Physical Education

and Health
Learner's Material

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Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines

T AB L E O F C O N T E N TS
LESSON 1: A WAY TO GET FIT ............................................................................................................. 1
LESSON 2: ENERGY SYSTEMS.............................................................................................................. 5
LESSON 3: LET'S BE HEALTH AWARE! ................................................................................................. 8
LESSON 4: EAT RIGHT FOR A HEALTHY LIFE ...................................................................................... 12
LESSON 5: MANAGING STRESS THROUGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......................................................... 17
LESSON 6: SELF-TESTING ACTIVITY FOR A HEALTHY ME! .................................................................. 21
LESSON 7: FITNESS GOALS ............................................................................................................... 30
LESSON 8: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS .................................................................................................... 38
LESSON 9: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS .................................................................................................... 43
LESSON 10: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS .................................................................................................. 50
LESSON 11: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS .................................................................................................. 55
LESSON 12: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS .................................................................................................. 58
LESSON 13: VALUE OF PARTICIPATING IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES....................................................... 65
LESSON 14: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN HEALTH AND FITNESS........................................................ 70

Lesson 1: A Way to Get Fit

Activity 1: Let Me Think
Directions: Complete the table below by listing all physical activities you have engaged in before and activities you are
engaged in at present.
When I was a kid, I used to

Now I'm a young adult, I do

What is physical activity? It is any movement made by the muscles of the body that requires exertion of energy such as
running, swimming, dancing, etc. Exercising is considered physical activity but more structured and planned. Regular
physical activity promotes a healthy lifestyle as it improves our health and helps lower risks to illnesses like cancer,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. It is necessary for us to engage in physical activities to enhance our
level of fitness.
Many of us exercise and do physical activities at home, in school, and at the gym. Some of these include aerobic,
muscle strengthening, and bone strengthening activities, all of which are good for body composition. It is important to
know the nature of these physical activities for a better understanding of what it does to our body.

Aerobic, Muscle Strengthening, and Bone Strengthening Activities: How Do

They Work and Differ?
Aerobic Activities
Aerobic activities are also called "cardio" exercises. Normally, these activities
increase our heart and breathing rate. These activities cause us to sweat profusely, and breathe harder. Our heart
pumps blood more vigorously, causing oxygen to circulate throughout our body. This allows us to sustain our aerobic
exercise for a few minutes. Such activities like jogging, running, swimming and dancing are some examples of aerobic
exercises which improve our cardio respiratory fitness. It also helps us to prevent disease like cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, and osteoporosis. Most aerobic activities can be done on a daily basis. To be physically fit, it is important to
engage in aerobic activities.

Guidelines for Aerobic Exercise

Frequency - Always consider the number of aerobic exercise sessions per week. When doing cardio exercises,
especially to lose weight, frequency is an important factor to make it more effective. Start cardio exercises for at least
3 days a week for the first few weeks, with not more than 2 days' rest between sessions. Afterwards, we can gradually
increase the frequency of exercise to 5 days a week.
Intensity - To be effective, aerobic exercises should be done in moderate intensity, that is, our heart rate should be
60 to 80% of our maximum heart rate. First, determine the target heart rate by getting the maximum heart rate and
the recommended heart rate range. This will then tell how hard we should exercise during our training.
Time - More time spent doing aerobic exercises means more calories burned and an increase in endurance. We can
at least do 20 minutes per session at first, then gradually increase it to 60 minutes.
Type - Running, jogging, sprinting, swimming, and playing contact sports such as basketball are some activities that
we can do to improve our heart rate. It is also important to try different exercises and activities to avoid boredom.

Muscle Strengthening Activities

Muscle strengthening activities are exercises in which groups of muscles work or hold against a force or some
weight. Muscle strengthening activities help build good muscle strength. When muscles do more work, it becomes
stronger. Therefore, having strong and healthy muscles enable us to perform everyday physical tasks. With strong and
capable muscles, we can rearrange the furniture in our living room and carry heavy grocery bags from the market to our
home.
During muscle strengthening activity, muscle contraction occurs. The repetitive contractions during exercise
can cause damage to the muscle fibers. Our body repairs these muscle fibers when they get damaged. The repair

happens after exercise while muscles are at rest. New muscle fibers are produced to replace or repair those that were
damaged. The muscles in our body then start to grow larger and stronger. This stimulation and repair process is called
muscle hypertrophy. It is important to note that these muscle-strengthening activitiesshort high intensity exercises
should be alternately scheduled in a week allowing rebuilding of muscles during rest periods. Ideally, one to two days of rest
lets our muscles rest and recover.
Exercises like push-ups, sit-ups, squats, and lifting weights are some examples of muscle strengthening
activities that you can do if you want to have strong and lean muscles. Remember that before you start doing these
activities, be sure to do dynamic warm-up to avoid injury.

Bone Strengthening Activities

Bone growth is stimulated by physical stress brought about by physical activity. As skeletal muscles contract,
they pull their attachment on bones causing physical stress. This consequently stimulates bone tissue, making it stronger
and thicker. Such bone strengthening activities can increase bone density throughout our skeletal system. This is called
bone hypertrophy.
Many forms of physical activity like running, skipping rope, and playing basketball help keep our bones fit.
Bones also support groups of muscles to reduce risk of falling. It is important to understand that bone-strengthening
exercises do not only focus on bone health, it also focuses on improving muscle strength, coordination, and balance.
Each strengthening activity mentioned works differently from the other as each focuses on different target
areas in the body. But each contributes to the ultimate goal of being fit. Being fit is important and requires a proper plan
and much effort and discipline. If we want to live healthy, we need to optimize our daily physical activities to achieve our
desired level of fitness.

Activity 2: Question Time!

Directions: Answer the following questions below.
1. Differentiate aerobic, muscle strengthening and bone strengthening activities?
2. How do these activities contribute to your overall health? Cite at least 5
benefits.
3. Explain the importance of Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) in
doing exercise?

Summary
Aerobic Activities

Muscle Strengthening Activities

Bone Strengthening Activities

During aerobic activity, oxygen is

delivered to the muscles in our body
allowing us to sustain the physical
activity for few minutes.

Muscle contraction occurs during

a muscle strengthening activity.
The repetitive contractions during
exercise cause damage to muscle
fibers. However, these muscle
fibers are ready to be
repaired once they get damaged.
The repair of muscle fibers
happens after exercise while
muscles are at rest. There will be
new muscle fibers produced to
replace and repair those fibers that
were damaged. The muscles in
the body then start to grow larger
and stronger.

Bone growth is stimulated by

physical stress. As skeletal
muscles contract, they pull
their attachment on bones
causing physical stress. This
consequently stimulates bone
tissue, making it stronger and
thicker. Such bone
strengthening activities can
increase bone density
throughout our skeletal
system.

Lesson 2: Energy Systems

Activity 1: Let's Find Out
Directions: Can you tell what they are doing? Can you identify what these two pictures have in common?

Reading:
Our body needs specific amount of energy when we do physical activities. When we exercise, a low or high
amount of energy is supplied to muscles depending on the duration, intensity, and nature of the exercise. Activities like
sprinting and jumping require a large amount of energy used in short a period of time. On the other hand, marathon
running and long-distance swimming require low but steady amount of energy over a longer period of time. It is
important for our body to get the energy it needs to effectively perform these physical activities.
The food that we eat is a source of energy. Eating before doing exercise can contribute to performance. There is
a complex chemical process called cellular respiration in which our body takes in food and uses it to convert and
produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP supplies energy to muscle cells for muscular contraction during physical
activity. Creatine phosphate (CP), like ATP, is stored in muscle cells. When it is broken down, a large amount of energy
is released. Three energy systems work together as we exercise. However, a specific energy system can dominate
depending on the intensity and of type of activity that is being done.
What Are The Three Energy Systems?
Anaerobic A-Lactic (ATP-CP) Energy System
Anaerobic A-Lactic or ATP-CP is a dominant source of muscle energy for high intensity physical activities. It
provides high bursts of startup energy that lasts around ten seconds or less. ATP-CP provides immediate energy without
requiring any oxygen (anaerobic) and does not produce lactic acid (a-lactic). Many athletes who participate in sports
competitions require short amounts of acceleration. Athletic events like the shot put, weight lifting, and 100-meter sprint
are examples of physical activities that utilize the ATP-CP energy system. However, the ATP-CP system will not supply
ATP again until the muscles have rested and have been able to regenerate.
Anaerobic Lactic (Glycolytic) Energy System
Anaerobic Lactic is also known as the glycolytic energy system, an energy system that supplies energy for
medium to high intensity physical activities. These high intensity activities usually last from ten seconds to two minutes.
When an athlete sprints for 400 meters, lactic acid builds up in blood and muscle cells. Normally, there is a shortness of
breath, and a burning sensation in the muscles once lactic acid is produced. Same as with ATP-CP, the anaerobic lactic
system does not require oxygen but is capable of supplying energy for high intensity activities. The difference between
the two systems is amount of time that the system can work. Thus, if an athlete exceeds ten seconds while sprinting, the
anaerobic lactic system kicks in to provide energy.
Aerobic Energy System
Most of sports and activities use aerobic energy system. Aerobic energy system provides energy for low
intensity physical activities that last from two minutes to a few hours. Aerobic energy system, compared to ATP-CP and
glycolytic energy system, requires much longer oxygen in muscles in doing physical activities like long distance
swimming running and playing sports (e.g. basketball, soccer, futsal). If a person exercises for 8 minutes, aerobic energy
system will become a dominant source of that person's energy. Aerobic energy system continually produces ATP energy
to muscles as long as oxygen is available to muscles in the body. Unlike anaerobic lactic system, aerobic energy system
does not produce lactic acid since oxygen is available to the muscles.
Most sports and physical activities use these energy systems. Though there are times when one energy system
dominates during a specific type of physical activity, it is important to understand that all energy systems are active. Each
energy system changes during the activity depending on its duration and intensity. Therefore, once we engage in
physical activities or sports, all three energy systems may be in use but in varying degrees.

Activity 2: Let's Get Energized

Directions: Divide yourself into 5 groups. Think of and list down physical activities that use three energy systems.
Perform these activities.
Anaerobic A-Lactic System
Anaerobic Lactic System
Aerobic Energy System

Activity 3: Let's Reflect

Directions: After doing Activity 2, answer the following questions below.
1. How will you differentiate anaerobic a-lactic and anaerobic lactic system?
What do they have in common? Explain.
2. How does the aerobic energy system work in our body? How does it differ
from 2 anaerobic systems? Explain.
Summary
Energy System

Intensity

Duration

Lactic Acid
Production

Oxygen
Requirement

Examples

Anaerobic
A Lactic

High

Lasts 10
seconds
or less

Does not
produce
lactic acid

Does not
require
oxygen

Shot put,
100-meter
sprint

Anaerobic
Lactic

Medium to
High

Lasts 10
seconds
to 2
minutes

Produces
lactic acid
oxygen

Does not
require

400 to 800meter sprint

Aerobic
Energy
System

Low

Lasts 2
minutes to
a few
hours

Does not
produce
lactic acid

Requires
oxygen

3-km run, long

distance
swimming, playing
sports (e.g.
basketball, soccer,
futsal)

Lesson 3: Let's Be Health Aware!

Activity 1: Describe Me in My Picture
Directions: Describe the picture below. Can you tell what causes this person to act
this way? Write your thoughts about it in the space provided.

Many of us try to live a healthy lifestyle. We do various things to become fit and to achieve our desired
physique oftentimes without first knowing and understanding the consequences. Our health becomes at risk and
prone to different risks that can affect our capacity to do daily physical activity. We need to realize that there are some
common health practices particularly when dealing with stress that need to be corrected right away, especially
among the young ones. Some stress-coping measures affect or show in a person's eating or sleeping habits.

Eating Habits, Sleep, and Stress Management: What Goes Wrong?

Eating Habits
We can always eat the food that we want. There is nothing wrong with eating. It only goes wrong if we consume
less or more than what our body needs; also when we eat unhealthy food. This can lead to being underweight,
overweight, or even obese. It is alarming to see that many are suffering from malnutrition, overweight, and obesity.

Underweight people are often found to suffer from malnutrition due to lack of adequate nutrients in the body.
Many of them do not get the right amount of calories to fuel their bodies thus, they tend to lack the energy to do
regular tasks at home, school, and work. Their immune system also gets weak and compromised, making them
prone to health risk issues such as anemia and osteoporosis.

Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa is an eating disorder wherein a person is abnormally

underweight, has an intense fear of gaining, and an abnormal understanding of body
weight, often due to coping with emotional problems stemming from self-worth.
People with anorexia use extreme efforts to prevent weight gain and keep on losing weight
by restricting food intake, exercising excessively, or misusing diet aids, diuretics, and
laxatives. These tend to significantly interfere with activities in their lives.
(http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia/home/ovc-20179508)
Overeating is also found to be one of the leading causes of overweight and obesity. Eating too much, especially
processed food and sugary drinks, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle contribute significantly to weight gain. The
calories consumed, particularly from fats and sugars, have to be burned off through physical activity or exercise.
Otherwise, these calories will be just be stored in the body as fat.
Overweight and obese people often encounter a lot of physical and emotional struggles in their daily lives.
They often have a hard time doing simple tasks such as tying their shoelaces or walking up a short flight of stairs. They
also find themselves the subject of bullying. Furthermore, they are also at risk of developing other health conditions
such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, among others.
Sleep Management
Sleep is essential to everyone's health. Normally, we need about 6 to 8 hours of night sleep everyday to allow
the body to rest and regenerate. When we wake up in the morning after a good night's sleep, we feel fresh and
energetic. We become effective and productive in our daily activities. However, a lot of people, in particular teens,
practice bad sleeping habits such as the following:
1. Staying up all night - This is the most common bad sleeping habit of most
people. In order to submit a project, a paper, or some other work at the last
minute, they cram to finish it, staying up all night until they are done. Some people just spend the night reading or doing
other stuff that they just do not want to postpone for another time.
2. Internet Addiction - Social media is massively addictive. Many people
would spend a lot of their time browsing social media sites such as Facebook and YouTube. They are awake all night to
converse and play with their friends and forgo sleeping on time. This results in tiredness and unproductiveness in work, in
school, and even at home.
3. Eating Before Sleeping - Eating could be one of the things we do that give
us comfortbut should be discouraged just before bedtime. Eating before
sleeping can cause discomfort preventing us from falling asleep easily. When we eat too close to our bedtime, it means
that we go to our bed while digesting. This can cause acid reflux which makes a person lose sleep. It is best to eat 4
hours before falling asleep so we can be sure that our digestive system has done its job.
Stress Management
We need to deal with the fact that stress is part of our lives. Stress
happens for many reasons - environmental factors, fatigue, too much work, illness, and loneliness. It is inevitable;
hence, needs to be handled properly. Handling stress seems to be tough to do but we need to learn how to cope with it
the right way. If not properly dealt with, it can lead to many health concernsdifficulties in sleeping, poor immunity,
hypertension, and even heart disease. One may also perform poorly in physical activities because of stress. However,
while some may be able to deal with stress, others may not and resort to ineffectiveor worst, unhealthymeans of
dealing with stress.

Examples of such means that can be detrimental to health are the following:
1.

Smoking

2.
3.

Bad Eating Habits - Skipping meals and/or overeating

Excessive alcohol intake

4.
5.

Excessive sleeping
Procrastinating - Trying to hide and escape the problem using delaying
tactics rather than facing the problem

According to the World Health Organization, in 2012, out of 56 million deaths

worldwide, 38 million were due to cardiovascular diseases. Knowing this, making
the decision to be aware of our health and to change to a healthier lifestyle
through balanced diet, regular physical activity, and enough sleep would be to
our advantage.
Activity 2: "Let's Be Health Aware" Essay
Directions: Imagine that you are writing an article for a health magazine. Your task is to write a persuasive essay
about health awareness. Remember to point out the best practices on how to maintain good health and bad
health habits. Your essay should be brief and easy to read.

Summary
Skipping meals, overeating, too much intake of processed food, lack of sleep, staying up late, and the inability to
cope with highly stressful environment are all part of having an unhealthy lifestyle. This can lead to the failure to
perform daily tasks as these affect the physical and even emotional state of a person. Chronic conditions such
as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases may also develop and even compromise your immune system. It
is therefore a wise decision as early as now to be aware of your health, and to correct bad health practices,
rather than to suffer the consequences later on.

Lesson 4: Eat Right for a Healthy Life

Activity 1: 4 Pics 2 Words
Directions: Can you tell what these 4 pictures have in common? Answer the problem
below by filling in the correct letters in the blank.

_A___G
__B__
Eating is part of our daily routine. We eat food to increase our energy, to replenish our strength, and to power our
minds to think more clearly to handle problems. In our country, it has been tradition to prepare delicious food during
celebrationswhich happens several times in a year. During these times, most of us would pile up our plate with every
type of food we see, and will not realize until later that we have already consumed a large amount of food. This shows
that we usually don't mind the amount of food that we eat. Some people choose to eat only a certain food group.
Vegetarians, for example, choose to eat only fruits and vegetables. Others vary the food they eat and how they eat
according to factors such as culture, location, age, and/or state of fitness or health. Each of us has preference in the type
of food we chose and the way we eat. There are four types of eating we should know of and understand.

Four Types of Eating That You Should Know

Fueling for Performance
Before heavy training, an athlete needs the right kind of food that can provide the proper fuel for his or her
energy requirement. There should be a balance among all food groups: carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins,

and water that will provide the body what it needs for an effective and optimum performance. Athletes usually practice
this sort of structured diet for good body composition, athletic performance, and recovery. In addition, athletes need to eat a
variety of food to stabilize the condition of the body. They need to eat regular meals and snacks and get enough calories
to fuel the body for training and athletic events. Athletes also need to drink more fluids as compared to non- athletes.
This helps them to avoid dehydration which can cause dizziness, muscle cramps, and lightheadedness.
Emotional Eating
Emotional eating is the practice of consuming large amounts of food in response to emotions instead of hunger.
Many people turn to food as a source of comfort, a stress reliever, or as a reward. Eating as a coping mechanism is
unhealthy because the problem is not addressed. Eating makes someone feel better for a while but the emotion (or its
cause) remains unaddressed. Overcoming this unhealthy habit means teaching an emotional eater healthier ways to
deal with stress and to develop better eating habits. If it is not resolved, emotional eating can lead to obesity and weight
gain.
Social Eating
Many times in our lives, we get invited to partake of all the scrumptious food on the table during celebrations.
Oftentimes, we indulge even if we are not hungry for the sake of being sociable and to not offend the host or the group.
This is called Social Eating. Sometimes, peer pressure is the reason why one feels compelled to consume more calories
than planned. Social eating can directly affect a person's health, leading to obesity and other health-related problems.
While most of us try to maintain a good eating habit, attending social events with lots of eating can get in the way. This only
makes a healthy eating habit difficult to maintain.
Distracted Eating
Have you tried eating while watching your favorite show or sports team on TV? Eating while watching TV for
extended periods of time poses a serious risk to your health. Many do not pay attention to their meal as they are distracted
with what they are watching, thus they tend to eat more. Others spend time eating junk food, sweets and soft drinks while
watching TV. This type of diet leads to overweight, obesity, and even increased risk to diseases like diabetes and
hypertension. Aside from consuming too much food, it promotes an unhealthy lifestyleleading a sedentary lifestyle
rather than going out and doing physical activities.
Eating is important but we must learn to manage it properly. Too much or too little food consumed is unhealthy. It
is better to maintain a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle to prevent illness. No one have control our eating habits except
ourselves.

Activity 2: Self-Check
Directions: Do you have a healthy eating habit? Answer the table below by writing "Yes" or "No" in each situation
given.
My Eating Habits

Yes/No

1. I go to the party and eat a lot with my family or friends.

2. I don't mind if I eat a lot.
3. I make sure that I don't eat before doing my exercise
4. Food is my stress reliever
5. Whenever I'm happy, I love to eat.
6. I eat less when I am depressed.
7. I feel compelled to eat every time we have a celebration.
8. I don't eat food when I'm watching TV or any sport event.
9. I eat my meals regularly. I make sure that I don't skip any meal.
10. I eat more than three meals in a day.
Activity 3: I Realize
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. Do you have a healthy eating habit? Why did you say so? Explain.
2. In your self- check, what are some eating habits that you think should change? Why?
3. What eating habits should you continue? Why?

Activity 4: My Weekly Meal Planner

Directions: Have you scheduled what food you should eat for this week? Your task in this activity is to make weekly meal

planner by completing the chart below.

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Dinner

Snacks

Lunch

Breakfast

Time

Summary
Eating is important. We need to eat for us to perform well. In this lesson, we have learned that people have different
eating habits.
Fueling for Performance - Athletes follow a structured diet for good body composition, athletic performance and
recovery. They eat a balanced diet of carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals and vitamins to be effective in their
performance.
Emotional Eating - It is habitually consuming large amount of food in response to emotions instead hunger. Food is
seen as a comfort, stress relief, or reward to make them feel better.
Social Eating - This is eating with peers just for sake of being sociable. Peer pressure is the main reason why one
feels compelled to consume more calories than what it is planned.
Distracted Eating - People who spend more time eating while watching TV is prone to being overweight, obese and
contract diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Watching TV and make it as part of lifestyle is unhealthy as it
makes person spend less time in doing physical activities.
Lesson 5: Managing Stress through Physical Activity
Pre-Activity: What bothers you?
Directions: List down experiences from the previous week that made you feel
uncomfortable and describe your coping technique
Places

Uncomfortable /
Demanding Situation

Actions you made to

feel better

Home
School
Community

Stress and its Characteristics

In the daily challenges of life, individuals often encounter discomfort circumstances and events that disturb one's
physical, mental, and emotional states. The body's response to the discomfort it experiences is called stress. Stress is the
body's way of reacting to an external stimulus such as a discomfort. It activates the sympathetic nervous system, which
brings about a fight or flight response wherein cortisol and adrenaline is released into the bloodstream. These hormones
stimulate your heart to pump faster, making your blood pressure rise. Your muscles start to contract, your breathing
quickens, and your senses become more sensitive. These changes in your body caused by stress increases your
stamina and strength, makes you react quickly, and keeps you more focused.

