Dubey, et al.

, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

E-ISSN22498974

Proceedings of BITCON-2015 Innovations For National Development

National Conference on : Innovations In Mechanical Engineering For Sustainable Development

Review Article
REVIEW ON RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT IN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
M. Dubeya*, A. Aroraa, H. Chandrab

Address for Correspondence

a

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G.) 491001, India
b
Deptt. of Mech. Engg., Vishwavidyalya Engg. College, Lakhanpur, Sarguja University, Ambikapur (C.G.)
ABSTRACT
Today the demand of energy is increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and lacks in supply
of energy. Recently exhaust waste heat and environmental pollution has been more emphasized of internal combustion
engine. About 75% of the fuel energy loses through the engine coolant, exhaust and surface radiation, result the entropy will
rises and serious environmental pollution occur, so it is required to utilize waste heat into useful work. The energy released
during combustion power produced by the burning fuel is used for work output is around 20% only. Major part of the heat
supplied is not used as work output in an internal combustion engine, but dumped into the atmosphere as waste heat. The
recovery and utilization of waste heat not only conserves fuel but also reduces the amount of waste heat and greenhouse
gases damped to environment. Depending on engine load approximately 30-40% of the energy is recovered that rejected to
the environment through exhaust gas. The overall efficiency of an engine can be improved when waste heat energy is tapped
and converted into usable energy. The study shows the loss of exhaust gas energy and also describes the availability and
possibility of waste heat from internal combustion engine. The best way to recover the waste heat and saving the fuel is
waste heat recovery system.
KEYWORDS - Efficiency, Emission, Waste heat, Waste heat recovery system.

1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past century the Internal Combustion
Engine has been a primary power source for
automobiles and automotives. The internal
combustion engines are the major consumer of fossil
fuel out of all the available sources, around the globe.
Approximately, 30 to 40% heat supplied to the
engine in the form of fuel is converted into useful
mechanical work. It is required to utilized waste heat
into useful work because remaining heat is expelled
to the environment through exhaust gases and engine
cooling systems, resulting in to entropy rise and
serious environmental pollution. In order to reduce
the rate of consumption of fossil fuel as well as
pollution is the best way of using the deployable
sources of energy in to useful work. The recovery
and utilization of waste heat not only conserve fuel,
but also reduces the amount of waste heat and
greenhouse gases damped to environment. Waste
heat recovery system is ultimately reduces the overall
energy requirement and also the impact on global
warming. Presently increasing complex engine
designs to decrease fuel consumption because of
costs of fuel is high and also concerns about foreign
oil dependence. The techniques such as enhanced
fuel-air mixing, turbo-charging, and variable valve
timing in order to increase thermal efficiency is
implemented by engine manufacturer. Fuel energy
still lost as waste heat through the coolant or the
exhaust is around 60-70%. Increasingly stringent
emissions
regulations
are
causing
engine
manufacturers to limit combustion temperatures and
pressures lowering potential efficiency gains by Endo
et al [1]. Engine has consumed more than 60% of
fossil oil that most widely used source of primary
power for machinery like transportation, construction
and agricultural sectors. On the other hand,
legislation of exhaust emission levels has focused on
carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). To deal
with these problems, energy conservation on engine
is one of best ways can improve the energy
utilization efficiency of engine and reduces emissions
[2]. Many scientists and engineers have done lots of
successful research aimed to improve engine thermal
Int. J. Adv. Engg. Res. Studies/IV/II/Jan.-March,2015/199-205

