ADESH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GHARUAN

CONTENT
TOPICS

Page No.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Acknowledgement
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Principle & Initiative
Parts
Advantages & Features
Battery Connections
(i)
Parallel Connection
(ii) Series Connection
8. Rectifier
9. Unidirectional Current controller
10.Analog digital convertor
11. (i) Feature

02
03
04
05
06
10
11
13
14
16
17

(ii) key Specifications

(iii) Application
12. Inverter

18

13. Voltage sampler (sample &hold circuit)

20

14. Power generation pie chart

22

15. Conclusion

23

16. Reference sites

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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The constant guidance and encouragement received from Prof. Mr. Balvinder Singh has been
of great help in carrying out the project work and is acknowledged with reverential thanks. It
would have been impossible to complete the report in this manner.
I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to Faculty members of
Mechanical Department. Without the guidance and the help rendered by faculties are such
experimentation is greatly acknowledged.
I express gratitude to other faculty members of M.E. Department, AIT Gharuan for their
intellectual support throughout this work.
Last but not least I am immensely grateful to my family. They have always supported and
taught me the things that matter most in life. I am proudly grateful to all of them.

Students Name
Akshay Kumar
Deshraj Choudhary
Amit Verma
Suraj Sharma
Sanjeev Kumar
Asif Nawaz

ABSTRACT
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1. Electricity Generation is the process of creating electricity from other forms of energy.
2. At present situation there is always power fluctuations and failure frequently and to
overcome the hurdles we have to find out the alternate solution to solve the power crisis.
3. The main aim of the project is to produce additional power energy and so we have found out
a new concept of foot path in power production system.
4. In this project here we produce electrical energy just vibrating platform and the working
principle of this system based on faradays law.
5. Walking is the most common activity in day to day life. When a person walks, he loses
energy to the road surface in the form of impact, vibration, sound, etc, due to transfer of his
height on the road surface, through foot falls on the ground during every step.

INTRODUCTION:
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For an alternate method to generate electricity there are number of methods by which electricity
can be produced, out if such methods footstep energy generation can be an effective method to
generate electricity.
Walking is the most common activity in human life. When a person walks, he loses energy to
the road surface in the form of impact, vibration, sound etc, due to the transfer of his weight on
to the road surface, through foot falls on the ground during every step. This energy can be
tapped and converted in the usable form such as in electrical form. This device, if embedded in
the footpath, can convert foot impact energy into electrical form.
Human-powered transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the form of walking,
running and swimming. However modern technology has led to machines to enhance the use of
human-power in more efficient manner. In this context, pedal power is an excellent source of
energy and has been in use since the nineteenth century making use of the most powerful
muscles in the body.
Ninety-five percent of the exertion put into pedal power is converted into energy. Pedal power
can be applied to a wide range of jobs and is a simple, cheap, and convenient source of energy.
However, human kinetic energy can be useful in a number of ways but it can also be used to
generate electricity based on different approaches and many organizations are already
implementing human powered technologies to generate electricity to power small electronic
appliances.

MODEL OF FOOTSTEP ENERGY GENERATION

BASIC PRINCIPLE:
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The downward movement of the plate results in rotation of the shaft of an electrical alternator,
fitted in the device, to produce electrical energy. The top plate reverts back to its original
position due to negating springs provided in the device.

INITIATIVE:
Working on the idea to harness human locomotion power, MIT (USA) architecture students
James Graham and Thaddeus Jusczyk recently unveiled what they're calling the "Crowd Farm,"
a setup that would derive energy from pounding feet in crowded places. This technology is a
proposal to harness human power as a source of sustainable energy. Population of India and
mobility of its masses will turn into boon in generating electricity from its (populations)
footsteps. Human locomotion in over crowded subway stations, railway stations, bus stands,
airports, temples or rock concerts thus can be converted to electrical energy with the use of this
promising technology.
The technology would turn the mechanical energy of people walking or jumping into a source
of electricity. The students' test case, displayed at the Venice Biennale and in a train station in
Torino, Italy, was a prototype stool that exploits the passive act of sitting to generate power.
The weight of the body on the seat causes a flywheel to spin, which powers a dynamo that, in
turn, lights four LEDs. In each case, there would be a sub-flooring system consisting of
independent blocks. When people walk across this surface, the forces they impart will cause the
blocks to slip slightly, and a dynamo would convert the energy in those movements into electric
current. Students say that moving from this Proof-of-concept device to a large-scale Crowd
Farm would be expensive, but it certainly sounds a great option.

PARTS:
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SENSOR:
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, mercury converts the measured
temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass
tube. At thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

Piezoelectric Sensor:
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure,
acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal.
Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and
development in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect
started to be used for industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has
been increasingly used and can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding
inherent reliability.
It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear
instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the automotive
industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developing internal
combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the
cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric sensor.

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PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR

The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. The high
modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals and
goes up to 10e6 N/m[Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that
react to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the reason why
piezoelectric sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent
linearity over a wide amplitude range.
Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields and
radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Some materials used (especially
gallium phosphate or tourmaline) have an extreme stability even at high temperature, enabling
sensors to have a working range of up to 1000C. Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in addition
to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to generate an electrical signal when the
temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also common to piezoceramic materials.
One disadvantage of piezoelectric sensors is that they cannot be used for truly static
measurements. A static force will result in a fixed amount of charges on the piezoelectric
material. While working with conventional readout electronics, imperfect insulating materials,
and reduction in internal sensor resistance will result in a constant loss of electrons, and yield a
decreasing signal.

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Elevated temperatures cause an additional drop in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main
effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature, the
sensitivity is reduced due to twin-formation. While quartz sensors need to be cooled during
measurements at temperatures above 300C, special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium
phosphate do not show any twin formation up to the melting point of the material.

BATTERY:
Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually
linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a combination
of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical
energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches;
larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centres.

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LEAD ACID BATTERY

Lead-Acid Batteries
Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and
because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different
sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep
cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and
sealed no-maintenance versions.
Lead acid batteries are reliable and cost effective with an exceptionally long life. The Lead acid
batteries have high reliability because of their ability to withstand overcharge, over discharge
vibration and shock. The use of special sealing techniques ensures that our batteries are leak
proof and non-spoilable. The batteries have exceptional charge acceptance, large electrolyte
volume and low self-discharge, which make them ideal as zero- maintenance batteries lead acid
batteries
Are manufactured/ tested using CAD (Computer Aided Design). These batteries are used in
Inverter & UPS Systems and have the proven ability to perform under extreme conditions. The
batteries have electrolyte volume, use PE Separators and are sealed in sturdy containers, which
give them excellent protection against leakage and corrosion.

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Advantages:
It can be use at any time when it is necessary.
Easy construction.
Less number of parts required.
No need fuel input.
Electricity can used for many purpose.
Power also generated by running.
This is a Non conventional system.
Battery is used to store the generated power

Features:
Manufactured/tested using CAD
Electrolyte volume
PE Separators
Protection against leakage

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Battery Connections:
Lead-acid batteries are normally available in blocks of 2V, 6V or 12V. In most cases, to
generate the necessary operating voltage and the capacity of the batteries for the Solar Inverter,
many batteries have to be connected together in parallel and/or in series. Following three
examples are shown:

Parallel Connection

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Series Connection

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RECTIFIER:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The
rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. The Bridge rectifier is a
circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac
voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes
connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of
the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes
D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and
D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL
and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle.
Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical
regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.
In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive
supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. These regulators
can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with
single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and
safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

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UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT CONTROLLER:
As name indicates this circuit allows only one direction current flowing. There are following
some devices allow on unidirectional current.
1) Diode
2) Thyristors

In this project we are going to use diode as Unidirectional Current control device. As we are
already familiar with the most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to
pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction).While blocking current in the
opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic
version of a check valve. The diode used in this project is D=1N4007.

MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:
In this project we are going to use the Microcontroller AT89S52. Features are
At89s52:
1) ROM - 8K bytes
2) RAM - 256 bytes
3) Timer - 3
4) I/O pins - 32
5) Serial port - 1
6) Interrupt sources - 8
Here we are using AT89S52 to display the amount of battery get charged whenever we place
our foot on piezoelectric transducer.

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At89s52 Microcontroller Configuration:
1. Pin 1 to 8 (Port 1) is an 8-bit parallel port of a two-way (bidirectional) that can be used for
different purposes (general purpose). Pin 9 is a pin reset, reset is active if a high ration.
2. P3.0 (10): RXD (serial port data receiver)
3. P3.1 (11): TXD (serial port data sender)
4. P3.2 (12): INT0 (external interrupt 0 input, active low)
5. P3.3 (13): INT1 (external an interrupt input, active low)
6. P3.4 (14): T0 (external input timer / counter 0)
7. P3.5 (15): T1 (external input timer / counter 1)
8. P3.6 (16): WR (Write, active low) control signal from port 0 write data to memory and inputoutput data externally.
9. P3.7 (17): RD (Read, active low) control signal of the reading of input-output data memory
external to the port 0. XTAL pin 18 as the second, the output is connected to the crystal
oscillator. XTAL pin 19 as the first, high input to the oscillator, connected to the crystal.
10. Pin 20 as Vss, is connected to 0 or ground on the circuit.
11. Pin 21 to 28 (Port 2) is 8 bits parallel ports in both directions. This port sends the address
byte when accessing external memory is carried on.
12. Pin 29 as the PSEN (Program Store Enable) is the signal used for reading, move the
program the external memory (ROM / EPROM) to microcontroller (active low).
13. Pin 30 as the ALE (Address Latch Enable) to hold down the address for accessing external
memory.
14. Pin 31 as the EA (External Access) to select the memory to be used, the internal program
memory (EA = Fcc) or external program memory (EA = Vss), Pin 32 to 39 (Port 0) is an 8-bit
parallel port in both directions. Under which functions as a multiplexed address data to access
an external program and data memory.
15. Pin 40 as Fcc, connected to +5 V as a ration to the microcontroller. All single chips in the
family division of MCS-51 have the address space to programs and data.

