techniques and applications. It begins with an introduction to digital filters, noting their advantages over analog filters such as software control and lack of drift. It then discusses applications of digital filters such as noise cancellation and speech recognition. The document goes on to explain different types of digital filters, including finite impulse response (FIR) filters and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It also covers various design methods for FIR and IIR filters, such as windowing techniques, impulse invariant transformation, and bilinear transformation.

Uploaded by

ripalpatel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
86 views

Digital Filter MBICT

This document discusses digital filter design techniques and applications. It begins with an introduction to digital filters, noting their advantages over analog filters such as software control and lack of drift. It then discusses applications of digital filters such as noise cancellation and speech recognition. The document goes on to explain different types of digital filters, including finite impulse response (FIR) filters and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It also covers various design methods for FIR and IIR filters, such as windowing techniques, impulse invariant transformation, and bilinear transformation.

Uploaded by

ripalpatel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Digital Filter Design Techniques and its Applications

Ripal Patel
Assistant Professor,
Electronics & Telecommunication
Department,
BVM Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120.

September 23, 2015

Introduction to Digital Filter

Most powerful tool of DSP

Analog Filter: component fluctuation over time and temperature

Digital Filter: software control

2 of 28

Application of Digital Filter

Noise Cancellation

Echo Cancellation in modem

Speech Recognition

Tuning Radio (Band-pass Filter)

3 of 28

Digital Filter Design

Same as Analog Filter

Design of Analog Filter?

Filter coefficient value instead of filter parameters

4 of 28

Digital Filter
High Accuracy
Linear Phase (FIR Filters)
No Drift Due to Component Variations
Flexible, Adaptive Filtering Possible
Easy to Simulate and Design
Computation Must be Completed in Sampling Period Limits Real Time Operation
Requires High Performance ADC, DAC & DSP

5 of 28

Analog Filter
Less Accuracy
Non-Linear Phase
Drift Due to Component Variations
Adaptive Filters Difficult
Difficult to Simulate and Design
Analog Filters Required at High Frequencies and
for Anti-Aliasing Filters
No ADC, DAC, or DSP required

Digital Filtering

6 of 28

Types of Digital Filters

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter

7 of 28

FIR Filter

Impulse response finite

Linear Phase

Always stable

Computational cost high as order of the filter increase.

8 of 28

FIR Filter Design

Three commonly used approaches to FIR filter design:


1. Windowing Techniques
2. Frequency sampling approach
3. Computer-based optimization methods

9 of 28

FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques

1. Start with ideal infinite duration h(n)


2. Truncate to finite length. (This produces unwanted ripples
increasing in height near discontinuity.)
3. Modify to hw (n) = h(n)w (n) Where, w (n) is the window function

10 of 28

FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques

11 of 28

Commonly used windows

Drawback between main lobe width and relative sidelobe level




Rectangular

Bartlett

Hann

Hamming

Blackman

Kaiser

12 of 28

EXAMPLE - FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques

13 of 28

IIR FIlter

Impulse response extends for an infinite period of time

Recursive i.e., they utilize feedback

Nonlinear phase

Potentially Unstable

Usually Designed to Duplicate Analog Filter Response

14 of 28

IIR Filter Design Techniques:

Approximation by derivatives

Impulse Invariant Transformation Method

Bilinear Transformation Method

15 of 28

Approximation of derivatives


Analog filter with system function H(s)


PM
k
k=0 k s
H(s) = PN
k
k=0 k s

Time domain equivalent of given system function:


M
X
k=0

d k y (t) X d k x(t)
=
k
dt k
dt k
k=0

Approximate a derivative by backward difference:


y (nt0 ) y (nt0 t0 )
dy (t)
|t=nt0
=
dt
t0
=


16 of 28

y [n] y [n 1]
t0

Approximation of derivatives

Mapping function:
s=
17 of 28

1 z 1
t0

Relation between s-plane and z-plane


One to one mapping

18 of 28

Impulse Invariant Transformation Method

hc (t) - impulse response of continuous time filter

hc (nTd ) - equally spaced samples of hc (t) (ALIASING)


hd (n) = Td hc (nTd )

Frequency response:
Hd () =

X
k

19 of 28

Hc (f k/Td ) |f = 2T

Example: Impulse Invariant Transformation Method

Partial fraction Analog transfer function:


Ha (s) =

N
X
Ak
s sk
k=1

Inverse Laplace transform:


ha (t) =

N
X
k=1

20 of 28

Ak e sk t u(t)

Example: Impulse Invariant Transformation Method


(Cont...)


Sample Impulse response:


hd (n) = Td hc (nTd )
= Td

N
X

Ak e sk nTd u(nTd )

k=1

= Td

N
X

Ak pkn u(nTd )

k=1

pkn

e sk nTd

Where,
=
Take z transform:

Hd (z) =

N
X
k=1

21 of 28

TAk
1 pkn z 1

Relation between s-plane and z-plane




One to many mapping

22 of 28

Impulse Invariant Transformation Method (Cont...)

PRO:linear translation between analog frequency and digital


frequency preserve shape of filter

CON: not suitable as highpass filter due to aliasing

23 of 28

Bilinear Transformation Method

Most efficient and popular method

algebraic transform between the variables s and z


s=c

1 z 1
1 + z 1

H(z) = Ha (s) |s=(c(1z 1 )/(1+z 1 )




One to one mapping between s-plane and z-plane

24 of 28

Relation between s-plane and z-plane

25 of 28

Table: Summary of Analog to Digital Transformation


Technique
Impulse Invariance
Approximation of Derivatives
Bilinear Transform

26 of 28

Mapping
z = e st0
s=

1z 1
t0
1

s = c 1z
1+z 1

+/+ Preserves shape of filter;


- Aliasing
+ No aliasing;
- Restricted pole location, shape distortion
+ No aliasing;
- Shape distortion

27 of 28

28 of 28

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy