Py 101 Stars and Galaxies Practice Test 1 (CHAPTERS 16-17)

PY 101 STARS AND GALAXIES
Practice Test 1 (CHAPTERS 16-17)

1. Helium flash: converts 3 helium nuclei to
c) carbon
d) lithium
2.What temperature is needed to fuse helium into carbon?
a) 5800 K
b) 100 million K (the suns temp. at this phase is 200 million (for burn helium) (Suns core is at 15 mil for burning hydrogen)
c) 100,000 K
d) 100 billion K
3. A star spends most of its life
a) as a protostar
b) on the main sequence
c) as a planetary nebula
d) as a red giant
4. One possible order of the evolutionary stages for a star like the Sun would be main sequence, red giant,
planetary nebula, and
a) white dwarf- what element is rare in explosion of white dwarf- type 1 Super-hydrogen (carbon detonation)(1.4 sol mass- layers of helium built up)
b) hypernova
c) neutron star
d) nova-- would need a binary companion- if in red giant most lik- must be certain mass and phase
5. What is a planetary nebula?
a) the ejected envelope of a T Tauri star
b) a planet surrounded by a glowing shell of gas
c) the disc of gas and dust around a young star in a new solar system
d) the ejected envelope of a red giant- next stage after red giant phase
6. In a white dwarf, one solar mass of matter is packed into the volume of the Earth, so the density is ________
greater than that of ordinary matter.
a) 100 times
b) 1000 times
c) 1,000,000 times (1 mil)
d) 1,000,000,000 times
7. Which of the following best describes the evolutionary track followed on the H-R diagram by the most
massive stars?
a) vertically upward along the right edge
b) toward the upper right diagonally
c) horizontally to the right because at top of main sequence
d) horizontally right, then a clockwise loop
8. The explosion of a white dwarf caused by accretion from a companion is called a
a) type II supernova
b) hypernova
c) type I supernova- exploding white dwarf- carbon det.
d) nova
9. A 10 solar mass star has a main sequence lifetime of 10 million years, but its iron core exists for only a
a) day before it becomes so unstable it implodes
b) hour
c) minute
d) second- implosion takes a second
10. Most of the energy of a core collapse supernova is carried outward via
a) gamma rays
b) protons
c) photons
d) neutrinos- because every pair of prot & electrons gets crushed into neutron- forms star and neutrino- percentage
99 %of energy is released in form of

neutrinos- light is only 1 percent- still brighter than type 1- core collapse is assoc with more massive star-( brighter than low mass )
11. BONUS At what temperature can photons split nuclei apart (photo-disintegration)?
a) 10 million K
b) 100 million K
c) one billion K
d) 10 billion K- core of dying large mass star- all nuclei are splitting becomes of collapse-too much iron in core
12. Most of the energy of a type I supernova is carried outward via
a) gamma rays-light- high energyb) protons
c) neutrons
d) neutrinos
TRUE/FALSE
1. If one star of a binary fills its Roche lobe and matter is spilling onto its companion, the system is called a
mass transfer binary. T nova- mass transfer- - 1.4 mass neutron star- needs a mass of 25 to become black hole
2. When a star becomes a red giant, its core expands like the outer envelope just not nearly as much. F-contractsgets hotter- fuses faster-produces more pressure which pushes outer layers
3. Eventually, all low mass stars become white and then black dwarfs. F- get companion- or type 1 super- or leave nothing
4. Globular clusters are dominated by hot, young O and B stars. F (red giants)- typ glob is 10 bil or more
5. Recently formed stars begin their lives with more heavy elements than stars of equal mass that formed earlier
in the history of the Universe. T- beneficiaries of more supernovas
6. Stars above 20 solar masses will form a black hole. F- 25
7. The r-process occurs only during a supernova explosion. T: after collapse of the stars because the density and
neutron flux need to be extremely high
FILL IN THE BLANK
1. The force of gravity works continually to collapse a star.
2. The heaviest element the sun will produce in its core is Oxygen because low mass star
3. All the elements except Hydrogen and Helium were formed primarily in stars or stellar explosions. BG BNG
4. nothing or hawking radiation can escape from the interiors of black holes.
5. pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars.
ESSAY
1. Will the Sun ever turn into a brown dwarf? Why or why not? What will be the final state of the Sun?
What possible event could disrupt this final state?
1a) No,
b) it is massive enough (.08) to ignite hydrogen fusion and reach the main sequence, which brown dwarfs
cannot.
c) final state white dwarfd) companion- must be close enough for white dwarf to borrow- becomes either a 1. nova or type 1 super
noav if 1.4 MO these explosions are rare- every ten thousands years
2. Describe helium flash and explain why it occurs.
in the core of red giant- fusion is sudden conversion of 3 He into carbon
- its called helium flash because it keeps making dormant hel ash and no hydrogen0 helium begins to
implode- REALLY dense (white dward density)- temp goes up 100 mill kel min..- happens super
quickly
The helium flash happens in the hydrogen-exhausted core of a star that has become a red giant. When gravitational pressure has raised the temperature of the dormant
helium core to a temperature of about 100 million K, the helium nuclei start to undergo thermonuclear reactions. Once the helium burning has started, the temperature
climbs rapidly (without a cooling, stabilizing expansion), and the extreme sensitivity of the nuclear reaction rate to temperature causes the helium-burning process to
accelerate. This in turn raises the temperature, which further accelerates the helium burning, until a
point is reached at which the thermal pressure expands the core and thereby limits the flash. The
helium flash can only occur when the helium core is less than the 1.4-solar-mass .
Explain how the elements were made

During the formation of the universe some 14 billion years ago in
the so-called Big Bang, only the lightest elements were formed
hydrogen and helium along with trace amounts of lithium and
beryllium.
For most of their lives, stars fuse elemental hydrogen into helium
in their cores. Two atoms of hydrogen are combined in a series of
steps to create helium-4.
When a stars core runs out of hydrogen, the star begins to die out.
The dying star expands into a red giant, and this now begins to
manufacture carbon atoms by fusing helium atoms.
More massive stars begin a further series of nuclear burning or reaction stages. The elements formed in these
stages range from oxygen through to iron.
Duringasupernova,thestarreleasesverylargeamountsofenergyaswellasneutrons,whichallowselements
heavierthaniron,suchasuraniumandgold,tobeproduced.Inthesupernovaexplosion,alloftheseelements
areexpelledoutintospace.
cobalttobismuthssprocess
Beyondbismuthisrprocess

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PY 101 STARS AND GALAXIES

Practice Test 1 (CHAPTERS 16-17)

99 %of energy is released in form of

Explain how the elements were made

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