Stress affects allit is part of one's life. The human body and its system are equipped to respond to stress. Most of the
events that happen to you and around you contribute stress to your body. The effects of stress differ for each individual,
based on their ability to adjust to certain changes from the environment and the people around them. Some are able to
cope easily, but others have hard time.
On the one hand, stress can be helpful for it can keep a person alert and set to avoid vulnerability. On
the other hand, it becomes detrimental when a person is subjected to stress without relief or relaxation between
situations. Stress-related tension may build up and consume the person. A negative stress reaction is referred to as
distress. Distress triggers mental, emotional and physical problems and, even worse, certain symptoms or diseases.
Symptoms of Stress
Emotional
Nervousness, gets easily upset, moody
Overwhelming feeling and sometimes uncontrollable experience in
relaxing the mind
Low-self esteem, loneliness and the feeling of being worthless
Mental
Lack of focus
Disturb mind setting
Physical

Weak and lesser strength, easily gets cold and infection

Headache
Upset stomach, including diarrhea and constipation
Loss of appetite
Aches, pains, tense muscles
Sleeplessness

Coping with Stress through Physical Activity

Stress is inevitable and eliminating it entirely from one's life is impossible. Changes in daily events are
beyond any person's capacity. However, one's reaction to stressful changes can be managed. Regular exercise is
sometimes done to cope with stress. Spending time with friends or family, sleeping, watching movies, as well as
listening to music, also work. These coping techniques are said to be of help but most health professionals
recommend participation and engagement in physical activity and exercise as preferred strategy.
Many of the physical symptoms of stress can be managed through physical activity. Physical activity is
defined as any bodily movement that works your skeletal muscles and physical skills, that requires strength and
energy expenditure. This includes any motion performed throughout the day. Walking, running, dancing,
swimming, yoga, and gardening are a few examples of physical activity.
Types of Physical Activity
1. Aerobic - light to moderate-intensity physical activity that requires more oxygen than sedentary behavior,
and thus promotes cardiovascular fitness and other health benefits (e.g., weight bearing exercises like jumping
rope, cycling, swimming, running playing football, basketball, or volleyball).
2. Anaerobic - high-intensity physical activity that is done in a short duration of time requiring high energy.
Anaerobic activities are strength-base activities in the absence of oxygen (e.g., sprinting during running,
swimming, or cycling) requires maximal performance during the brief period.
3. Lifestyle - physical activities which have been a part of our daily routine (e.g., walking, climbing stairs,
sweeping or raking the yard), which is usually light to moderate in intensity.
4. Physical activity play - an intense play activity that requires substantial energy expenditure (e.g. playing tag,
jumping rope).
5. Play - simple and self-reflected activities with flexible rules for the purpose of enjoyment.
6. Sports - a physical activity requiring skill and physical prowess that is governed by set of rules and regulations that
is often done in a competition. There are two categories of sports: individual and team.

Physical Activities Mechanism in Coping with Stress

Keeping your body physically active can help improve overall disposition, increase the release of endorphins and
offer meditation-like qualities. Exercise can also reduce the fight or flight response often triggered by stress.

Mood Booster
Engaging in physical activity can improve moods and make us feel better, increasing self-confidence, thus
reducing stress. Exercise can also improve our quality and ability to sleep, resulting in a fully rested body which can
definitely have a positive impact on our overall disposition and cognitive function.
Endorphin Release
Participating in physical activity can result in an increase in endorphin levels. Endorphins are chemicals or
neurotransmitter hormones that are secreted from the brain and nervous system. It activates the body's opiate receptors thus
it has analgesic properties that can make you feel good. It also gives a person the feeling of achievement and being in
control.
Mind Stimulator
Exercise can be a form of meditation. While involved in an engrossing physical activity, we may find that we
are concentrating strictly on the physical work. We tend to forget the problems and worries you have at present. With this,
our mind is somehow freed and stimulated to work and find solutions to our stress.

Reduction of Fight or Flight Response

Stress, either big or small, activates our flight or fight response and in doing so, deluges our body with different
hormones including cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. Over-secretion of these hormones is brought about by
stress, thus must be controlled and returned to normal state. Otherwise it could interfere with body functions leading to
adrenal fatigue. Physical activity or movement metabolizes the hormones triggered by stress, processing these chemicals
and returning them to normal levels. Once these hormones have been metabolized, the level of homeostasis
improves, regulating the internal conditions of the body, thus bringing in a state of balance and stability. In this manner, we
feel calm and ready to gear up and face the world once again.
Activity 1: Be a stress manager!
Directions:
1. With your partner, interview 15 other classmates and asks them their sources
of stress, and of what they do to cope with it.
2. Make graphs, tables, and charts to help you interpret your data. Present your
findings in an oral report and give recommendations for plans to manage stress through physical activity.
3. Produce your own information sheet to be given to your peers.
Activity 2: Checking what's on your mind.
Directions: Complete the sentences
1. Participation in physical activity helps in managing stress by
2. Why is the release of hormones and its processes important to stress
response?
3. Therefore, if I am in a stressful situation, I'll find time to _______________
___________________________________________________________ because
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
Summary
Engaging in physical activity and participating in sports has significant benefits for health. It is
recommended to be one of the best strategies for managing stress.
Living an active life through physical activity can help in elevating your mood and activating the body
parts resulting to improvement in overall disposition. The body systems functions to increase release of
endorphins also known as the 'natural pain-killer'. Also, concentrating on the physical activity offer meditation-like
qualities where your focus is on the movement giving you a sense of relief, free from worries and stress.

Physical activity and movement metabolizes and processes stress-generated returning it to normal level
reducing the fight and flight response of a person.

Lesson 6: Self-testing Activity for a Healthy Me!

Keeping the body physically active enables the body systems to function properly with vigor and alertness.
Staying in shape allows the individual to perform daily task efficiently and effectively resulting to better output and
performance.
Pre-activity: Getting ready for Physical Activity
Directions: Prior to any physical activity, it is just right to assess your general health
through the PAR-Q & YOU questionnaire. Fill up the PAR-Q as pre-requisite to check readiness for physical activity.
Please fill-up and answer the questions honestly.

Regular physical activity is fun and healthy and increasingly more people are starting to become more active every day.
Being more active is very safe for most people. However, some people should check with their doctor before they start
becoming much more physically active.
If you are planning to become much more physically active than you are now, start by answering the seven questions in
the box below. If you are between the ages of 15 and 69, the PAR-Q will tell you if you should check with your doctor
before you start.
Common sense is your best guide when you answer these questions. Please read the questions carefully and answer
each one honestly: check YES or NO.
YES NO
1. Has your doctor ever said that you have a heart condition and that you should only do physical
activity recommended by a doctor?
2. Do you feel pain in your chest when you do physical activity?
3. In the past month, have you had chest pain when you were not doing physical activity?
4. Do you lose your balance because of dizziness or do you ever
lose consciousness?
5. Do you have a bone or joint problem (for example, back, knee or hip) that could be made worse
by a change in your physical activity?
6. Is your doctor currently prescribing drugs (for example, water pills) for your blood pressure or
heart condition?
7. Do you know of any other reason why you should not do physical activity?

Physical Fitness Testing

Assessing one's health status will help the person know about one's strengths and weaknesses. Awareness of individuals'
health-related fitness and its relevant interpretations will aid the person to efficiently create an action plan in observing a
healthy lifestyle and selecting appropriate activities for areas that need improvement.
Activity 1: Self -testing Activities for Health-related fitness
Anthropometric Measurements
Purpose: To measure body composition.
Equipment needed: weighing scale, tape measure
Goal: Take body measurements.
Preliminary: Prepare needed materials.
Procedure:
1. Height. Stand with trunk straight. Measure the distance from the floor to
the top of the forehead. Record the score in centimeters (cm).
2. Weight. Stand on a weighing scale free from any object for weight
accuracy. Record in kilograms (kg).

3. Waistline. Locate your upper hipbone. Find the proper spot by placing your hands around your waist,
squeezing slightly, and then moving your fingers downward until you feel the top curve of your hips. Place a
tape measure around your bare stomach just above the upper hipbone. Record in centimeters (cm).
4. Hipline. Place tape measure in the widest part of hip in line with the pubis.
5. Computation/s
a. BMI- Body Mass Index - measure of body mass based on height and
weight that aid in determining weight categories.
BMI =
Weight in kg
(Height in m) x (Height in m)
b. Waist to Hip Ratio - measure stored body fats percentage by the
relative measurement of waist and hip
WHR = Waist Circumference (cm)
Hip Circumference (cm)
3 - Minute Step Test
Purpose: Test for Cardiovascular Endurance level based on how quickly your
heart rate will come back down after a physical activity
Equipment needed: stopwatch, 12-inch bench box, a metronome
Goal: In a constant pace, step on and off the bench for 3 minutes straight
Procedure:
1. Stand close to the 12-inch bench box while partner will set the metronome
in 96 beats per minute (bpm).
2. When ready to begin, start the stopwatch, step one foot at a time to the beat (up, up, down, down). When 3 minutes
is up, stop immediately get your pulse rate.
3. Record the Exercise Heart Rate: _______bpm
Hamstring and Hip Flexor Test
Purpose:
Equipment needed:
Goal:
Preliminary:

To test flexibility of the Hamstring and hips

protractor
Keeping both legs straight, lift one leg to the maximum angle with other leg remain flat
on the floor.
Illustrate angles on a poster board and paste it on the wall.

Procedure:
Lie on your back on the floor beside a wall.
Slowly lift one leg off the floor. Keep the other leg flat on the floor.
Keep both legs straight.
Continue to lift the leg until either leg begins to bend or the lower
leg begins to lift off the floor.
5. Place a yardstick against the wall to mark the spot to where the leg
was lifted. Lower the leg.
6. Using a protractor, measure the angle reated by the floor and the
yardstick. The greater the angle the better your score.
7. Repeat with other leg.
1.
2.
3.
4.

IV. Zipper Test

Purpose: Test for the shoulder flexibility
Equipment needed: tape measure
Goal: Raise one arm across back with bent elbow reaching down
fingers of the other hand
Preliminary: Prepare needed materials

Procedure:
1. In standing position, raise one arm across you back, bend the elbow
and reach down as far as possible, simultaneously, bring other arm down and behind the back trying to cross
fingers over those with the other hand.
2. Measure the distance of overlapped fingers in cm. If they fail to meet
score as a minus or <0. Write zero if the fingertips just touched with no overlap.
3. Repeat the procedure with the other hand. Record the score.
V. Curl - up (Dynamic)
Purpose: Test abdominal muscles strength and endurance
Equipment needed: mat, adhesive tape
Goal: Perform curl-up with proper pacing (3 seconds per curl)
Preliminary: Prepare the mat. Place two tape marks 4 inches apart on the floor.
Procedure:
1. Sit on a mat in a long sitting position. Bend your legs more than 90
degrees with feet remaining flat on the floor.
2. Lay down with arms extended at the sides, palm facing down with
fingers extended touching the 1st tape mark.
3. From that position, curl your trunknd with heels in contact with the up
floor until your fingers reach the 2 marker.
4. Upon reaching, lower back to the starting position. Repeat one-curl up
every 3 seconds.
5. Continue the curl-ups and stop when you are unable to keep the pace.
Record the number of repetitions

Tape marks, 4 inches apart

VI. 90-degree Push-up (Dynamic)

Purpose: Test for the muscles of the upper arm strength and endurance
Equipment needed: mat
Goal: To perform a proper push-up
Preliminary: Prepare needed material
Procedure:
1. From prone lying position, place the hands just outside the shoulders with elbows bent.
2. Men: Support the body in a push-up position from the toes with back, hip and legs align.
Women: Support the body in a push-up position from the knees
instead of toes, with back, hip, and legs aligned.
3. Lower the body until the upper arm is parallel to the floor or a 90 degrees angle of the bent elbow.
4. Repeat as many times as possible.
VII. Flexed-Arm Support (Static)
Purpose: Test the muscular strength of the shoulder and upper arm.
Equipment needed: mat, stopwatch
Goal: Hold the push-up position not more than 35 seconds
Procedure:

1. Use the Push-up procedure 1 & 2 for preparatory position. From the
starting position, lower the body until the upper arm is parallel to the floor and elbow flexed at 90 degrees (see
illustration above).
2. Hold the position as long as possible. 3. Record the obtained holding position.
Measuring your fitness level is one way to find out your level of physical fitness. Below are references for
interpretation.

Rating Scale for Dynamic Muscular Endurance

Rating Scale for Static Endurance

Rating Scale for Flexibility

Activity 2: Self - Assessment Card: Health - related fitness status

1. Body Composition
Test

BMI Result
Interpretation

Analysis

BMI
Waist to hip ratio
2. Cardiovascular Endurance
Recovery PR &
Interpretation
3. Muscular Strength, Endurance, Flexibility
3- minute Step Test

Implications
The strongest HRF
component: Curl-up:
abdominal strength
My weakest HRF
component:
Push-up: Upper arm
strength & endurance

Mark with a dot the performance description obtain.

Realization/Conclusion:
That I have to prioritize
exercises that can
improve my upper arm

Health-related fitness components:

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to your body
tissues during sustained physical activity. This allows the body to endure physical movement for a period of time.
Also, efficient delivery of oxygen to its tissues will take place giving the person a lower breathing rate and the
ability to perform the task longer.
Muscular Strength is the maximum amount of force a muscle can exert in a single effort. Achievement of
muscular strength depends on factors like gender, age, and inherited physical attributes. Having strong
muscles is beneficial to everyday living. The muscles support the skeleton enabling movement to occur and the
strength to support the body while standing up.
Muscular Endurance is the ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue.
Flexibility is the ability to bend and move the joints through the full range of motion.
Body Composition is the percentages of fat, bone, water, and muscle in a human body; it is often the ratio of
lean tissue to fat tissue in the body.

Barriers to Physical Activity

Getting involved in physical activities can be attributed to personal and environmental factors. A person may experience
a variety of challenges along the way. This hinders the person to be physically active, hence, referred to as barriers.

Personal barriers
With the current trends in technology and development, people's lives
have become convenient and easier as well as less active. They may also have reasons or own justifications of their
inactivity that forms their attitude towards physical movement, letting them live a sedentary life.
Some common explanations (barriers) that people cite for resistance to exercise are:
insufficient time to exercise
inconvenience of exercise
lack of self-motivation
non-enjoyment, boredom of exercise
lack of confidence in their ability to be physically active (low self-efficacy)
fear of being injured or having been injured recently
lack of self-management skills, such as the ability to set personal goals, monitor progress, or reward progress toward
such goals
lack of encouragement, support, or companionship from family and friends
non-availability of parks, sidewalks, bicycle trails, or safe and pleasant walking paths close to home or the workplace

Environmental barriers
Some may not notice but the space and the setting where people live greatly influence a person's participation
to physical activity. The constant exposure and the daily interaction with the people and things around has a great
impact on a person's preference towards bodily execution and movement.
The environment in which we live has a great influence on our level of physical activity. Many factors in our
environment affect us. Obvious factors include the accessibility of walking paths, cycling trails, and recreation facilities.
Factors such as traffic, availability of public transportation, crime, and pollution may also have an effect. Other
environmental factors include our social environment, such as support from family and friends, and community spirit. It
is possible to make changes in our environment through campaigns to support active transportation, legislation for
safer communities, and the creation of new recreation.

Activity 3: Lead me to where I am!

Directions: Listed below are examples of physical activity barriers. Draw a line connecting its type whether
PERSONAL or ENVIRONMENTAL barrier.

Guide questions:
1. During the pre-activity on Par-Q & You, have you encountered any physical
activity barrier? Is there any personal or environmental barrier? If yes, please list it down.
2. Cite some ways to overcome situations that hinders you to engage in
physical activity.

Activity 4: Diet and Nutrition Assessment

Directions:
1. Surf the net and open the site
http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/enhance-your-wellbeing/health/dietnutrition/diet-nutrition-assessment?id=5717f623f2f95&step=0
2. On that site, undergo steps 1-3. Print the downloaded assessment results
reflecting your diet and nutrition.
3. Set at least 5 goals for the items that needs improvement.

Summary:
Fitness level assessment determines the current health status of an individual. Assessing one's health status
will help a person be informed of his or her strengths and weaknesses leading him/her to observe a healthy lifestyle and
to select appropriate activities for improvement.
To maintain general fitness, develop the health-related physical activities that include cardiovascular endurance,
muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition.

Lesson 7: Fitness Goals

Improving fitness is an important goal for achieving optimum health. If carefully planned, performed,
monitored, and evaluated, positive health-related outcomes will be achieved and that reduces their risks to
acquiring health problems.
To maximize the results of a physical fitness program there is a need to be acquainted with the
Principles of Exercise and appropriate modification of the FITT - Frequency, Intensity, Type, and Time.
The Principles of Physical Activity
Overload Principle. This is the most basic principle that indicates doing "more than normal" for
improvement to happen. In order for the skeletal muscles to get stronger, additional load must be added and
exerts greater than load what was used to.

Principle of Progression. It is a gradual increase in exerting effort or load that is done not too slowly,
nor too rapidly. This principle aids safe and effective results.
Principle of Specificity. This suggests that overloading must specifically train a desired body part for
it to improve. For example, cardiovascular fitness may
only improve flexibility to a small degree, and so jogging and running will not be a part of the exercise program
for developing flexibility. Instead, select exercises with emphasis on stretching out the muscles and joints. Use
the appropriate type of exercise that directly improves your target muscles.
Principle of Reversibility. Development of muscles will take place if regular movement and execution
is done, and if activity ceases, it will be reversed. This
shows that benefit and changes achieved from overload will last only if training is continuous. The training effect
is lost if the training is discontinued.

The FITT Principle of Physical Activity

Frequency
The frequency of exercise refers to number of times a physical activity is done in each week. According to the
American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, it is recommended to exercise 3-5 days per week and for more
optimal results, exercise can be done in most days of the week with a combination of light- moderate-vigorous activity.

Intensity
The rate at which the activity is performed is called Intensity. It is also referred to as the magnitude
of the effort required to perform an activity or exercise. It describes how easy or how hard a person has to
work in a certain activity, and it varies from one person to another. The determination of intensity depends on
some individual factors such as exercise experience, relative level of fitness, and needs of fitness.
The intensity level target may be determined by computing the target heart rate (THR) range based on the
results of an exercise stress test, considering the resting and exercise heart rate, with 60% to 80% intensity level.
(Karvonen's Formula)
Go over your recorded fitness results from the self-testing activity. Compute for your THR following the
procedure below.
Activity 1: My Target Heart Rate

Directions: Compute your Target Heart Rate Range in 4 steps. Fill in the blanks below.
1. Get the Maximum Heart Rate.
MHR = 220 - ________
(your age)
MHR =____________
2. Determine the Heart Rate Reserve.
HRR = MHR - ________________
(Resting Heart Rate)
(*Please refer to Self-testing activities)
HRR= _____________
3. Take 60% and 80% of the HRR
a. 60% x HRR = _________ b. 80% x
HRR = _________
4. Add each HRR to Resting Heart Rate (RHR) to obtain the Target Heart Rate
(THR) range.
a. 60% HRR ___ + ______ = ______ beats per minute
(RHR)
b. 80% HRR ___ + ______ = ______ beats per minute
(RHR)
Therefore, your target heart rate range is ______ to ______ beats per minute.
(4.a)
(4.b)

(When performing physical activities, your heart rate is within the normal range therefore you have to
select moderate - vigorous activities that will make you heart pump within the THR range.)

Type
The type of activity is determined by following the principle of progression and specificity. To attain
a higher level of fitness, select the type of physical activity that challenges the body to accept an increase
of work and that answers your need.
Activity 2:
Directions: Identify what HRF component these physical activities belong to. Choose
your answer from the word pool and write your answers on the table provided for.
Cardiovascular Fitness

Walking
Dynamic stretching
Stretching
Body - weight exercises

Flexibility

Muscular Strength & Endurance

Jogging
Swimming
Squats
Brisk walking

Lunges
Yoga
Sit - ups
Planks

Time
Time is the duration or the length of session of a physical activity. It is
inversely related to Intensity for the more intense a work is done, the shorter time it is performed.
Here are some examples of physical activity and exercises that you may integrate in your own fitness plan.
Remember that the intensity of exercise as well as the type of activity to be done will vary for each person,
as it is based on the fitness level results during self-testing.
Cardiovascular Fitness

Aerobic Exercises to improve Cardiovascular Endurance

walking
jogging
cycling/biking
hiking
skating
rollerblading
step aerobics
cardio machines e.g. treadmill
sports e.g. football, basketball,
volleyball

Flexibility Fitness

Muscular Strength and Endurance Fitness

Activity 3: How intense are you?

Directions: Perform one activity at a time and supply the information by filling-up the table.
Describe the activity based on the
Walking around for 5
Brisk walking for 4 minutes
following
minutes
How are you feeling?
How is your breathing?
How is your sweat?
How is your talking ability?
Reflection:
1. Which among the three (walking around, brisk walking, 3-minute jump jacks)
is considered:
a) Light activity: ________________
Justification: _____________________________________
b) Moderate activity: _______________
Justification: ______________________________________
c) Vigorous Activity: _______________
Justification: ______________________________________

3-minute jump jacks

"MET" is another name for metabolic equivalent, a measure of exercise intensity based on oxygen consumption.
More specifically, a single MET is defined as the amount of oxygen a person consumes (or the energy expended) per
unit of body weight during 1 minute of rest. It is equal to about 3.5 milliliters (ml) of oxygen consumption per kilogram
(kg) of body weight per minute, or 1 kilocalorie (kcal) per kg of body weight per hour.
Source: www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/using-mets-program-design
Activity 4: My Fitness Plan
Directions:
A. Determine your weakest component and strongest component. Refer

to your results obtained during the self-testing activities. Rank them by writing 1- 4, where 1 is the
weakest and thus, should be given top priority in making your fitness plan.
__________ Cardiovascular Endurance (3-min step test)
__________ Muscular strength and endurance of arm (push-up/flexed)
__________ Muscular strength and endurance of abdominal (curl-up)
__________ Flexibility of the hamstring muscles (hamstring & hip flexor test)
__________ Flexibility of the shoulder muscles and joints (zipper test)
B. Following the fitness plan design shown below, select activities guided by the Principles of Exercise and
the FITT goals.
FITT Goals
Parts of the
Fitness Plan

Warm - up
Work-out

Frequency
(Indicate
days of the
week

Intensity
Light,
Moderate Vigorous

Type
Form of exercises,
selected
physical
activities
(Prioritize the weakest
component
based on
data in
Activity 4A )
a._________
Activity /Exercise
b._________
Activity /Exercise

Time
(Total fitness
plan not less
than 60 minutes)

c._________
Activity /Exercise
d._________
Activity /Exercise
e._________
Cool-down
Activity 5: My Daily Fitness Record!
Directions: Fill in your data

Schedule
Week 1

Resting Heart
Rate

Exercise Heart
Rate

Recovery Heart
Rate

Remarks

Day 1 __________
Day 2 __________
Day 3 __________
Day 4 __________
Day 5 __________
SUMMARY
The Principles of Training suggest that overloading is the key to muscle development and that it
entails doing more than the body is used to. The benefit brought about by overloading will only last if the
overloading is continuous, otherwise, the muscle development will go back to its original state.
It is important to take in consideration the FITT principle in achieving the optimum fitness
development. FITT stands for frequency, intensity, time, and type. FITT sets the guidelines in your physical
activity program and used as basis for your fitness routine for better results.
The more frequent an activity is done, the greater chances of fitness development. Exercise execution
is also relative to Intensity.
How hard or how easy the task is accomplished defines the magnitude of work, referred to as intensity.
The intensity of your activity is determined by the body's response characterized by the number of times the heart
pumps measured in beats per minute. Computing the target heart rate (THR) range will give you an idea on your
workable heart rate according to your capacity.
Selection of appropriate activities will help you achieve the desired results by being able to specify the
target muscles for development.
Engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity in different settings can help avoid boredom, thus
making activities more exciting and interesting.

Lesson 8: Exercise for Fitness

Warm-up Activity: Rank 'Em!
Directions: Rank the following physical activities according to the level of effort you would have to exert to
accomplish them. Rank first (1th) the physical activity that requires the most level of effort to accomplish
and 10 the physical activity least requiring level of effort. Explain your rankings.
_____ competitive badminton for 30 minutes
_____ running uphill for 5 minutes
_____ sprinting for 20 seconds
_____ climbing 1 flight of stairs
_____ leisurely biking

Reading:

_____ volleyball spiking and blocking drills for 10 minutes

_____ 3-on-3 basketball for 30 minutes
_____ swimming 10 laps continuously
_____ 3k fun run in 1 hour
_____ walking in the mall

When you engage in physical activities for health and fitness improvements, you need to monitor
the effort you are giving. This is because the effort given in doing physical activities contributes to the
achievement of your fitness goals. By monitoring your effort, you will be able to know if you are reaching at
least a moderate intensity level and at most a vigorous one.
Remember, it is important that your body is challenged to do more than what it is used to for changes to
occur. If the physical activity you do is too easy for your body, changes (if any) would be minimal. Hence, your
body should be challenged. You need to sustain moderate to vigorous
intensity of physical activity for your body to be challenged.
You will be able to monitor your effort through physiological indicators.
Physiological indicators are those signs that are physiologic in nature or
have to do with bodily processes. These include heart rate, rate of
perceived exertion (RPE), and pacing. Each of these physiological
indicators is important. However, depending on your fitness goal and
personal preference, each indicator has its own advantages.
Heart Rate. Also known as pulse rate, this is the number of times a
person's heart beats per minute. It indicates the effort your heart is doing based on the demands you place on
your body. The more demanding your physical activity means that the heart rate is faster.
Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries of your body. The surge of blood causes a pulse,
which is what you feel by holding your fingers against an artery. The major
arteries that are easy to locate and frequently used for pulse counts are the
radial artery (just below the base of the thumb) and the carotid artery (just
below the sides of jaw). Some people find it easier to locate the carotid artery
but locating the radial artery is easier for others.
To determine your pulse rate, locate your pulse using your index and middle
fingers. Press gently to feel the pulse. Count the number of beats in 10 seconds
and multiply by 6 to get your number of beats per minute. The 15-second count is
also used by multiplied by 4 to get the number of beats per minute..
The heart rate provides a good indicator of the relative challenge experienced during physical activity. Using the heart rate
as a physiological indicator, maximal heart rate (max HR) is typically used. Recommendations for physical activity
indicate that physical activities used as exercises should be between 60 to 85 percent of your max HR to maintain or
improve cardiovascular fitness. This means that for each
exerciser, getting the max HR and the heart rates
equivalent to 60 to 85 percent of the max HR are important
in achieving your fitness goals. Think of it as 60% heart rate
is your moderate intensity and 85% heart is the limit of your
vigorous intensity.
from Corbin et al (2008)

Take note of the concepts of threshold of training and target

zone. The threshold of training is the minimum amount of
physical activity (frequency, intensity, and time) necessary to
produce benefits. The target zone, on the other hand, begins at the threshold of training and stops at the point where the
physical activity becomes counterproductive.
You can think of threshold of training as American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) minimum
recommendation of training intensity (60%) and the target zone ranging from 65 to 85 percent training intensities. Hence,
you need to reach these training intensities to produce health, wellness, or fitness benefits. You can compute your target
heart rate for these training intensities by following several steps.
According to Hoeger and Hoeger (2011), research indicates a more favorable prediction using the computation
below than the equation 220 - age. Here are the steps to get your target heart rate.

1. Estimate your maximal heart rate (max HR/MHR) according to the following formula:
maxHR/MHR = 207 - (0.7 x age)
2. Check your resting heart rate (RHR) sometime in the evening after sitting quietly for 15 to 20 minutes. You may
take your pulse for 30 seconds and multiply by 2, or take it for a full minute.
3. Determine heart rate reserve (HRR) using this formula: HRR = MHR - RHR
4. Calculate the training intensity at 30, 40, 60, and 85 percent. Multiply HRR by the respective 0.30, 0.40, 0.60, and
0.85, and then add the HRR to all four training intensities. Example: 60% Training Intensity = HRR x 0.60 + RHR
Activity 1: My Target
Directions: Compute your threshold of training and target zones. Identify physical
activities that you could do to reach these zones.
Although counting the heart rate during exercise is quite difficult, it is still one of the best ways to
accurately count exercise heart rate values. To do this, while exercising, continue moving while quickly locating
the pulse, then stop and take a 10- second count. Multiply the number by 6 to convert the heart rate to beats per
minute. This measurement can be used to make necessary adjustments to reach your target zone.
Heart rate monitors can also be used to get your heart rate during physical activity. These monitors, which
are strapped on your chest, work along with wristwatches that register the heart rate. Since the wristwatch will show
your heart rate as you move, you can adjust the level of effort accordingly. Most models of heart rate monitors show the
heart rate along with calories burnt, target zone, and time or duration of exercise. However, sophisticated models may
feature other information.
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
This is an assessment of the intensity of exercise based on how you feel. It is
basically a subjective assessment of effort which ranges from 6 (very, very light) to 20 (very, very hard) with 1
point increments in between. The target zone for aerobic activity is from 12 to 16.
If you are engaged in physical activity, you rate your effort level based on
how light or how hard you perceive it. A rating of 6 means that your effort
level is "very, very light" while a rating of 18 means that your effort is more or
less "very, very hard." Think of each rating in the RPE as a reflection of
your heart rate during the physical activity, that is, when multiplied by 10.
This means that an RPE of 6 is about a heart rate of 60 while an RPE of 18
is about 180 beats per minute. Since an RPE of 6 means your heart rate is
only at 60 beats per minute, your physical exertion is very minimal, while
an RPE of 18 means that your heart is doing 180 beats per minute,
pushing yourself to the limit.
Activity 2: Rate it this time
Directions: Look at your answers in the warm-up activity. Now knowing about RPE,
rate the different physical activities according to your perceived exertion if you were to
accomplish those physical activities. Explain your answers.
A practical way to know your level of effort is to try singing or talking while engaged in
physical activity. If you are still able to sing during physical exertion, then the RPE is
probably just between 6 - 8. However, if you cannot hold a conversation, then the level
of effort is high and the RPE is probably between 14 - 17.
If you are jogging and are still able to sing, you could jog a bit faster to increase RPE.
However, if you cannot talk anymore, you could lower the effort level by jogging
slower or inserting brisk walks between jogs. Remember, the recommended target
level of effort is from 12 to 16 (120 to 160 beats per minute) for your health to improve.
So rate your physical exertion to be able to maximize the effects of your participation in physical activity.
Using the RPE also avoids the need to stop and count the heart rate during exercise. With practice, most people can
recognize when they are in the target zone using RPE. It now becomes easier to make necessary adjustments in the
effort exerted since you have perceived the physical exertion accordingly.

Pace and Pacing. These refer to the rate or speed of doing physical activities. This means that a person can take it slow
when engaged in physical activities or do them quickly depending on the FITT Principle.
Pacing allows you to change the way you perform or complete an exercise or physical activity so that you can
successfully see changes. It regulates your participation in physical activities through gradual and careful introduction of
changes in the physical activity, whether an increase in intensity, frequency, or participation.
Depending on the fitness level of an individual, pacing may be through frequency, intensity, and time of doing physical
activities. The normal frequency could be 3 to 4 times a week which can be increased or decreased depending on the
changes done in intensity and time. If intensity is increased, frequency and time could be decreased, or vice versa.
You must be able to pace your participation in physical activities well so that you will benefit more and that you will not
get injured. Remember to listen to your body, so pace yourself if needed.
Activity 3: Pace Yourself
Directions: Look at your answers in Activity 3 and write them on the table below. If
you were to do the different physical activities, how will you pace yourself? Complete
the table below.

When you make modifications or adjustments in your exercise program, you have to take note of the
principles of progression and adaptation. Increase elements in your exercise program gradually so that your
body can adapt accordingly. Take serious note of the principle of overload as well. Too easy a load will not be
beneficial to your body in the long run.
If you have just started having a more active lifestyle, you may want to start with physical activities of
relatively moderate intensity. Performing this type of activity at about 40 percent of your max HR or an RPE of 12
(somewhat hard) for several weeks would be recommended for gradual adaptation. Time spent on physical
activity may be shorter than the recommended 30 minutes. However, as fitness improves, accumulated
minutes should at least account for 30 minutes a day, and the FITT principle can be increased as well. The table
below shows recommended progression.

It is important that you monitor your fitness improvements since these will eventually dictate your
progression. If your body has adapted to the demands you place on it, then it would be best to progress to
another level until you reach your optimum level of overload. This is the principle of progression. Following this
principle, the load you place on your body should occur in gradual succession rather than in major bursts for safe
and effective results. The new challenge now posed on your body is how to advance to another level.

However, as you become more fit, the rate of improvement levels off. As the principle of diminishing
returns indicates, once you get more and more fit, the benefit you get for each additional amount of activity may
not be the same as before. When your physical activity level is high, you can expect to have lesser

improvements despite additional amounts of physical activity. When this happens, the challenge is on how to
maintain that level of physical activity.

Lesson 9: Exercise for Fitness

As you engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity, you need to observe some personal safety precautions to
avoid certain conditions related to physical activity participation. These conditions include dehydration, overexertion,
hypothermia, and hyperthermia.
Each of these conditions should be taken seriously for each poses health risks to you as an exerciser. These
conditions are usually associated with exercising in different types of environment, like a hot or cold environment.
However, dehydration and overexertion may be experienced even when exercising in environments that do not have
extreme temperatures.
Each condition will be discussed with ample safety precautions to guide you as you engage in moderate to
vigorous physical activities.
Dehydration
This refers to excessive loss of water from the body, usually through perspiration or sweating,
urination, or evaporation.
During participation in physical activities, the body regulates its temperature depending on the intensity of the
activity. More frequently during moderate to
vigorous physical acitivities, the body perspires or sweats and you get thirsty.
Sweating. On a normal day, the body loses about 2.5 liters of water from the lungs and skin, from urine and
feces, and from perspiration. The body must replace this through proper hydration. To offset fluid losses, it is suggested
that 150 to 250ml of fluid should be taken every 15 minutes.
Thirst. Thirst is a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for liquids. Maintaining
water balance is an important consideration during exercise. Physical activity results in increased heat production, and
evaporation of sweat from the skin allows the body to dissipate this heat and maintain a normal body temperature.
The amount of fluid lost as sweat varies according to factors such as the intensity and duration of activity and the air
temperature or humidity.
Most of the time, an individual waits for thirst to kick in before replenishing lost water. However, it is advisable to
replenish lost fluids even before feeling thirsty. This is especially important when an individual exercises in the heat or
does so for an extended period of time.
Activity 1: Analyzing fluid replenishment advertisement
Directions: Analyze the different sports-related advertisements on fluid replenishment to be shown by your teacher.
Take note of the claims presented in the advertisements like replenishment information, effects of drinking the product,
etc. Explain your answers.
What are the recommendations for fluid replacement during prolonged
aerobic exercise?
Adequate water replacement is the most important factor in preventing heat disorders. Drinking about 6 to 8
ounces of cool water every 15 to 20 minutes during exercise seems to be ideal to prevent dehydration. Cold
fluids are absorbed more rapidly in the stomach.
Commercial fluid replacement solutions or sports drinks that contain 6 to 8 percent glucose seems to be
optimal for fluid absorption and performance in most cases. These are recommended especially when
exercise is strenuous and is carried out for more than an hour. However, water is sufficient for exercise lasting
less than an hour. Palatability ensures greater fluid intake so choose a drink that suits your taste as well.

Another condition that you need to be aware of is overexertion or overtraining.

This condition is actually independent of weather conditions, but you need to be aware of the signs and
symptoms.