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ADC:
An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a
continuous quantity to a discrete time digital representation. An ADC may also provide an
isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter
(DAC).
Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a
digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some nonelectronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered
ADCs

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Features:
1. Easy interface to all microprocessors
2. Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span
3. Adjusted voltage reference
4. No zero or full-scale adjust required
5. 8-channel multiplexer with address logic
6. 0V to VCC input range
7. Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications

Key Specifications:
1. Resolution 8 Bits
2. Total Unadjusted Error LSB and 1 LSB
3. Single Supply 5 V DC
4. Low Power 15 mW
5. Conversion Time 100 s

Application:
1. In street lights.
2. In LED light for specific purposes.
3. In air circulation system for room by the small fans.
4. For used in security alarms.

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INVERTER:
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC);
the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate
transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from
small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current
applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from
DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a
square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching
positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic devices,
except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers.
A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic
distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with
all AC electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex,
and costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power.
The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early
mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to
convert DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

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The IC1 Cd4047 wired as a stable multi vibrator produces two 180 degree out of phase 1/50 Hz
pulse trains. These pulse trains are preamplifiers by the two TIP122 transistors. The out puts of
the TIP 122 transistors are amplified by four 2N 3055 transistors (two transistors for each half
cycle) to drive the inverter transformer. The 220V AC will be available at the secondary of the
transformer.
Nothing complex just the elementary inverter principle and the circuit works great for small
loads like a few bulbs or fans.

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VOLTAGE SAMPLER (SAMPLE &HOLD CIRCUIT):
Sample-and-hold (S/H) is an important analog building block with many applications,
including analog - digital converters (ADCs) and switched-capacitor filters. The function of the
S/H circuit is to sample an analog input signal and hold this value over a certain length of time
for subsequent processing.

Taking advantages of the excellent properties of MOS capacitors and switches, traditional
switched capacitor techniques can be used to realize different S/H circuits [1]. The simplest S/H
circuit in MOS technology is shown in Figure 1, where Vin is the input signal, M1 is an MOS
transistor operating as the sampling switch, Ch is the hold capacitor, ck is the clock signal, and
V out is the resulting sample-and-hold output signal.
In the simplest sense, a S/H circuit can be achieved using only one MOS transistor and one
capacitor. The operation of this circuit is very straightforward. Whenever ck is high, the MOS
switch is on, which in turn allows V out to track V in. On the other hand, when ck is low, the
MOS switch is off.
During this time, Ch will keep V out equal to the value of V in at the instance when ck goes
low. CMOS Sample-and-Hold Circuits Page .Unfortunately, in reality, the performance of this
S/H circuit is not as ideal as described above. The next section of this paper explains two major
types of errors, charge injection.

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and clock feed through, that are associated with this S/H implementation. The section after that
presents three new S/H techniques, all of which try to minimize the errors caused by charge
injection and/or clock feed through.
As we know the pressure is directly proportional to amount of power generated
P Wt
Here we take the constant of proportionality as , then the equation becomes
P = Wt
Where,
- Constant of proportionality
Wt-weight
P-power
We know that for wt=50kg, we get the value of voltage V=4v and I =0.015A
Then P=V*I=4*0.015=0.06w, means we can say that for 50kg we get power
(P) =0.06w
From this we can find the value of
=P/wt=0.06/50=0.0012

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POWER GENERATION PIE CHART

CONCLUSION:
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1. The project POWER GENERATION USING FOOT STEP is successfully tested and
implemented which is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people.
2. This can be used for many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or
totally absence As India is a developing country where energy management is a big challenge
for huge population. By using this project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C loads
according to the force we applied on the piezoelectric sensor.

REFERENCES Sites:Department of M.E.

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ADESH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GHARUAN

www.wikipedia.com
www.academic.edu
www.projectideablog.com

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