18-Chapter 4 Short Circuit Analysis Working-MOM LL

4.3.
3 Calculation of Momentary Line to Line Faults

A line to line fault occur when two of the three phase
conductors touches each other as illustrated on figure 4.19. For
Analytical convenience, phase B and phase C is traditionally
chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT
(in per unit) is calculated as
Ia 0; Ib Ic IFAULT
Ia0
1 1
I 1 1 a
a1 3
Ia2
1 a2
1 Ia
a2 Ib
a Ic
Ia0
1 1
I 1 1 a
a1 3
Ia2
1 a2
1 0
a2 Ib
a Ib
Ia0 0
Ia1
1
1
aIb a2Ib (a a2 )Ib
3
3
Ia2
1 2
1
a Ib aIb (a2 a)Ib
3
3
Ia1 Ia2
Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Figure 4.19 Illustration of Bolted Line to Line Fault

The derived relation between symmetrical component of
currents shows that Ia1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0. This means that one can
construct an equivalent sequence network where the positive and
Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation
Page 215
negative sequence impedance can be connected in parallel as

shown in figure 4.20. Using this network, the positive sequence
current can be calculated in terms of the sequence impedance
values.
Z1
Ia1
Va1
Ia2
Z2
Va2
VF
Figure 4.20 Equivalent Sequence Impedance Network for

Line to Line Fault.
Ia1 Ia2
VF
Z1 Z2
Equation 4.7
Using these values of positive and negative sequence currents,

Phase values of the fault current I b and Ic can be derived using the
matrix equation for sequence and phase domain currents.
Ia 1 1
I 1 a2
b
Ic 1 a
1 Ia0
a Ia1
a2 Ia2
Ia 0
IFAULT Ib (a2Ia1 aIa2 )
Since Ia1=-Ia2, above equation can be simplified as
IFAULT Ib (a2Ia1 aIa2 ) j 3 Ia1
Equation 4.8
Ic IFAULT j 3 Ia1
Equation 4.9
Page 216
4.3.3.1 Calculation of Line to Line Fault for Main Buses

For Bus 1 (Fault Point F1)
The fault point impedance derived from 3-phase fault
calculation at F1 is the positive sequence impedance for fault point
with the driving voltage equal to 1 pu as shown in figure 4.21.
Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu
0.0007394
+j0.0179826
Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.21 Momentary Positive Sequence Impedance for
Fault point 1
Consequentially, the negative sequence network is equal to
the positive sequence network impedance as shown in figure 4.22.
Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

0.0007394
+j0.0179826
Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.22 Momentary Negative Sequence Impedance for

Fault point 1
Page 217
Using these three impedance networks and from the

relation on equation 4.5 where Ia1=-Ia2
and Ia0=0, the equivalent
network diagram is shown in figure 4.23 where the two impedance

networks are connected in parallel.
Ia1
0.0007394
0.0007394
+j0.0179826
+j0.0179826
1 pu
Ia2
Figure 4.23 Equivalent Sequence Impedance for Fault point 1

Using equation 4.7, the value of the positive and negative
sequence impedance is calculated below.
Ia1 Ia2
VF
ZTH,MOM,1 ZTH,MOM,2
1
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.0007394 j0.0179826
1
Ia1
0.001478 j0.035965
Ia1
Ia1 1.141368 j27.757621 pu

Ia2 Ia1 -1.141368 j27.757621 pu
Using equation 4.8 and 4.9 to calculate the line b and c fault current
Ib Ic j 3 Ia1 j 3 1.141368 j27.757621
Ib -48.077611 - j1.976908 pu
Ib=48.118/-117.640 pu
Page 218
Actual value
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,LL = Ib= 20,131.179/-117.640 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL :
IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e
-2
X/R
From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
For X/R ratio
XsepPositive XsepNegative
X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative
X /R
0.017952 0.017952
28.612
0.0006274 0.0006274
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL 20,131.179 x 1
-2
28.612
2e
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL 32,496.039 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG :
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x
-2
2 1 e X/R
X / R
3
0.49 0.1e
Page 219
0.49 0.1e
28.612
3 0.489
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,LL 20,131.179 x
-2x0.498x
2 1 e 28.612
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,LL 54,035.28 A
Calculating for the current contribution:
j 3 Ia1Z1LOAD
IbSYSTEM
xIBASE
Z1SYSTEM Z1LOAD
j 3 Ia1Z1SYSTEM
IbLOAD
xIBASE
Z1SYSTEM Z1LOAD
Referring to the network simplification at figure 4.3 for Momentary
Positive Impedance we get
Z1SYSTEM = Z2SYSTEM = 0.000639 + j0.019257 pu
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.04132 + j0.268

IbSYSTEM
x418.369
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413 + j0.268
IbSYSTEM 18,804.53 A
j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.000639 + j0.019257

IbLOAD
x418.369
0.000639
+
j0.019257
0.0413
+
j0.268
IbSYSTEM 1,335.58 A
Page 220
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
performing the same calculation procedure as the above for the rest
of the major buses (F2, F3 , F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using the Microsoft
Excel
developed
by
the
author.
Table
4.14
Summarize
the
Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary Asymmetrical and Momentary