Overexertion or Overtraining
This refers to the detrimental cause of excessive training.
Some individuals engage in too much physical activity. Some exercisers and
athletes often push themselves too hard in their pursuit of high-level performance. Thus, they are susceptible to
a variety of hyperkinetic conditions known as overload syndrome. This condition is characterized by fatigue,
irritability, and sleep problems, as well as increased risks for injuries.
In an over-trained status, performance is known to decline sharply and this can cause individuals to
train even harder. This dip in performance may be mistaken for dip in physical effort so the exerciser or athlete
increases the effort to pull up the performance.
A useful physical indicator of overtraining is a slightly elevated morning heart rate (4 or 5 beats more
than normal values). Essentially, an elevated morning heart rate reveals that the body has had to work too hard
to recover from the exercise and is not in its normal resting mode.
When doing resistance training, an individual is likely overtraining and may not reap the full benefits of
the program if the body is not allowed to recover completely in 2 or 3 days after maximal effort. Decrease in
total number of sets or exercises, or both, is recommended.
You also need to pace your workout properly to avoid staleness. Staleness,
or getting bored or uninterested, is usually a consequence of overtraining.
Activity 2: Identifying symptoms of overtraining
Directions: Answer the questions by placing a check (). Share your answers with
your seatmate.
_____ 1. Has your performance decreased dramatically in the last week or two?
_____ 2. Do you notice signs of unusual anxiety or anger?
_____ 3. Do you feel depressed?
_____ 4. Do you feel unusual fatigue?
_____ 5. Are you less energetic than usual?
_____ 6. Do you have trouble sleeping?
_____ 7. Do your arms and/or legs feel heavy?
_____ 8. Do you experience loss of appetite?
_____ 9. Do you lack interest in training?
Because the weather here in the Philippines is normally hot most of the year, exercisers should be
conscious about it when engaging in physical activity whether indoors or outdoors. Since indoor conditions can
easily be adjusted with cooling mechanisms such as air conditioners and electric fans, outdoor conditions pose
more challenges to you as an exerciser. One of the things you need to be aware of is hyperthermia.

Hyperthermia
This is an alarming rise in body temperature, which is an effect of exercising in a very humid environment. It sets the
stage for heat stress and even heat stroke, the potentially fatal collapse of the temperature-regulating mechanism.
In hot environments, the body is able to maintain temporary thermal balance during exercise through circulatory
adjustments and evaporation of sweat. However, the body responds differently in a hot, dry environment. The body
actually gains heat when the air temperature exceeds the temperature of the skin. Under these conditions, the
evaporation of sweat allows the maintenance of thermal equilibrium. When humidity is also high and evaporation cannot
take place, the body temperature continues to rise, and performance is severely impaired.
Is it safe to exercise in hot weather?
Prolonged, vigorous exercise can be dangerous in hot and humid weather. Heat from exercise is released in the
form of sweat, which cools the skin and the blood circulating near the body surface as it loses evaporates. The hotter the
weather, the more water the body loses through sweat; the more humid the weather, the less efficient the sweating
mechanisms is at lowering body temperature.
If you lose too much water or if your body temperature rises too high, you may suffer from heat disorder such as
heat exhaustion or heat stroke.
Use caution when exercising if the temperature is above 80F or if the humidity is above 60%. To exercise

safely, watch for the signals of heat disorder, regardless of the weather.
Activity 3: Donaire in Cebu
Directions: Analyze the case of Nonito Donaire, Jr.'s April 23, 2016 title defense fight against Zolk Bedak in Cebu. Around
that time, the Philippines was experiencing one of the hottest temperatures. Explain what the two boxers needed to do to
be able to give out their best in such hot temperatures.
Heat Acclimatization. On the first day of vigorous exercise in hot weather, one may experience near maximal heart rate,
elevated skin and core temperatures, and severe fatigue. But after a few days of similar exposure, the same task can
be accomplished with a reduced heart rate, made possible by improved blood distribution and increased blood volume.
Skin and core temperatures are lower, since sweating begins at a lower temperature.
Highly fit individuals become acclimatized in 4 days while sedentary ones take about 8 days. The best way to
get acclimatized is to work in the actual conditions (temperature and humidity) one has to endure.

When you exercise in hot environments, you need to be aware of heat disorders.

Cold temperatures do not pose a threat similar to that posed by hot, humid condition because of the
metabolic heat generated through exercise. In the Philippines, there are only a number of places where cold
temperatures can be experienced. Even so, exercisers should be aware that severe exposure to low
temperatures and high winds can lead to frostbite, hypothermia, and even death.
Hypothermia
Excessively low body temperature, characterized by uncontrollable shivering, loss of coordination, and
mental confusion
This occurs when the body begins to lose heat faster than it can be produced. Prolonged exertion leads
to progressive muscular fatigue. As exposure continues and additional body heat is lost, the cold reaches the

brain. One loses judgment and the ability to reason. Speech becomes slow and slurred and control of the
hands is lost.

Constricting blood vessels (vasoconstriction) increases the stimulating capacity of the skin, but it also results in
a marked reduction in the temperature of the extremities. Protective vasoconstriction often leads to discomfort in the
fingers and toes. Blood is rerouted to the deeper, more vital body organs.
To relieve pain, it is necessary to warm the affected area or raise the core temperature. While shivering may
cause some increase in temperature, gross muscular activity is far more effective in restoring heat to the troubled area.
Shivering is the defense mechanism of the body against cold.
Core temperature is the temperature of the deep organs. The temperature of the body is normally at 37 degrees
Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. It adjusts for enzyme activity within the muscles. Changes in core temperature can be
reflected in the skin.
Activity 4: Sports clothing modeling
Directions: Discuss and accomplish the given task for the assigned clothing to your group: basketball clothing, running
clothing, sports-appropriate cold weather clothing. Identify common sports clothing specific to your group. What features are
common in the sports clothing that make them suited in Philippine weather? Assign 2-3 members of your group as
sportswear models and present these types of clothing in class.
Is it safe to exercise in cold weather?
If you dress warmly in layers and do not stay out in very cold temperatures for too long, exercise can
be safe even in subfreezing temperatures. Take both the temperature and wind-chill factor into account when
choosing clothing. Cold weather clothing provides an insulating barrier of air and can be peeled off as
temperature rises and put back on as it falls. Wool can be used as well as windproof or rainproof ones.
Dress in layers so you can remove them as you warm-up and put them back on if you get cold. A
substantial amount of heat loss comes from the head and neck, so keep these areas covered. In subfreezing
temperatures, protect the areas of the body most susceptible to frostbite - fingers, toes, ears, nose, and cheeks
- with warm socks, gloves, cap, or hood. Wear clothing that "breathes" and will absorb or drain moisture away
from your body to avoid being overheated by trapped perspiration. Warm up thoroughly and drink plenty of fluids.
Cold Acclimatization. This refers to the metabolic adjustments done as well as the improved tissue insulation.
Large body mass, short extremities and increased levels of body fat help to get acclimatized to cold weather.

Others Concerns:
Heat Rash - also called prickly heat, is a benign condition associated with a red, raised rash accompanied by
sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating. It usually occurs when the skin is continuously wet with unevaporated sweat. It is generally localized to areas covered by clothing.
Heat Syncope - heat collapse, is associated with rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat. This
results in dizziness or fainting. It is quickly relieved placing the individual in a cool environment and replacing
fluids.
Sun protection factor (SPF). Sunscreen applied to the skin can help prevent many of the damaging effects of
ultraviolet radiation. A sunscreen's effectiveness in
absorbing the sunburn-inducing radiation is expressed as the sun protection factor (SPF). An SPF of 6 indicates
that an individual can be exposed to ultraviolet light 6x longer than without a sunscreen.
Activity 5: Safety features in school
Directions: Form a group of 3-4 members and visit the specific area in your school assigned to your group (e.g.
playground, gym, canteen, etc). Identify safety features in your assigned area related to exercise- and weatherrelated conditions as discussed in class. Examples of safety features like water fountains, wash areas like sinks
and faucets, exhaust fans, etc can be identified. Once identified, make recommendations to improve the
assigned area of the school

Lesson 10: Exercise for Fitness

As you participate in physical activities, whether in school or in the community, it is good practice to
know your school and community's resources in case of injury or emergency. Being familiar with it makes
response to injuries or emergencies more immediate and efficient, thus lessening the severity of the injury or
emergency.
Resources refer to the supplies, equipment, facilities, and services that can be utilized in case of a
sports- or fitness-related injury or emergency. They include both material and human resources such as safety
supplies, equipment, facilities, qualified and trained emergency personnel, as well as standard protocols set for
such situations. Emergency response begins with the preparation of both equipment and personnel. When these
have been prepared adequately, the school and community are deemed ready for an injury or emergency.
It is important that you are able to identify these resources so that injuries or emergencies will be
addressed immediately and efficiently. These resources are discussed here.
First Aid Kit
First aid is the immediate care given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly become ill. First aid deals with self-help and proper home care, especially
if medical assistance is not immediately available. The goal of first aid is to alleviate
suffering, prevent added/further injury or danger, and prolong life.
The first aid kit is a set of supplies and equipment used to administer first aid.
In your school and community, first aid kits should be available, visible, and readily
accessible in case of injuries or emergencies. It should also be regularly checked for
completeness and freshness of supplies.
The usual supplies found in a first aid kit include the following:
triangular bandage
rubbing alcohol
gloves iodine
tongue depressor
swabs
gauze

scissors wound dressings athletic tape

cotton

penlight
adhesive bandage

forceps

Other equipment that should be included to aid in first aid are the following:
spine board
blankets
sets of splints shorrit boarddevice k's /Kendric ext cation
wheelchair
poles
The first aid kit is usually located in strategic places in school like the clinic, gym, playground, and security
stations. In the community, first aid kits should be located in the community centers like community hall or office and
recreation centers. It is advisable that a signage be placed where the first aid kit and equipment are located. This
can either be attached to a wall or post or suspended.
Activity 1: Search for it!
Directions: Do an ocular visit in your school gym, community hall, and recreation center. Look for
emergency response equipments and supplies including first aid kits, spine board, etc. Note down if
are signage for these and if they are accessible in case of injury or emergency. Complete the checklist
write your observations

Emergency Numbers and Phone/Two-way Radio

Emergency numbers include police department, fire department,
Philippine Red Cross (PRC), and other pertinent numbers. These numbers are
usually compiled per area (i.e. locality, municipality, city) and written on a calling
card or bookmark or even larger. In schools, emergency numbers could include
the clinic, security, and other offices. Emergency numbers should also be posted
near phones and inside offices. It is advisable that in the gym and recreation
centers, phones are visible so that school personnel or other individuals can
notify
pertinent offices or departments in case of injury or emergency.
Emergency Response Procedure/Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
For schools and the community (and in any other institution), the
presence of first aid kits, emergency numbers and phones, and equipments should
not be the end of their emergency response. They should set procedures on how
to response to injuries
or
emergencies.
These procedures are
standard ways of responding to emergencies.
These procedures make up what is called an Emergency Action Plan (EAP). It is a plan developed for
immediate implementation whenever the need arises, providing appropriate standards of emergency care to all
present. The EAP usually include the following:
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there
and

1. Emergency Personnel - detailed First Aid arrangements for on-site emergencies; may consist of teachers, physicians
and nurses, athletic coaches, security and maintenance personnel (for schools), or community leaders, homeowners'
association president, etc (for community)
2. Emergency Communication - emergency numbers, phones/two-way radio, public announcement (PA) system
3. Emergency Equipment - first aid kit, wheelchair, spine board, stretcher, blankets, poles, etc
4. Medical Transportation - confirmation of local ambulance (c/o PRC), Basic Life Support, etc
5. Non-medical Transportation - wheelchairs, stretcher, etc
6. Emergency Contact List - clinic, local hospital, etc
7. Venue Information - transportations, identified entrance, exits, and access routes
School personnel (e.g. teachers, security and maintenance personnel) and community leaders know,
understand, and follow these procedures every time an emergency happens because it is standardized. These
procedures are usually laid out in writing so that personnel crucial in the emergency response are notified and that
immediate attention is given.
In the community, it is advisable to form a community emergency response team which will be the
emergency personnel in your EAP. It is advisable that the members of the community know who forms this
emergency response team.
You may not know all the procedures of your school and community on responding to emergencies.
However, what is important is you know who to notify in case an emergency happens. The most immediate
personnel you need to notify in case you are in your school especially in the gym are the PE teachers or any teacher
present, maintenance personnel, or security personnel.
Activity 2: And the procedures are ?
Directions: Interview school personnel and community leaders regarding the
emergency response procedures they follow. When interviewing school personnel, try to target those who you think
are unlikely to experience injuries or emergencies, to know what procedures they know and follow.
In class, compare your answers with your classmates who interviewed school personnel within the same office or nature of
work (e.g. librarians, Math teachers, office staff) and share with the class. For those belonging to the same community,
compare your answers and present commonalities with class.
Part of the services that the school and community
should offer is training their personnel and community
leaders in emergency responses. This is expected since
effectiveness of emergency response greatly relies on
knowledge and skills of school personnel and community
leaders in first aid and other emergency responses.