efficiency, including supercharge, lean mixture

combustion, etc. Engine exhaust heat recovery is
considered to be one of the most effective
technologies. Waste Heat Recovery from engine
exhaust has the potential to decrease fuel
consumption without increasing emissions. These
systems are viable and cost effective in recent
technological advancement [3]. This paper gives a
comprehensive review of the waste heat from internal
combustion engine, waste heat recovery system and
methods of waste heat recovery system. Recovery of
waste heat in internal combustion engine is the goal
of the review is to inform the community at large of
advances in the developments. This review papers is
also helpful for those researchers, who wish to
become familiar with the literature of recent
developments in recovery of waste heat in internal
combustion engine.
2. POSSIBILITY OF HEAT RECOVERY AND
AVAILABILITY FROM I.C. ENGINE
Waste heat is generated in a process of fuel
combustion or chemical reaction, and then dumped
into the environment even though it could still be
reused for some useful and economic purpose. It
depends on the temperature of the waste heat gases
and mass flow rate of exhaust gas. Both from
equipment inefficiencies and from thermodynamic
limitations on equipment and processes arises waste
heat losses. For example, consider approximately 30
to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work
through internal combustion engine and remaining
heat is expelled to the environment through exhaust
gases and engine cooling systems [4]. It shows
approximately 60 to 70% energy losses as a waste
heat through exhaust (30% as engine cooling system
and 30 to 40% as environment through exhaust gas).
Exhaust gas can have temperature as high as 450600C immediately leaving to the engine.
Consequently, these gases have high heat content,
carrying away as exhaust emission. Efforts can be
made to design more energy efficient reverberatory
engine with better heat transfer and lower exhaust
temperatures; however, the laws of thermodynamics
place a lower limit on the temperature of exhaust

Dubey, et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

gases [5]. Figure 1 show total energy distributions

from internal combustion engine.

Table 1. Various Engine and There Output

Engine type
Small air cooled diesel engine
Small agriculture tractors and
construction machines
Water air cooled engine
Earth moving machineries
Marine applications
Trucks and road engines

Fig. 1 Total Fuel Energy Content in I. C. Engine

2.1 Waste heat recovery benefits can be broadly

classified in two categories
(A) Direct Benefits: Recovery of waste heat has a
direct effect on the combustion process efficiency.
This is reflected by reduction in the utility
consumption and process cost.
(B) Indirect Benefits:
(I) Reduction in pollution: A number of toxic
combustible wastes releasing to atmosphere such as
carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) etc.
Reduce the environmental pollution levels with the
help of recovering of waste heat.
(II) Reduction in equipment sizes: Waste heat
recovery reduces the fuel consumption, which leads
to reduction in the flue gas produced. This results in
reduction in equipment sizes. It gives additional
benefits in the form of reduction in auxiliary energy
consumption [6].
A significant amount of heat is released to the
environment in automobile engines. For example, As
much as 35% of the thermal energy generated from
combustion in an automotive engine is lost to the
environment through exhaust gas and other losses.
The amount of such loss, recoverable at least partly
or greatly depends on the engine load [7]. Among
various advanced concepts, Exhaust Energy
Recovery for Internal Combustion (IC) engines has
been proved to not just bring measurable advantages
for improving fuel consumption but also increase
engine power output, further reducing CO2 and other
harmful exhaust emissions correspondingly [8]. It is
predicted that 10% reduction of fuel consumption can
be achieved if 6% of the heat contained in the
exhaust gases were converted to electric power [9].
2.2 Possibility of Waste Heat from Internal
Combustion Engine
Todays modern life is greatly depends on
automobile engine, i.e. Internal Combustion engines.
The majority of vehicles are still powered by either
spark ignition or compression ignition engines. CI
engines also known as diesel engines have a wide
field of applications and as energy converters they
are characterized by their high efficiency. Up to 35
kW output air-cooled diesel engines are used for
irrigation purpose, small agricultural tractors and
construction machines whereas large farms employ
tractors of up to 150 kW output. For a range of 35150 kW water or air-cooled engines are used. For
higher power ranges water-cooled engines are
preferred. Engines with an output of up to 520 kW or
even higher, up to 740 kW used in earth moving
machine. Engines with an output range of 150 kW or
more usually employ in marine and locomotive
applications. Usually use high speed diesel engines
with 220 kW output or more in trucks and road
engines. In small electrical power generating units or
as standby units for medium capacity power stations
diesel engines are used [10].
Int. J. Adv. Engg. Res. Studies/IV/II/Jan.-March,2015/199-205

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Power
output kW
35
150
35-150
520-720
150-220
220

Waste heat

30-40% of
Energy
Waste loss
From I.C.
Engine

The various engines and their power ranges are

shown in Table 1. Generally in diesel engines have
only about 35% efficiency and the rest of the input
energy is wasted. About 35 kW and 30-40% of the
input energy are wasted in the coolant and exhaust
gases respectively in a water-cooled engine. The
amount of such loss, recoverable at least partly,
greatly depends on the engine load. For a typical 3.0 l
engine with a maximum output power of 115 kW, the
total waste heat dissipated can vary from 20 kW to as
much as 400 kW across the range of usual engine
operation concluded by Johnson [11]. He is
suggested that the average heating power available
from waste heat is about 23 kW, compared to 0.83.9
kW of cooling capacity provided by typical
passenger car VCR systems for a typical and
representative driving cycle. Internal Combustion
engines can provide an important heat source that
may be used in a number of ways to provide
additional power and improve overall engine
efficiency through the exhaust gas. These technical
possibilities are currently under investigation by
engine manufacturers and research institutes. One of
the most promising technical solutions for exhaust
gas waste heat utilization appears to be the use of a
useful work for the heavy duty automotive diesel
engines.
2.3 Availability of Waste Heat from Internal
Combustion Engine
The quantity of waste heat is a function of both the
temperature and the mass flow rate which contained
in exhaust gas.
(1)
Where:
=
Heat loss in kJ/min
=
Exhaust gas mass flow rate in kg/min
= Specific heat of exhaust gas in kJ/kg K, and
= Temperature gradient in K.
It is necessary that the waste heat source temperature
is higher than the heat sink temperature in order to
enable heat transfer and recovery. Moreover,
determinant of waste heats utility or quality;
magnitude of the temperature difference between the
heat source and sink is an important. the rate at which
heat is transferred per unit surface area of recovery
system depends upon the temperature difference
between source and sink, and the maximum
theoretical efficiency converting thermal energy to
another form of energy (i.e., mechanical or
electrical). Finally, for the selection of waste heat
recovery system designs, the temperature range is a
very important function [12-13]. For measurement of
exhaust temperature from internal combustion engine
of automotive vehicles and stationary engine,
exhaustive survey was made and is given in Table 2.

Dubey, et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

Table 2. Temperature Range from Diesel Engine

Engine

Temperature in
C
456
448

Single Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Four Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine
(Tata Indica)
Six Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine
(TATA Truck)
Four Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine
(Mahindra arjun 605 DI)
Genset (Kirloskar) at power 198hp
Genset (Cummims) at power 200hp

336
310
383
396

(Ref. - This temperature was taken from survey of various internal

combustion engines.)

2.4 Heat Loss through the Exhaust in Internal

Combustion Engine
In Table 3 and 4 the engine and dynamometer
specification is given. Heat loss through the exhaust
gas from internal combustion is calculated as
follows: Assuming,
Volumetric efficiency ( ) = 0.8 to 0.9
Diesel fuel density
= 0.84 to 0.85 gm/cc
Calorific value of diesel = 42 to 45 MJ/kg
Air fuel density
= 1.167 kg/m3
Specific heat of exhaust gas = 1.1-1.25 kJ/kg K
Table 3. Specification of Engine
Manufacture
Engine
Stroke
Bore
Comp. Ratio
Capacity
Sp. Fuel
Combustion
RPM
BHP@1800 rpm
Cooling System
Power

Kirloskar Oil Engine Ltd., Pune

Single Cylinder. 4-Stroke, Vertical
Stationary C.I. Engine
110 mm
87.5 mm
17.5
661cc (0.661 Ltrs)
220gms/kW-hr (0.22kg/kW-hr)
1800rpm
5.9kW
Water Cooled
8 hp (5.9kW) at 1800rpm

Table 4. Specification of Dynamometers

Type
Diameter of Rope
Diameter of Brake
Drum
Effective Radius

Rope Brake Type Dynamometer

25 mm
255 mm
R = (25 + 255) / 2 = 140

2.5 Exhaust heat loss through diesel engine:

Compression ratio ( )
=
17.5
= + 6.61 10 4
= 4 10 5 m3
Total volume ( ) =
=7.01
10 4 m3
On the basis of specific fuel consumption mass flow
rate of fuel ( f)
f

= 0.361 10 3 kg/sec
Volume rate (
= 6.61

10 4

= 8.262 10 3 m3 / sec
Volumetric efficiency ( )
(

)=
= 0.9

=
1.16

10 4

6.61

= 8.626 10 3 kg / sec
Mass flow rate of exhaust gas (
=
+

Int. J. Adv. Engg. Res. Studies/IV/II/Jan.-March,2015/199-205

= 8.987 10 3 kg / sec
Heat loss in exhaust gas (
=

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= 8.987 10 3 1.1 (450 30)

= 4.152 kJ / sec (or kW)
Hence the loss of heat energy is 29.21% through the
exhaust gas exhausted from I.C. engine into the
environment.
3. HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR ENGINE
HEAT RECOVERY
A hot flue gas is generated from internal combustion
engine in large quantity. A considerable amount of
primary fuel could be saved and some of this waste
heat could be recovered. It is depends upon mass
flow rate and temperature of exhaust gas. Energy lost
in waste gases cannot be fully recovered in internal
combustion engine. However, by adopting certain
measures much of the heat could be recovered and
losses to be minimized. There are different methods
of the exhaust gas heat recovery namely for space
heating, refrigeration and power generation. The
mass flow rate of exhaust gas is the function of the
engine size and speed, hence larger the engine size
and higher the speed the exhaust gas heat is larger.
So comparatively to smaller engines the heat
recovery system will be beneficial to the large
engines. With the help of Rankine, Stirling and
Brayton and vapour absorption cycle, heat recovery
from exhaust gas and conversion in to mechanical
power is possible. These cycles are proved for low
temperature heat conversion in to the useful power.
Engine exhaust heat recovery is considered to be one
of the most effective means and it has become a
research hotspot recently. For example, a device for
recovering exhaust gas heat based on Rankine cycle
on a truck engine has designed by Doyle and Patel
[14]. The commissioning experiment of 450
kilometres showed that this device could save fuel
consumption by 12.5%. Some research on waste heat
recovery on truck engines has also done by Cummins
Company, and the results showed through exhaust
heat recovery that the engine thermal efficiency
could improve by 5.4%. A six-stroke internal
combustion engine cycle with water injection for incylinder exhaust heat recovery designed by James C.
Conklin and James P. Szybist, which has the
potential to significantly improve the engine
efficiency and fuel economy[15]. To maximize
energy efficiency, reduce fuel consumption and green
house gas emissions through Rankine bottoming
cycle technique has investigated by R. Saidur et al
[16]. Recovering engine waste heat can be achieved
via numerous methods. The heat can either be reused
within the same process or transferred to another
form of process like, thermal, electrical, or
mechanical process. The analysis of exhaust gas
waste heat recovery and pollution processing for
diesel engine has studied by Hau xuewjun et al [17].
The total effect of waste heat on pollution or
environment have analyzed by them. Waste heat can
be utilized for some useful works and it is reduces
pollution. The exhaust gas waste heat recovery rate
increase with increasing exhaust gas emission rate in
diesel engine.
4. POSSIBLE WAY OF USING HEAT
RECOVERY SYSTEM

Dubey, et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

The increasing fuel costs and diminishing petroleum

supplies are forcing governments and industries to
increase the power efficiency of engines. Heat
balance indicates that the input energy is divided into
roughly three ways: energy converted to useful work,
energy transferred to coolant and energy lost with the
exhaust gases. There are several technologies for
recovering this energy on an internal combustion
engine, where as the dominating ones are: waste heat
can utilized for heating, power generation,
refrigeration purpose, etc.
4.1 Heating Purpose
For the heating purpose waste heat can be utilized
like space heating, Preheating intake air and fuel,
dryer etc. Preheating of combustion air, space
heating, or pre-heating boiler feed water or process
water etc would be the typical examples of use of
waste heat. For pre heating intake air and intake fuel
waste heat recovery system can utilized. Effect of
preheating intake air on NOx emission on diesel
engine is investigated by Mhia Md et al [18]. They
have design and fabricate the waste heat recovery for
preheating intake air, and its effect has been tested on
diesel combustion and exhaust emissions. Result
shows that NOx emission is reduced with the new air
preheating waste heat recovery setup. For lower NOx
formation with air preheating the higher inlet air
temperature is responsible, which is caused the lower
ignition delay. Because of pre heating of inlet air
uniform or better combustion is occurred, which also
causes lower engine noise. They have represented
easy vaporization and better mixing of air and fuel
occur due to warm up of inlet air, which causes lower
CO emission. Heat energy is recovered from the
exhaust gases, which causes lower heat addition, thus
for improving thermal efficiency of engine. Kerosene
as a low grade fuel can be used in diesel engine by
blending with conventional diesel fuel. Thermal
efficiency is improved and exhaust emissions (NOx
and CO) is reduced as compared to neat diesel fuel
when using the air preheating system and 10%
kerosene blend as a fuel. Use of alternative fuel leads
to some problems such as poor fuel atomization and
low volatility mainly originated from their high
viscosity, high molecular weight and density in
internal combustion engines are studied by F.
Karaosmanoglu [19]. These problems may cause
important engine failures such as piston ring sticking
injector coking, formation of carbon deposits and
rapid deterioration of lubricating oil after the use of
alternative fuel for a long period of time. Waste heat
recovery is useful for preheating alternative fuel so
reduce viscosity of fuel, better fuel atomization and
low volatility of fuel.
4.2 Power Generation Purpose
Waste heat can also be utilized directly used for
thermoelectric, piezoelectric generator etc. and
indirectly for the power generation using Rankine
cycle, Stirling cycle etc.
4.2.1 Direct Method
To generate mechanical energy that drives an electric
generator from waste heat involves waste heat
utilization from internal combustion engine.
Electricity generation is directly from heat source
such as thermoelectric and piezoelectric generator. A
factor that affects on power generation is
thermodynamic limitations for different temperature
range. The temperature of the waste heat gas and
Int. J. Adv. Engg. Res. Studies/IV/II/Jan.-March,2015/199-205

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mass flow rate of exhaust gas are heavily depended

for the efficiency of power generation.
4.2.1.1 Thermoelectric generation:
For providing at least some of the electric power
requirements the exhaust pipe contains a block with
thermo electric materials that generates a direct
current. In which two different semiconductors are
subjected to a heat source and heat sink. Between two
conductors a voltage is created that is based on the
seeback effect. By applying electricity the heating
and cooling is done. It is low efficiency
approximately (2 to 5%) and high cost. Thermoelectric generator and its components are shown in
figure 2.

Fig. 2 Thermoelectric Generator

In the current market thermoelectric devices may

potentially produce twice the efficiency as compared
to other technologies [20]. Thermo Electric
Generator is used to convert thermal energy from
different temperature gradients existing between hot
and cold ends of a semiconductor into electric
energy. This phenomenon was discovered in1821 by
Thomas Johann Seebeck and called the
Seebeckeffect. This device offers the conversion of
thermal energy into electric current in a simple and
reliable way. Silent operation, high reliability and
involving no moving and complex mechanical parts,
free maintenance are the advantages of Thermo
Electric Generator. Recycling and reusing of waste
exhaust gas can not only increase the efficiency of
fuel, but also reduce air pollution [21]. A technology
for directly converting thermal energy into electrical
energy is called Thermo Electric Generator, has no
moving parts, compact, quiet, highly reliable and
environmentally friendly.
It is presently becoming a noticeable research
direction because of these merits. The mathematical
model of Thermoelectric Generator uses the exhaust
gas of vehicles as heat source, and preliminary
analysis of the impact of relevant factors on the
output power and efficiency [22]. Analysis of model
simulates the impact of relevant factors, including
vehicles exhaust mass flow rate, temperature and
mass flow rate of different types of cooling fluid,
convection heat transfer coefficient, height of PN
couple, the ratio of external resistance to internal
resistance of the circuit on the output power and
efficiency. By changing the convection heat transfer
coefficient of the high-temperature-side than that of
low-temperature-side the output power and efficiency
increase significantly that shows in analysis of
results. To investigate the applicability of
thermoelectric generators to the recovery of mediumtemperature waste heat from a low-power stationary
diesel engine the Pilot program is made. To achieve
maximum power outputs from the waste heat
recovery system the experimental investigation to the
optimum operating conditions are required [23].
Study on waste heat recovery system by using
thermoelectric generator from internal combustion
engine reviews the main aspects of thermal design of

