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Dit 705 - DSP - 4

The document discusses digital signal processing and different types of filters used in DSP. It defines filters and describes their applications. It also explains the different types of digital filters - finite impulse response (FIR) filters and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. The key aspects of FIR and IIR filters including their characteristics, design principles and examples are covered in detail.

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23 views

Dit 705 - DSP - 4

The document discusses digital signal processing and different types of filters used in DSP. It defines filters and describes their applications. It also explains the different types of digital filters - finite impulse response (FIR) filters and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. The key aspects of FIR and IIR filters including their characteristics, design principles and examples are covered in detail.

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fydatascience
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 35

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Course Code: DIT 705

Lecturer: ONU, Praise I.

Centre for Information and Telecommunication


Engineering

University of Port Harcourt


DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION TO DSP
 PROCESSING ANALOG SIGNALS
 ANALYTICAL TOOLS
 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
 DIGITAL FILTERS
 DSP ARCHITECTURE
 FIXED POINT NUMBER FORMAT
 FLOATING POINT NUMBER FORMAT
 PRACTICAL MATLAB APPLICATION
FILTERS
Definition:
Filters are electrical components used to remove unwanted frequency.
Also to block certain frequency in order to allow the useful frequency to
pass through in a channel.
It is a circuit which can be designed to modify, reshape of reject all the
undesired frequencies of an electrical signal and pass only the desired
signals.
In DSP; Filters are used to remove unwanted components or features in a
signal by partially or completely suppressing the frequency band.
Filters have its applications in different fields based on its uses.
Types of Filters in DSP according to Operating Frequency
Range
1.Low Pass Filter
2.High Pass Filter
3.Band Pass Filter
4.Band Stop Filter (Low-High-Pass)
DIGITAL FILTERS
A digital filter is a mathematical algorithm implemented in
hardware and/or software that operates on a digital input
signal to produce a digital output signal for the purpose of
achieving a filtering objective.
TYPES OF DIGITAL FILTERS
1. Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter
2. Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter

FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER


A filter whose impulse response (or response to any finite length input) is of finite duration
because it settles to zero in finite time. The impulse response is finite i.e, the duration is known.
The output depends only on present and (or) past input values (samples). It can be expressed as a
linear combination of input responses as follows:
Application
For FIR, Linear Phase is an important factor. i.e, it’s operation is based on the phase
of the signal thereby preserving the shape of the input signal and is used in the
Communication and Medical field as well as other fields.
Examples: Data transmission, Speech processing, correlating processing, etc.

The Difference Equation is expressed as:

Characteristics
1. Impulse response – finite length
2. Non-recursive filter – stable (values not repeating)
3. Phase distortion of frequency response can be eliminated by FIR filter.
4. Quantization nose can be made negligible.
Advantages
1. Stability of the system
2. Flexibility of the system
3. Exact linear phase of the signal
4. Low sensitive to quantization noise
5. Effectively realized in hardware.

Disadvantages
6. Complex in practical realization
7. Requires more filter coefficients to be stored (eg: m=100)
8. Long duration impulse response requires large amount of processing
9. Costly since narrow transition band of FIR require arithmetic operations of
hardware components.
Z-Transform of the FIR system:

The Transfer (System) Function can be expressed as:

Note: FIR Filter has only zeros (numerator)


FIR FILTER DESIGN
In the design of FIR filter, the following characteristics needs to be considered:
1. Optimization based design: since all coefficients (a i) are zeros (numerators),
optimization method is chosen to determine the coefficients so it can be
approximated. i.e; to minimize the mean square error or minimize the maximum
error.
2. Arbitrary Magnitude/Phase response: FIR filter can have an arbitrary
magnitude/phase response, i.e; to approximate the arbitrary magnitude to phase
response since the filter is Phase oriented in operation.
If the design requires a linear phase response, the FIR filter has to be used.
3. The filter can be designed to have zero phase distortion which would be capable
of obtaining linear phase
4. The design can require large number of coefficients since only zeros are available
INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (IIR) FILTER
A filter whose impulse response (or response has no finite length input) is of infinite duration due to the
presence of zeros and poles. The impulse response is infinite i.e, the duration is unknown.
When such a system is subject of an impulse (or any signal of finite duration), it responds with an output
waveform that lasts past the duration of the input. This will cause an internal feedback and may continue to
respond indefinitely.
The output in time n y(n) is recursive, i.e, it depends on the past input values and the past output values.
The recursion of the present input values depends on the past output values and can be expressed as:

The difference equation is expressed as:


Characteristics
1. The presence of poles (denominators) inside a unique circle for stability
2. Smaller filter size (i.e, less number if computation)
3. The physically realizable IIR filters do not have linear phase.
4. The IIR filter specifications include the desired characteristics for the magnitude response only.
Advantages
5. Easy to design system
6. Easy to implement since the filter size is less
7. The digital filters are programmable. Hence the filter coefficients can be changed any time to
implement adaptive features.
8. A single filter can be used to process multiple signals by using the techniques of multiplexing
Disadvantages
9. Non-linear system
10.Not easily stabilized
11.The bandwidth of the discrete signal is limited by the sampling frequency.
12.The performance of the digital filter depends on the hardware.
A feedback recursion will lead to the infinite impulse response system.
y(n) is the weighted sum of the past input values and the past output values.

z-Transform of IIR System:


This is gotten by the Z-Transform of the Output by the Z-Transform of the input.
This will lead to the Transfer Function which is the ratio of the input and the output.
The Transfer (System) Function can be expressed as:

Note: IIF Filter have both zeros (numerators) and poles (denominators)
FILTER DESIGN
In the design of IIR filter, the following characteristics needs to be considered:
1. Transform analog filter design: due to the presence of the unknown parameters of
poles (denominators), optimization design will be very complex. As such well
known analog filter design is considered which will be transformed from analog
or continuous time filter to a discrete time filter.
2. Frequency selective gain: there will be a limitation to frequency response that the
frequency selects. Gain can be approximated and phase remains same.
3. Non-linear phase and no control: the different analog filters will have different
phase characteristics.
If phase is not important and the focus is on frequency selectivity, then IIR filter
can be used.
4. Requires fewer coefficients than FIR filter.
PROBLEMS AND EXAMPLES
Solution:
(a)Filter (1) is an IIR Filter
Filter (2) is a FIR Filter
(b)The Difference equation:
IIR Filter

FIR Filter
The Block Diagram representation
(a)From the two Difference equation, the computational
and storage requirements are summarized as follows:
IIR FIR
Number of Multiplications 5 12
Number of Additions 4 11
Storage locations (coefficient and data) 8 24
Example 2:
The input-output relationship of a finite impulse response filter is given as:
y(n) = x(n) − 2.5 x(n −1) + 5.25 x(n − 2) − 2.5 x(n − 3) + x(n − 4)
a. Write the z-transfer function of this filter.
b. Represent the block diagram
Solution:
c. The z-transfer function of the finite impulse response filter H(z) is given by
b. Block Diagram Representation
THANK YOU

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