Peak asymmetrical currents for the main buses. Table 4.15
summarize the current contributions from the Load and the System
for each of the main buses.
Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Faults

Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault
Location
13.8kV
Power Plant
Bus
Primary
terminals
of TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
Momentary Line To Line Faults

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK
IMOM,SYM,RMS (A)
IMOM,ASYM,RMS (A)
(A)
20,131.18
32,496.04
54,035.28
19,997.96
32,136.27
53,496.39
17,429.88
28,077.86
46,712.34
16,988.50
25,725.57
43,435.03
16,944.14
25,495.73
43,110.05
39,840.27
40,708.76
52,989.77
53,926.06
91,995.05
93,692.10
Page 221
Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Fault Current

Contributions for Main Buses
I SYSTEM
I LOAD
Contribution Contribution
Fault
Point
Fault Location
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
13.8kV Power Plant Bus

Primary terminals of TRM1
6.9kV switchgear (bus)
Primary terminals TRL3A
Primary terminals TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)
18,804.53
18,670.26
14,442.17
16,849.95
16,749.94
37,708.95
37,673.14
1,335.58
1,336.28
3,011.31
150.01
207.82
2,259.76
3,191.08
4.3.3.2 Calculation of Line to Line Fault for MV and LV Loads

For MV Loads
The Line to line fault for MV and LV loads are calculated
using the positive and negative sequence impedance derived from
momentary three-phase and single line to ground fault calculation.
Repeating the same procedure used for calculating the momentary
line to line fault for the main buses using Microsoft excel, the
calculation results is summarized in table 4.16 ad 4.17.
Table 4.16 Calculation Results for Momentary Line to Line
Fault for MV Loads
Fault
Point
PEKM5806
PEYM7601
PEKM8639
PEKM8601
PC001
Ia1 (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
Ib (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
2.141856-j9.877875
-17.108982-j3.709803
Ib (A)
Mom, Sym,
RMS
14,648.4280
1.843597-j9.943964
-17.223451-j3.193204
14,657.1222
1.820142-j10.480192
-18.152226-j3.152579
15,416.0407
2.395899-j9.291376
-16.093135-j4.149820
13,906.2400
0.860868-j11.790259
-20.421328-j1.491067
17,132.809
Page 222
Table 4.17 Calculation Results for Momentary Line to Line

Fault for LV Loads
Fault
Point
(F13)
GM1412
(F14)
GM1413
(F15)
KM5814
(F16)
GM8103
A
(F17)
GM8103
S
(F18)
MNDB
(F19)
EMBD
(F20)
YM7607
(F21)
SM8645
(F22)
GM7612
(F23)
7601M1
(F24)
KM8607
Ia1 (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
Ib (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
0.085628j0.034175
0.085628j0.034175
0.167318j0.140587
0.093832j0.045496
-0.059194j0.148313
-0.059194j0.148313
-0.243504j0.289804
-0.078802j0.162522
0.093832j0.045496
-0.078802j0.162522
0.516685j1.002566
0.516685j1.002566
0.651537j0.724739
0.260886j0.309178
0.139779j0.146292
0.095726j0.049784
0.075286-j0.02265
-1.736496j0.894925
-1.736496j0.894925
-1.255285j1.128496
-0.535513j0.451867
-0.253385j0.242105
-0.08623-j0.165802
-0.039232-j0.1304
Ib (A)
Mom, Sym,
RMS
1,920.77
1,920.77
4,552.95
2,172.51
2,172.51
23,497.42
23,497.42
20,303.14
8,427.93
4,215.33
2,247.88
1,637.93
Page 223

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4.3.

3 Calculation of Momentary Line to Line Faults

Figure 4.19 Illustration of Bolted Line to Line Fault

negative sequence impedance can be connected in parallel as

Figure 4.20 Equivalent Sequence Impedance Network for

Using these values of positive and negative sequence currents,

IFAULT Ib (a2Ia1 aIa2 ) j 3 Ia1

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

4.3.3.1 Calculation of Line to Line Fault for Main Buses

Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

Figure 4.22 Momentary Negative Sequence Impedance for

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Using these three impedance networks and from the

and Ia0=0, the equivalent

network diagram is shown in figure 4.23 where the two impedance

Figure 4.23 Equivalent Sequence Impedance for Fault point 1

Ia1 1.141368 j27.757621 pu

Ib Ic j 3 Ia1 j 3 1.141368 j27.757621

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL :

IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e

From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms

Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG :

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Calculating for the current contribution:

j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.04132 + j0.268

j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.000639 + j0.019257

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary Asymmetrical and Momentary

Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Faults

Momentary Line To Line Faults

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Fault Current

13.8kV Power Plant Bus

(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)

4.3.3.2 Calculation of Line to Line Fault for MV and LV Loads

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Table 4.17 Calculation Results for Momentary Line to Line

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

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