Dubey, et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG)

systems [24]. Analysis of thermoelectric generator
for power generation from internal combustion
engine shows results as 20% of energy releasing for
the waste heat from engine. It is able to 30-40% of
the energy supplied by fuel depending on engine load
[25].
4.2.1.2 Piezoelectric Generation
It is used for low temperature range of 100 C to
150 C. To convert mechanical energy in the form of
ambient vibration to electric energy called
piezoelectric device. This is thin film membrane can
take advantage of oscillatory gas expansion to create
a voltage output.
4.2.1.3 Thermionic Generation
It is thermoelectric device operate on thermionic
emission. A temperature difference drives the flow of
electron through vacuum from metal to metal oxide
surface at 1000 C in this system.
4.2.1.4 Thermo Photo-voltaic
Thermo Photo-voltaic converts radiant energy to
electricity. Heating of emitter emits electromagnetic
radiation. All direct electric conversion devices can
be increased by nontechnology but has low
efficiency. Advantages in alternate power cycle may
increases feasibility of power generation at low
temperature. All this direct method of power
generation devices are high cost and low efficiency.
It can be easily handled and with compact in size,
therefore require less space.
4.2.2 Indirect Method
4.2.2. 1 Rankine Cycle
The system is based on the steam generation in a
secondary circuit using the exhaust gas thermal
energy to produce additional power by means of a
steam expander. A special case of low temperature
energy generation systems uses certain organic fluids
instead of water in so-called Organic Rankine Cycle
(ORC). This technique has the advantage compared
with turbo-compounding that does not have so an
important impact on the engine pumping losses and
with respect to thermoelectric materials that provides
higher efficiency in the use of the residual thermal
energy sources. Waste heat recovery from Rankine
cycle operated at low temperature difference using
unconventional fluids (refrigerants, CO2, binary
mixtures) is shown in figure 3.

Fig. 3 Rankine Cycle

At very low heat source temperature the trans-critical

CO2 cycle produces highest net power output [26].
Rankine bottoming cycle techniques maximize
energy efficiency;
reduce fuel consumption and
green house gas emissions. Recovering engine waste
heat can be achieved via numerous methods. The
heat can either be reused within the same process or
transferred to another thermal, electrical, or
mechanical process [16]. Investigation and market
evaluation of Organic Rankine cycle can be applied
in several cost effectively areas. Analysis shows that
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evaporator pressure gives better efficiencies. Pinch

point temperatures, heat exchangers cost, critical
temperature of working fluid would be a restriction
for maximum working pressure of cycle. Organic
Rankine cycles as in Combined Heat and Power units
are options to improve total efficiency and reduce the
cost [27]. Thermoelectric method of exhaust gas
waste heat recovery of a three cylinder spark ignition
engine is carried on experimental based test. Waste
heat recovery using Organic Rankine cycle is an
efficient method compared with the other techniques;
so automobile manufacturers use this method to
enhance the efficiency of their products [28]. The
economic feasibility of waste heat recovery from
diesel engine exhaust gas and analysis of harmfulness
of the gases was done by using the methods of
purification and processing diesel engine exhaust gas.
The computational model developed which
determine diesel exhaust emission rate and diesel
exhaust waste heat rate and found useful results for
diesel engine. The heat recovery is can be done and
increases with increasing exhaust mass flow rate
[29].
4.2.2.2 Stirling Cycle

Fig. 4 Free Piston Stirling Cycle

Linearly reciprocating internal combustion engine

offers many advantages over the conventional crankslider engine. Benefits include improved efficiency,
higher power-to-weight ratio and multiple fuel
capability. A Stirling engine is a heat engine
operating by cyclic compression and expansion of air
or other gas, the working fluid, at different
temperature levels such that there is a net conversion
of heat energy to mechanical work [30]. Free Piston
Stirling Engine is shown in figure 4. Developments
of gamma type Stirling engine which operate at high
temperature difference to find out the optimum
temperature difference at which model would give
maximum thermal efficiency [31]. Waste heat
recovery from internal combustion engine analyzed
with two different fluids by using organic Rankine
cycle. The best performance was obtained when R123 was applied as the working fluid. They have
Observe reduction of fuel consumption was also
studied [32]. Free Piston Stirling Engine was
designed for its Key techniques. Key issues for
designing free piston Stirling engine were analyzed
during waste heat recovery.
A set of free piston Stirling engine with output
power, hot and cold space temperatures and operation
frequency designed by coupling structural dynamics
analysis and thermodynamics calculation. Fin
structure was selected for Heater and cooler to
increase heat exchange area and improve heat
transfer performance. Size of gap used for clearance

