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    Topic 1 Part 2: Basic Components of Spectroscopic Instrumentation

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    Deevanesh Gengatharan
    The document discusses the basic components of spectroscopic instrumentation. The key components are a source of radiation, a wavelength selector to isolate specific wavelengths, a sample holder, a detector to convert the radiation into an electrical signal, and a signal processor and readout to amplify and display the signal. Common sources are continuum sources that emit a range of wavelengths and line sources that emit specific wavelengths. Wavelength selectors include monochromators that use prisms or gratings and filters. Detectors frequently used are photomultiplier tubes that convert photons to electrons to create an electrical signal representing the detected radiation.

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    Topic 1 Part 2: Basic Components of Spectroscopic Instrumentation

    Uploaded by

    Deevanesh Gengatharan
    161 views17 pages
    The document discusses the basic components of spectroscopic instrumentation. The key components are a source of radiation, a wavelength selector to isolate specific wavelengths, a sample holder, a detector to convert the radiation into an electrical signal, and a signal processor and readout to amplify and display the signal. Common sources are continuum sources that emit a range of wavelengths and line sources that emit specific wavelengths. Wavelength selectors include monochromators that use prisms or gratings and filters. Detectors frequently used are photomultiplier tubes that convert photons to electrons to create an electrical signal representing the detected radiation.

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    The document discusses the basic components of spectroscopic instrumentation. The key components are a source of radiation, a wavelength selector to isolate specific wavelengths, a sample holder, a detector to convert the radiation into an electrical signal, and a signal processor and readout to amplify and display the signal. Common sources are continuum sources that emit a range of wavelengths and line sources that emit specific wavelengths. Wavelength selectors include monochromators that use prisms or gratings and filters. Detectors frequently used are photomultiplier tubes that convert photons to electrons to create an electrical signal representing the detected radiation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    161 views17 pages

    Topic 1 Part 2: Basic Components of Spectroscopic Instrumentation

    Uploaded by

    Deevanesh Gengatharan
    The document discusses the basic components of spectroscopic instrumentation. The key components are a source of radiation, a wavelength selector to isolate specific wavelengths, a sample holder, a detector to convert the radiation into an electrical signal, and a signal processor and readout to amplify and display the signal. Common sources are continuum sources that emit a range of wavelengths and line sources that emit specific wavelengths. Wavelength selectors include monochromators that use prisms or gratings and filters. Detectors frequently used are photomultiplier tubes that convert photons to electrons to create an electrical signal representing the detected radiation.

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    Topic 1 Part 2

    Basic components of
    spectroscopic instrumentation

    Principles of the spectroscopic method

    Optical spectroscopic methods are based upon following


    phenomena:
    absorption
    Fluorescence
    Phosphorescence
    Scattering
    emission and
    chemiluminescence
    The basic components needed for measuring each
    phenomenon are remarkably similar although they differ in
    some configurations and they are applied in different regions
    of the electromagnetic spectrum (ultraviolet, visible, or
    infrared).

    Typical spectroscopic instruments contain five components including;

    Sources (UV and visible)


    Wavelength selector
    Sample containers
    Detector
    Signal processor and readout

    (1)

    (2)

    Source
    lamp

    Wavelength
    selector

    hv

    hv

    (3)

    (4)

    (5)

    (6)

    Sample
    holder

    Wavelength
    selector

    Photoelectric
    transducer

    Signal
    processor
    and
    readabout

    hv

    hv

    Basic components of various types of instruments for optical spectroscopy


    (hv = photon, I = information data)

    i.

    A stable source of radiant energy


    A source must generate a beam of radiation with sufficient
    power for relatively easy detection / measurement.
    Stable source results in a stable output.
    There are two types of source radiation:
    1. Continuum source

    2.

    This emits continuous bands of electromagnetic


    radiation over relatively large wavelength regions.
    Line source
    This emits a limited number of lines or bands of
    electromagnetic radiation over relatively limited
    ranges of wavelength.

    Continuous sources

    Provides a broad range of


    lights wavelengths
    Usually not very strong
    Do not have a uniform
    intensity through out their
    emission spectra.
    A wavelength selector must
    be used if one wants to use
    a specific wavelength.

    Line sources

    Provides very specific


    wavelengths of light.
    Usually very strong
    Very high intensity.
    E.g. Metal vapour lamp

    Mercury vapour lamp

    generates high intensity light at


    254 nm.
    Cadmium lamp

    generates light at 225 nm


    Zinc lamp

    generates light at 214 nm.


    None of the lamps emits strictly
    monochromatic light
    Light of other wavelengths present
    If monochromatic source of light is
    required, an appropriate filter would
    be needed.

    Wavelength, nm

    100

    200

    Spectral region

    VAC

    (a) Sources

    Ar lamp

    400
    UV

    700

    Visible

    2000

    Near IR

    20000
    IR

    Xe lamp

    Continuum

    H2 or D2 lamp
    Tungsten lamp

    source

    Nernst glower (ZrO2 + Y2O3)


    Hollow Cathode lamps

    Line
    source
    (b) Detector

    Lasers

    Wavelength,
    Photographic plate
    nm
    Photomultiplier tube
    Phototube
    Photocell
    Silicon diode
    Charge transfer detector
    Photoconductor

    ii.

    Sample cells
    These are containers for holding a
    sample (solid, liquid or gas) which are
    transparent to all wavelengths ()
    There are three areas of interest:
    1.
    UV:

    2.

    Visible:

    3.

    quartz (200-3000 nm)


    fused silica (150-3000 nm)
    glass (375-2000 nm)
    Quartz
    fused silica
    plastic (380-800 nm)

    IR:

    KBr (100-40,000 nm)


    NaCl crystals (200-18,000 nm)

    iii.

    Devices that attempt to select the single wavelength () of electromagnetic radiation which
    will reach the detector at any given time.
    The output is related to sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity of the calibration plots.
    1.
    Ideal output:
    2.
    3.

    Wavelength selectors

    Electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength/frequency


    Real output:
    Limited, narrow, continuous band of wavelengths
    Effective bandwidth:
    A narrower bandwidth representing better performance.

    Types of wavelength selector:

    Wavelength Selectors for Spectroscopy


    Type
    Continuously Variable

    Wavelength Range, nm

    Grating monochromator

    100 40000

    Prism monochromator

    120 30000

    Discontinuous
    Interference filter
    Absorption filter

    200 14000
    380 750

    Note

    3000 lines/nm for vacuum UV;


    50 lines/nm for far IR

    Wavelength selector (monochromator)

    All monochromators contain;

    An entrance slit

    A collimating lens

    A dispersing device (prism / grating)

    A focusing lens

    An exit slit
    Polychromatic radiation enters the
    monochromator through the entrance slit.
    The beam is collimated, and then strikes
    the dispersing element at an angle.
    The beam is split into its component
    wavelengths by the grating or prism.
    By moving the dispersing element or the
    exit slit, radiation of only a particular
    wavelength leaves the monochromator
    through the exit slit.

    Bunsen prism monochromator


    Prisms can be used to disperse ultraviolet, visible, and
    infrared radiation.

    Czerny-Terny Monochromator

    Wavelength Selection, Scanning Monochromator

    Wavelength selector (filter)

    It is often important to use optical


    filters in addition to
    monochromators.
    Optical filters are used to
    compensate for the less-than-ideal
    behavior of monochromators.
    Two types of filter available:
    1.
    Colored-glass filters.
    2.
    Thin film filters
    Function and advantages:

    Maximise the instrument sensitivity


    by;
    rejecting possible interfering
    wavelengths
    eliminating the scattered light, stray
    light, or sample impurities.
    Transmit or reject laser lines

    Almost any desired


    transmission curve can be
    obtained by careful
    selection of the filter used
    in addition to the
    monochromators

    Fig: Rejection of scattered


    light from the 0.8-M
    tryptophan, solution using a
    bandpass filter (top) or a
    polarizer but no bandpass
    filter (bottom). The emission
    polarizer was oriented
    vertically (||) or horizontally
    ().

    iv. Radiant detector

    A device that converts the wavelength, (energy) to the electrical


    signals, and will produce a readout representing the signal value.
    i.e. a detector takes the light that pass through the sample and
    converts into a signal that is easily measured.
    The most common detector is the photomultiplier tube (PMT)
    The PMT consists of
    photoemissive cathode
    a cathode which emits electrons when struck by photons of
    radiation
    several dynodes
    which emit several electrons for each electron striking them
    anode

    Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)

    A photomultiplier tube (PMT)


    uses a cascading effect to
    produce 106 to 107 electrons
    for each photon that hits the
    detector.
    At first the photon hits a
    photoemissive cathode that
    releases electrons.
    The higher the intensity the
    more electrons are released.
    These electrons then go on
    hitting a series of cathodes
    that continues to release
    more electrons
    Finally the quantity of
    electrons is measured by the
    anode producing a signal.

    Schematic of PMT

    v.

    Signal processor and readout.


    Signal processor is ordinarily an electronic device
    that amplifies the electrical signal from the
    transducer
    Readout devices display the transduced signal on;

    a meter scale
    an oscilloscope face
    a digital meter
    a recorder chart
    the scales of potentiometer
    cathode ray tubes, i.e., monitors

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