the
the

The Philippine Red Cross (PRC) is the national branch

of the International Red Cross that cares for the
wounded, sick, and homeless and now, providing help
during and following natural disasters. PRC gives
training on basic life support, cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR), first aid, and many more. The
school and community should set a schedule with PRC
volunteers who can impart the necessary knowledge, training, and certifications to equip them in times of
emergency and disasters.
Red Cross volunteers during a Basic Training course (taken from http://carmonagov.net/home/home/latest- news/303-carmonaforms-municipal-red-cross-143.html)
Once certified, school personnel and community leaders should be able to respond to injuries and emergencies. However,
certification should be renewed yearly or every two years, depending on the type of certification.
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 Entrance, Exit, and Access Routes

Adequate entry and exit points should be available in all areas. Access routes (paths of travel) going to the clinic,
emergency exits, main gate, and others should also be
known. Visible and strategically located signages are
important so that these can easily be seen even from a distance. These should always be accessible and free from
obstructions.
Wide passageways are a must. A good estimate of the right width of the passageway is to check if a
wheelchair, spine board, or stretcher can be easily transported and still
have room for first aiders or rescuers to maneuver.
http://stlouis.101mobility.com/wheelchair-ramps-stlouis.php)
Ramps and elevators make access easier and these are necessary
especially
for structures that are higher than three storey. These also make transport
quicker.

Activity 3: Real life injury situation

Directions: Ara Galang, De La Salle University volleyball player, got injured in a
match versus National University in March 7, 2015. She was grimacing in
pain and crying, and was later reported has suffered serious injuries to her
knees. What do you think were the emergency response procedures followed by
the emergency personnel who attended to her?
Activity 4: Safety features in school
Directions: Review your answers to Activity 5 on "Safety features in school" from the previous lesson. Based on the
current lesson, analyze your answers if it reflects your school as being equipped with necessary resources in case of
injury or emergency. Give special attention to entrances, exits, and access routes. Once identified, make
recommendations to improve each area of the school to make it emergency-ready.
Activity 5: Safety features in the community
Directions: Do the same activity as in Activity 3 in your community. Identify safety
features that are visible in the community and those that only community leaders
have access to. Make a short portfolio about your findings and make recommendations.
Activity 6: First Aid Certification and Basic Life Saving Course
Directions: Identify local Red Cross office near your school or community. Inquire regarding necessary procedures
to be able to have a first aid and basic life saving course in your school and/or community. With your teacher's help,
coordinate with the school administration and/or community leaders to have this arranged, if possible.

Lesson 11: Exercise for Fitness

Warm-up Activity:
Directions: Identify the different types of equipment and facilities that are usually
found in a gym. How are they usually set up? Draw them and share your answers
with the class.
When you engage in aerobic, muscle-, and bone-strengthening activities, you are likely to make use of different equipment
and facilities. These resources help in your enjoyment and participation so you have to care of them. As a courtesy to other
individuals who also make use of these equipment and facilities, you always need to observe the proper manners or etiquette
inside a gym.
Depending on the venue or facility, there is a specific decorum expected from those who use them. The following are the
different venues with its commonly expected etiquette.

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Playing court or field

A playing court or field may be found indoors or outdoors, depending on the sport. Venues and facilities are usually readyto-use where minimal setup is needed since these are specifically catered to a certain sport (e.g. basketball, football).
However, some venues need to set up some equipment first, like volleyball, tennis, badminton, table tennis, taekwondo, judo,
etc.
Depending on the venue arrangements (i.e., rented or otherwise), those who utilize and set up equipment are expected to
properly fix, return, or store the equipment after use. It is common manners to keep the venue clean and as orderly
as possible after use. Here are some examples:
Wipe off wet spots caused by drinks and sweat
Throw away used or unneeded supplies and equipment like empty water
bottles, athletic tapes, shuttlecock feathers in badminton, etc.
Activity 1: Your Own Design
Directions: Make a signage about appropriate etiquette in the court. Make sure to think about the size, color, and contents
of the signage. Think of strategic locations on where you can post it, such as in school or in the community recreation center.

Dance areas or studios

These are either open or enclosed spaces
with full-sized mirrors on one or more sides. They usually
cater to different types of dancers, which is why most have
wooden or metal railings called barres. Speakers and music
players are usually available for use and are set up in
strategic locations (i.e., at the corners or center).
Like in playing courts and fields, depending on the venue
arrangements, users of dance area or studios are expected
to keep music players after use, turn off lights and ventilation
when not in use, and maintain the venue orderly for the next
users.
The following are other expectations when using dance areas or studios:
Keep footwear and other belongings on the sides or designated spots (i.e. lockers, benches, tables)
Wipe off wet spots caused by drinks and sweat on the floor.
If it is an open area, keep music at accepted volume so as not to disturb other users.
Know the studio schedule every time so that you will not be rushed to move out for next users.
Gym or weights area
These are usually indoor facilities with different types of equipment such as machine weights, free weights,
balls, exercise machines (e.g. treadmill, stationary bike, rower, stair climber), mats, etc. They are strategically positioned
to allow maneuverability and easy access for all those who work out.
The different equipment are also accessible to all because the gym or
weights area is accessible to everyone who works out. Hence, it is expected that
you observe
proper behavior during and after working out. Here are some of
them:
Avoid monopolizing use of the equipment. Share it with others by taking
turns using them.
Return equipment to its proper place.
Do not slam or drop
weights.
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 Wipe off drinks and sweat off equipment and floor. Lower volume of music
or wear earphones.
Minimize grunting, refrain from yelling and using profanity.
Wear appropriate clothes including footwear. Do not take them off to look at
your body in the mirror.
Some gyms or weights areas have
some reminders posted on strategic
locations so that users will always be
reminded. Read them and make sure to
follow them to have a worry-free time working
out.

Image taken from

https://www.fitneass.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Gym-Rules-Gym-Etiquette.png
Activity 2: Are There Any?
Directions: Visit gyms or weights areas in your community. Look for signage on the rules of proper use and manners in the
gym. Observe gym users if they follow these rules. If you were the gym manager, what actions would you take for gym users
to observe proper gym etiquette? Share your answers with the class.

Lesson 12: Exercise for Fitness

Warm-up Activity: Name 'Em!
Directions: List as many categories of health- and fitness-related events as you can.
Under these categories, name some local and national events related to it. Share
your answers with the class.
As you become more involved in physical activities, you can elevate your participation by joining events
that promote health and fitness as well as address health issues like diabetes, obesity, nutrition, smoking, and
many more. By joining events like these, you can learn more about these health concerns, what is being done to
handle these concerns, and at the same time, you also get to increase your physical activity.
The usual objective of the organizers of these events is to raise funds for awareness about these health
issues. Depending on their advocacy, events may range from fun-filled activities that can engage entire families, to
more physically demanding ones. Your participation in these events not only increases your activity but also gives
you an advocacy to work on. Your choice would depend on your interests and preferences. Here are some viable
options for you.
Fun runs
These are usually 1- day events that focus on running various
distances (i.e., 3k, 5k, 10k, or longer). They cater to a wide variety of
participants - competitive or recreational runners, and even families. Whether
you are a
recreational
or competitive runner, fun runs are good
ways to elevate participation in physical activities since some fun runs are held
in different surfaces (e.g. concrete, off-road, beach) and with different challenges
posed on runners like an uphill run.
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Other than the fitness benefits you would get from joining fun runs, you also get to help out certain causes.
Some organizations or associations, and companies organize fun runs as one of their cause-oriented events.
Other benefits of joining fun runs are meeting new friends, enjoying the outdoors, and bringing home
participant race kits. Race kits, which usually include a race bib or shirt and other items from sponsors, are good
incentives for your effort and you can get more freebies and giveaways depending on the event sponsors.
You can also use your participation in fun runs as a gauge of your
physical fitness by trying to beat your own time, or setting new records, or
even aiming to finish among the top participants. If you do so, it is best that
you prepare properly for fun runs and scout for more opportunities to race.
Dance events, competitions, or marathons
These events focus on dance as the main activity, whether as
competition (e.g. streetdance, dancesport) or as recreation (e.g.
aerobic dance marathons, ZumbaTM events). These may last for
hours depending on the event and variety of dances, intensity
levels, and music usually used, thus, elevating participation.
Other than fitness benefits, you can get a lot out from joining
dance competitions and marathons. If events are competitionbased, usually cash prizes, trophies, and freebies are the main
incentives, along with bragging rights. However, if the events are
recreation- type, participant kits (e.g. event shirt, sponsor freebies) are the usual takeaway. However, the enjoyment and fun
of dancing are the main attraction in these types of events.
Many people are getting into exercising because of the
popularity of some aerobic forms of T excises ex particularly
Zumba ,. The attractiveness of physical activities like Zumba
comes from the lively music and instructors, colorful vibe, and
relatively easy to follow dance routines. However, the most
crucial effect thatTM popular exercises like Zumba have is the
encouragement and support to participate in exercise, which in
effect, makes people more aware of theirTMhealth and fitness.
That is why some groups and organizations choose Zumba at
their event to promote awareness for their various causes. However, you can also engage in other aerobic
exercises in the form of dances such social dance, streetdance, etc.
Sports tournaments
These are the most common type of health- and fitness-related organized
events. They mainly focus on sports in a tournament type of play where
individual players and/or teams compete. These are usually organized for
school teams [(e.g. University Athletic Association of the Philippines
(UAAP)]. However, sports associations, cause-oriented groups,
organizations, brands, and companies also hold sports tournaments for various purposes, levels, and sports.
It may not be explicit that health and fitness are
the main highlights when joining such events because
the nature of such events is usually competitive.
Athletes and competitors treat their health and fitness
seriously because of this same nature. That is why
they train not only for their sports skills but also for their
conditioning. Through sport tournaments, athletes and
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competitors are actually good role models of health and

fitness.

You can join sports tournaments of varying levels of competition and different sports. During
summer, local government units (LGUs) hold sports leagues especially for basketball and
volleyball. Several categories are open for basketball based on age groups. For both
basketball and volleyball, teams usually represent different barangays, sitios, purok, or
subdivisions. Some LGUs also hold sports programs or sports clinics for the youth and other
individuals. The Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), the youth leaders of the community, commonly
organize events like these.
In school, intramurals are the common sports
competitions for students. Different grade or year levels
compete against each other in different sports. Games are
usually played after classes where semi-finals and
championship games are usually the highlights. Year
levels are represented by team colors and are called by
their common year level labels (i.e., green for 1 st
year/freshmen, yellow for 2 year/sophomores, red for 3 year/juniors, blue for 4th year/seniors).
You can also try out for your school's varsity teams. They represent your school in different sports competitions which
usually include district level competitions. When successful, teams move to higher level competitions that could
eventually lead to
Palarong Pambansa. This is organized by the Department of Education (DepEd) which
is the national competition for students. Here, student-athletes from all over the
Philippines compete in different sports representing their respective regions. This is held in
one particular region where events are held in different venues or locations.
You can also join sports tournaments organized by other institutions. Sports outlets, product
brands, and companies organize sports tournaments. They usually advertise to invite
participants so you might want to look for tournaments in sports that you like.