Dubey, et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

seal is designed and completed by precision

machining processing, which is a key step of whole
engine manufacturing [33]. Design free-piston
Stirling engine, which works at relatively low
differential temperature. The free piston Stirling
engine is a beta type configuration. The free piston
Stirling engine couples with a pneumatic cylinder
And results by simulation shows the Output power
from numerical simulation was higher than that of
experiment according to theoretical assumptions [34].
Gamma type Stirling engine was design and
developed for application of waste heat recovery
system. The performance of low temperature
difference Stirling engine was investigated. A twin
power piston gamma configuration low temperature
differential Stirling engine is tested with non
pressurized air by using solar simulator and conclude
that Stirling engine working with relative low
temperature air of potentially attractive future engine
[35].
4.3 Refrigeration
Heat recovery from automotive engines has been
predominantly for turbo-charging or for cabin heating
with application of absorption chillers. The
experiments conducted on the system, prove that the
concept is feasible, and could significantly enhance
system performance depending on part-load of the
engine. Also the concept could be used for
refrigeration and air conditioning of transportation
vehicles [36]. Figure 5 shows then systematic view of
vapour absorption cycle. A novel adsorption airconditioning system used in internal combustion
engine for a cooling locomotive driver cabin was
investigated. This system employs the zeolite-water
as working pairs and is driven by the waste heat from
exhaust gas of internal combustion engine. Then the
refrigeration capacity can be continuously and
steadily provided to the locomotive driver cabin for
space cooling instead of the electric vapour
compression
air-conditioning
system.
The
experiments showed that the single absorber with
regenerator locomotive driver cabin air-conditioning
system is simple in structure, reliable in operation,
and convenient to control [37]. Absorption
refrigeration unit interfaced with a Caterpillar diesel
engine has been used for cooling the charge air prior
to ingestion to the engine cylinder or for other
cooling purposes such as air conditioning. They have
shown that a diesel absorption combined cycle with
pre-inter cooling will have a higher power output and
a thermal efficiency than the other configurations. On
the other hand the overall efficiency of a pre inter
cooled cycle is lower than that of the inter-cooler
[38].

turbocharged and turbo-compounded internal

combustion engine is shows in Figure 6. The turbo
demonstrates a method that is presently utilized
widely to convert waste energy to improve the
efficiency and power output of the internal
combustion engine. The problem with current
turbochargers is that they do not extract all the
possible energy available. The concept of using a
turbine to recover energy comes from the
turbocharger. The turbocharger is a mechanism that
increases the power output of the engine using a
turbine. Rather than using the turbine to power a
compressor, the turbine could be connected to a
generator. Alternatively, a series of turbines could be
connected to a series of generators. If an efficient
design was implemented the alternator could be
removed from the car to improve the efficiency of the
engine by lowering the load on it and by decreasing
the weight of the car itself. A turbine of this nature
would have to be situated after the catalytic converter
[39].
5. CONCLUSION
It has been identified that there are large potentials of
energy savings through the use of waste heat
recovery technologies. Waste heat recovery defines
capturing and reusing the waste heat from internal
combustion engine for heating, generating
mechanical or electrical work and refrigeration
system. It would also help to recognize the
improvement in performance and emissions of the
engine. If these technologies were adopted by the
automotive manufacturers then it will be result in
efficient engine performance and Low emission. The
waste heat recovery from exhaust gas and conversion
in to mechanical power is possible with the help of
Rankine, Stirling and Brayton thermodynamic cycles,
vapour absorption. For waste heat recovery
thermoelectric generator is use low heat, which has
low efficiency. It is helpful for the same amount of
increases in thermal efficiency and reduction in
emission.
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Note: This Paper/Article is scrutinised and reviewed by
Scientific Committee, BITCON-2015, BIT, Durg, CG, India