Grade 11 Definitions

DEFINITIONS, LAWS, AND PRINCIPLES: PHYSICS (PAPER 1)
VECTORS IN TWO DIMENTIONS

Resultant the vector sum of two or more vectors, i.e., a single vector having the same effect as two or more vectors
together.
NEWTON’S LAWS AND APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S LAWS
Normal force the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on an object in contact with it, and which is
perpendicular to the surface.
Frictional force the force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts parallel to the surface.
Static frictional force the force that opposes the tendency of motion of a stationary object relative to a surface.
Kinetic frictional force the force that opposes the motion of a moving object relative to a surface.
Newton's first law of motion a body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts
on it.
Inertia the resistance of an object to any change in its state of motion. The mass of an object is a quantitative measure
of its inertia.
Newton's second law of motion When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force at an
acceleration directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton's third law of motion When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simultaneously exerts an oppositely directed force of
equal magnitude on object A.
Newton's law of universal each particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a gravitational force that is directly proportional
gravitation to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
ELECTROSTATICS
State Coulomb's law The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by two point charges on each other is directly proportional
to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
Electric field region in space in which an electric charge experiences a force. The direction of the electric field at a point
is the direction that a positive test charge would move if placed at that point.
Electric field strength the electric field strength at a point is the electrostatic force experienced per unit positive charge placed at
that point.
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Ohm's law The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor at constant
temperature.
Power the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Faraday's law The magnitude of the induced emf across the ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the rate of change
in the magnetic flux linkage with the conductor
DEFINITIONS, LAWS, AND PRINCIPLES: CHEMISTRY (PAPER 2)
ATOMIC COMBINATIONS: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Chemical bond mutual attraction between two atoms resulting from the simultaneous attraction between their nuclei and the
outer electrons.
Lewis dot diagram a structural formula in which valence electrons are represented by dots or crosses. It is also known as an
electron dot formula, a Lewis formula, or an electron diagram.
Valence electrons outer electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level of an atom in which there are electrons.
Covalent bond the sharing of electrons between two atoms to form a molecule.
Bonding pair a pair of electrons that is shared between two atoms in a covalent bond.
Lone pair a pair of electrons in the valence shell of an atom that is not shared with another atom.
Electronegativity a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons.
Non-polar covalent bond a bond in which the electron density is shared equally between the two atoms.
Polar covalent bond a bond in which the electron density is shared unequally between the two atoms.
Bond energy a compound as the energy needed to break one mole of its molecules into separate atoms.
Bond length the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Boiling point the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals atmospheric pressure.
Melting point the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at equilibrium.
Vapour pressure the pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.
Solubility the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance (solute) to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous
solvent to form a homogeneous solution.
IDEAL GASES AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
Boyle's law the pressure of an enclosed gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies at constant temperature.
REPRESENTING CHEMICAL CHANGE
Mole the amount of substance having the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12.
Molar mass the mass of one mole of a substance measured in g·mol-1.
Avogadro's Law one mole of any gas occupies the same volume at the same temperature and pressure.
Concentration as the amount of solute per litre of solution.
ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
Heat of reaction energy absorbed or released per mole in a chemical reaction.
Exothermic reactions reactions that release energy.
Endothermic reactions reactions that absorb energy.
Activation energy the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.
Activated complex the unstable transition state from reactants to products.
TYPES OF REACTION
Arrhenius theory an acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions /hydronium ions when it dissolves in water. A base is a
substance that produces hydroxide ions when it dissolves in water.
Lowry-Brønsted theory An acid is a proton donor. A base is a proton acceptor.
Ampholyte a substance that can act as either acid or base
Oxidation A loss of electrons. /An increase in oxidation number.
Reduction A gain of electrons. /A decrease in oxidation number.
Reducing agent A substance that is oxidised/that loses electrons/whose oxidation number increases.
Oxidising agent A substance that is reduced/that gains electrons/whose oxidation number decreases.

Grade 11 Definitions

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DEFINITIONS, LAWS, AND PRINCIPLES: PHYSICS (PAPER 1)

VECTORS IN TWO DIMENTIONS

DEFINITIONS, LAWS, AND PRINCIPLES: CHEMISTRY (PAPER 2)

ATOMIC COMBINATIONS: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

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