Summer sports clinics

These are short-course sports programs catering to school children. Sports clinics are offered by schools
and product brands when school is over and students have their summer break. The usual sports offered include
basketball, taekwondo, swimming, gymnastics, football, volleyball, and others. These last for several sessions
spanning days or weeks, and usually culminate with an exhibition tournament.

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 Outdoor recreation events like biking events, triathlon,

marathons, football
events, etc
These are specialized events that target sports enthusiasts and
athletes. These are held in specialized venues and locations, and usually have
different categories for different levels of participants. Depending on the event,
categories
such
as
beginner, intermediate, and advanced are
formed or opened.

When you join

such events, you get to
experience recreation-level of participation to higher level of
competition. You also get to experience a different
atmosphere because of
the ambiance in such
events. Sponsors'
booths and stalls are
usually set up along with
other related set ups.

Talks, seminars, or conferences

These are usually lecture- based events that cover topics discussed with an
audience. Some events are held for different lengths (i.e., half-day, 1-day, 2- day, 3day, weeklong) and some include workshops or hands on training. Some also are
held with different formats like classroom- type lecture, panel discussions, parallel
sessions, and the like. Credible resource persons and speakers are invited to speak
so that reliable information are shared and learned.

Cause-oriented associations, product brands, companies, professional organizations, among others hold such
events for various purposes, some to increase awareness, promote various causes, and to inform.

It would be beneficial for you to attend such events for you to learn more things about health and fitness,
become more aware of issues and concerns regarding health and fitness, and have a clearer understanding
of these things.
School, club, community, or company events
These are events that are organized by schools, clubs, communities, and
companies for specific purposes. These cover a wide range of activities like the
ones mentioned above. Schools and companies commonly hold events to coincide
with special dates and occasions. Events are usually dependent on themes and duration is also relative to the celebration.
Aside from summer sports clinics, some communities also offer recreation programs within the year to encourage an
active lifestyle.
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Activity 1: What's Going On?

Directions: Conduct an interview with your community leaders. Ask about the community activities they hold during the
year. Find out if these types of activities were successful in the previous years.

Activity 2: Join Now!

Directions: Check out organized events that interest you and sign up for them to maintain your active lifestyle.
Complete the table below and show proof of your participation. (e.g., picture during the event, race bib, event
giveaways, registration form, etc).

Date

Event Name

Type of Event

Organizer

Proof of Participation

Lesson 13: Value of Participating in Physical Activities

Objectives:
1. Identify the value of participating in physical activities.
2. Understand the health benefits of participating in physical activities.
3. Describe the characteristic of a responsible and initiative leader in fitness activities.
Activity 1: Assess your PA.
Directions: Close your eyes and think of all the activities that you do for the whole
day. List it all in the table below and tell whether it is healthy or not by putting the
corresponding smile on the provided table beside the activities. An example is provided.

DAILY ACTIVITY

HEALTHY

UNHEALTHY

Scrubbing the floor

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In recent years, there has been a decline in physical activity among teenagers. They have lots of demands on
their time, so they find it hard to be physically active. Yet physical activity keeps teenage bodies and minds fit and healthy.
During adolescence, they need at least 60 minutes of activity every day.
With the rise of modern technology and proliferation of personal entertainment gadgets, peoples' life has
become more sedentary. Their physical activities, whether recreational or regular, became limited. This has been most
evident with teenagers nowadays. Few teenagers engage in physical activities and outdoor sports. Instead, they spend
their leisure hours inside the house playing computer games or games on gadgets and watching television and movies.
This sedentary lifestyle leads to poor health and limited activities.
Motivation is a great factor to influence them to an active lifestyle. They have to see and understand the reason for
engaging in regular physical activity instead of playing with gadgets or watching TV.

Activity 2: Where do I Belong?

Directions: In the box below is a list of different physical activities. Classify the activities on whether they are moderate
or vigorous activities. Rewrite the activities on the table provided below.

walking

dancing playing soccer

playing basketball
MODERATE ACTIVITY

biking

jogging gardening climbing

swimming
aerobics

V IGOROUS ACTIVITY

Physical activity simply means movement of the body that uses up energy. Walking, gardening, sweeping
and mopping, mopping the floor, climbing the stairs, playing soccer, or dancing are all good examples of being
active. However, for it to be beneficial for one's body, there are various factors to be considered such as the
intensity, duration, and frequency of the physical activity performed.
Here are some points to consider:
1. Physical activity done at a moderate or vigorous intensity level is good for a
teenager's health.
2. Moderate physical activities generally make them move. These could include
brisk walking, dancing, biking, swimming and jogging. Even helping out with some of the more active
chores inside and outside your home like gardening can be good.
3. Vigorous activities increase their heart rate and make them sweat and may let
them enjoy being active even more. They can be a game with lots of running - for example, playing
basketball. They can also be running or jogging, or sports like soccer, tennis, swimming and football.
Being active is an important part of a teenager's growth and development,
especially if done regularly. Let them realize that it is a great way to spend time with friends, meet new people, feel good,
and break up long stretches of playing online games and watching movies. It is invigorating to move the entire body, even by just
cheering, or running after the ball. Being active every day can help teenagers
achieve the following:

improve heart health and fitness

develop strong muscles

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 develop strong bones

develop good posture
maintain a healthy weight
improve concentration and memory
learn new skills
increase self-confidence
reduce stress
make and keep friendships
improve sleep
develop leadership skills and initiative
awaken a sense of responsibility
According to the World Health Organization, in 2010, physical inactivity or the lack of physical activity has been identified as
the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). Moreover, physical inactivity is estimated to be the main
cause of approximately 21-25% of breast and colon cancer cases, 27% of diabetes cases, and approximately 30% of ischemic
heart disease cases. The following are the common results of physical inactivity.
increased risk of overweight and obesity
hypertension/high blood pressure
anxiety
depression
type 2 diabetes mellitus
It is alarming to see that these conditions, which were seen before to only affect adults are now affecting teenagers due to
an improper diet and the lack of physical activities. The sedentary lifestyle that most of them practice leads to a deterioration of
their health as well as their bodies.
Getting enough physical activity doesn't just happen - there should be conscious effort and the decision to engage in it.
Not all teenagers are keen on doing physical activities. Others need motivation and encouragement to start an active lifestyle.
Sometimes teens need to explore a range of different organized and recreational activities to find one that they like and enjoy.
Simple, non-competitive activities will allow them to socialize in a positive way. These can help them feel good about doing physical
activities rather than just sitting down playing video games. Getting teenagers involved in lots of fun physical activities keeps
them active and healthy. It's easy when you help them find activities that they enjoy - and that they can do as part of everyday
family life.
Teenagers may also join groups like community youth clubs, such as scouting, which will keep them physically
active while getting new knowledge or learning new skills. These groups often do lots of physical activities be it indoor or
outdoor. They are good training grounds for future leaders, particularly in developing responsible young adults as they
motivate them to have the initiative to do and finish tasks.
When teenagers get involved in groups like these, they may also feel a sense of achievement. They can be elected
as leaders of the groups and could somehow get more involved in activities that could open doors for them to learn how to
lead more efficiently. Cooperation and camaraderie will also become natural to them, building self-confidence and boosting
their self-esteem.
Exposure to competition in groups such as in a basketball league could improve their leadership skills, give them
a sense of responsibility, and inculcate values on fair play. With these activities, teenagers will enjoy physical activities more
and will make their leisure hours more productive and competitive leading them not only to a healthy lifestyle but to become
responsible individuals.

Activity 3: P.A. Benefits

Directions: Below are jumbled letters/words of the different benefits you can get from
getting enough physical activity and the conditions you are at risk of when they have
an inactive lifestyle. Rearrange the letters to form the correct word and put them on the corresponding table where they
belong.
trongs nobes
neyitax
duceer serests
bisetoy
ehtlhay reath
lopedev edarlipesh likls

Benefits from doing physical activities

odog turesop
thyealh ightwe
betisdia
romdpive peels
gihh dolob srespure
presniodes

Conditions from not doing physical

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activities

Summary
The term "physical activity" should not be mistaken with "exercise". Exercise, is a subcategory of physical activity that is
planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more
components of physical fitness is the objective. Physical activity includes exercise as well as other activities which involve
bodily movement and are done as part of playing, working, active transportation, house chores and recreational activities.
Due to the rising technological advancement in our country, the physical activities of teenagers have become limited and
are often neglected. Motivation and involvement is needed for them to be active. Once they are motivated they will sure open
doors for physical activities and they will surely enjoy it.

Motivation and parental guidance is needed to encourage teenagers to engage in physical activity so that they could
enhance their skills as well as improve their body conditions and health, leading to a physically fit individual. It is also
important to help them manage their time and lead them to wise use of their leisure hours.
Inspire and motivate them to join youth groups that could help them enjoy the physical activities and allow them to be
competitive. These healthy competitions will develop their initiative and sense of leadership and responsibility. While
competing, camaraderie, patience and cooperation will also be learned. We can have not only physically active and healthy
teenagers but we will also develop well-mannered teenagers who can be future responsible leaders as well.

Lesson 14: Career Opportunities In Health And Fitness

Objectives:
1. Identify the potential career for health and fitness.
2. Realize ones potential in health and fitness career.
3. Create a fitness event for a particular health issue.
Activity 1: Find Me!!!
Directions: In the box below are the ten different career opportunities in health and
fitness. They are written horizontally and vertically. Find the words and write them on your activity notebook.

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The health and fitness field offers many career opportunities. Individuals interested in helping others maintain their
physical well-being may pursue degree and certification programs in this field of interest.
If you're interested in the physical well-being of yourself and others, you may consider an education in health and
fitness. If you want to be of help to improve public nutrition standards, helping people recover their fitness after an injury,
or just improving a person's overall wellness, a career in health and fitness may be right for you.
Degree and certification programs are available in fields such as the following:

nutrition
athletic training
physical therapy
fitness trainers

This training can lead to careers as:

nutritionists
fitness trainers
personal trainers
aerobics instructors or coaches

In this field, one must be outgoing, in good health, organized, have good communication skills and able to motivate
others. Meanwhile, other career opportunities await students inclined in health and fitness. They can pursue a career in the
following fields:

Professional athlete in basketball, football etc

Physical education or P.E. instructor

Sports trainer

Athletic coach
Activity 2: Pick and Match
Directions: Below are images of the different careers in health and fitness. Name them and describe it in a sentence.

1. ______________

3 . _____________

2. ________

4. ________

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5 . ________________

Activity 3: Think and Match!

Directions: List at least ten things that interest you. Think of the different career
opportunities suited for those interests and write it on the table below. Answer the questions that follow.
INTEREST

CAREER

Processing Questions:
1. Which among those interests takes most of your time? Why?
2. Does it fascinate you? How?
3. Do you think it will be your stepping stone for your future career? Why?
Activity 4: Event for the Issue
Directions: Due to the rise of modern technology, the lifestyle of many teenagers has
become sedentary increasing their risk of being overweight and obese. The activity below will improve their awareness and
motivate them to change their lifestyle for the better.
1. Form four (4) groups.
2. Create a 4-minute Zumba exercise fitted for teenagers. 3. Practice the exercise and present it in class.
4. Ask the teacher if you could lead the morning exercise during flag ceremony. 5. The Zumba exercise will be graded by the
teacher using to the rubrics below.
Timing
Coordination
Music
Attitude
TOTAL

55
55
20

Summary
Oftentimes we ask other people about what their interest are because somehow we want to know what track they
want to take. It is true that what interests us now will be the stepping stone for our future career. In choosing a career, it should
be something that really fascinates and interest us. Though you may face challenges along the way, it would be easier for you
to succeed knowing that you want what you are doing.
There are many career opportunities in health and fitness. Depending on their interest, one may pursue a career in
professional athletics, nutrition, or fitness. So for now, prepare yourself for what career you would like to take. Choose
what really interests you and pursue it.

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