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Viewing and Clipping MD Good

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VIEWING & CLIPPING

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_graphics/viewing_and_clipping.htm

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The primary use of clipping in computer graphics is to remove objects, lines, or line segments that
are outside the viewing pane. The viewing transformation is insensitive to the position of points
relative to the viewing volume especially those points behind the viewer and it is necessary to
remove these points before generating the view.

Point Clipping
Clipping a point from a given window is very easy. Consider the following figure, where the
rectangle indicates the window. Point clipping tells us whether the given point X, Y is within the
given window or not; and decides whether we will use the minimum and maximum coordinates of
the window.
The X-coordinate of the given point is inside the window, if X lies in between Wx1 X Wx2.
Same way, Y coordinate of the given point is inside the window, if Y lies in between Wy1 Y
Wy2.

Line Clipping
The concept of line clipping is same as point clipping. In line clipping, we will cut the portion of line
which is outside of window and keep only the portion that is inside the window.

Cohen-Sutherland Line Clippings


This algorithm uses the clipping window as shown in the following figure. The minimum coordinate
for the clipping region is (XW min , YW min ) and the maximum coordinate for the clipping region is
(XW max , YW max).

We will use 4-bits to divide the entire region. These 4 bits represent the Top, Bottom, Right, and
Left of the region as shown in the following figure. Here, the TOP and LEFT bit is set to 1 because
it is the TOP-LEFT corner.

There are 3 possibilities for the line


Line can be completely inside the window Thislinewillbecompletelyremovedfromtheregion.
Line can be completely outside of the window Thislinewillbecompletelyremovedfromtheregion.
Line can be partially inside the window
Wewillfindintersectionpointanddrawonlythatportionoflinethatisinsideregion.

Algorithm
Step 1 Assign a region code for each endpoints.
Step 2 If both endpoints have a region code 0000 then accept this line.
Step 3 Else, perform the logical ANDoperation for both region codes.
Step 3.1 If the result is not 0000, then reject the line.
Step 3.2 Else you need clipping.
Step 3.2.1 Choose an endpoint of the line that is outside the window.
Step 3.2.2 Find the intersection point at the window boundary baseonregioncode.
Step 3.2.3 Replace endpoint with the intersection point and update the region code.
Step 3.2.4 Repeat step 2 until we find a clipped line either trivially accepted or trivially

rejected.
Step 4 Repeat step 1 for other lines.

Cyrus-Beck Line Clipping Algorithm


This algorithm is more efficient than Cohen-Sutherland algorithm. It employs parametric line
representation and simple dot products.

Parametric equation of line is


P0 P1:P(t) = P0 + t(P1 - P0 )

Let Ni be the outward normal edge Ei. Now pick any arbitrary point PEi on edge Ei then the dot
product Ni.[Pt PEi] determines whether the point Pt is inside the clip edge or outside the clip
edge or on the clip edge.
The point Pt is inside if Ni.[Pt PEi] < 0
The point Pt is outside if Ni.[Pt PEi] > 0
The point Pt is on the edge if Ni.[Pt PEi] = 0 Intersectionpoint
Ni.[Pt PEi]
Ni.[ P0 + t(P1 - P0 ) PEi]
Ni.[P0 PEi] + Ni.t[P1 - P0 ]

=0
= 0 ReplacingP(t with P0 + t(P1 - P0 ))
=0

Ni.[P0 PEi] + NitD

= 0 (substituting D for [P1 - P0 ])

Ni.[P0 PEi]

= - NitD

The equation for t becomes,


t=
It is valid for the following conditions
Ni 0 errorcannothappen

Ni . [ P o P Ei ]
Ni . D

D 0 (P1 P0 )
NiD 0 (P0 P1 not parallel to Ei)

Polygon Clipping SutherlandHodgmanAlgorithm


A polygon can also be clipped by specifying the clipping window. Sutherland Hodgeman polygon
clipping algorithm is used for polygon clipping. In this algorithm, all the vertices of the polygon are
clipped against each edge of the clipping window.
First the polygon is clipped against the left edge of the polygon window to get new vertices of the
polygon. These new vertices are used to clip the polygon against right edge, top edge, bottom
edge, of the clipping window as shown in the following figure.

While processing an edge of a polygon with clipping window, an intersection point is found if edge
is not completely inside clipping window and the a partial edge from the intersection point to the
outside edge is clipped. The following figures show left, right, top and bottom edge clippings

Text Clipping
Various techniques are used to provide text clipping in a computer graphics. It depends on the
methods used to generate characters and the requirements of a particular application. There are
three methods for text clipping which are listed below
All or none string clipping
All or none character clipping
Text clipping
The following figure shows all or none string clipping

In all or none string clipping method, either we keep the entire string or we reject entire string
based on the clipping window. As shown in the above figure, STRING2 is entirely inside the clipping
window so we keep it and STRING1 being only partially inside the window, we reject.
The following figure shows all or none character clipping

This clipping method is based on characters rather than entire string. In this method if the string is
entirely inside the clipping window, then we keep it. If it is partially outside the window, then
You reject only the portion of the string being outside

If the character is on the boundary of the clipping window, then we discard that entire
character and keep the rest string.
The following figure shows text clipping

This clipping method is based on characters rather than the entire string. In this method if the
string is entirely inside the clipping window, then we keep it. If it is partially outside the window,
then
You reject only the portion of string being outside.
If the character is on the boundary of the clipping window, then we discard only that portion
of character that is outside of the clipping window.

Bitmap Graphics
A bitmap is a collection of pixels that describes an image. It is a type of computer graphics that the
computer uses to store and display pictures. In this type of graphics, images are stored bit by bit
and hence it is named Bit-map graphics. For better understanding let us consider the following
example where we draw a smiley face using bit-map graphics.

Now we will see how this smiley face is stored bit by bit in computer graphics.

By observing the original smiley face closely, we can see that there are two blue lines which are
represented as B1, B2 and E1, E2 in the above figure.
In the same way, the smiley is represented using the combination bits of A4, B5, C6, D6, E5, and F4
respectively.
The main disadvantages of bitmap graphics are
We cannot resize the bitmap image. If you try to resize, the pixels get blurred.
Colored bitmaps can be very large.

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