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Geotechnical Investigation

This document provides an overview of geological data collection and stereographic plotting for rock mass characterization. It defines important parameters for discontinuities, including rock type, discontinuity type, orientation, spacing, persistence, roughness, wall rock strength, weathering, aperture, filling, seepage, number of joint sets, and block size/shape. Methods of data collection through geological mapping, drilling, and borehole imaging are also discussed. The goal is to collect consistent and complete geological data to facilitate engineering evaluation and design.

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42 views

Geotechnical Investigation

This document provides an overview of geological data collection and stereographic plotting for rock mass characterization. It defines important parameters for discontinuities, including rock type, discontinuity type, orientation, spacing, persistence, roughness, wall rock strength, weathering, aperture, filling, seepage, number of joint sets, and block size/shape. Methods of data collection through geological mapping, drilling, and borehole imaging are also discussed. The goal is to collect consistent and complete geological data to facilitate engineering evaluation and design.

Uploaded by

muhammadfarid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 2 GEOLOGICAL DATA

COLLECTION and STEREOGRAPHIC


PLOTTING
Learning Outcomes List important geological parameters of
discontinuities;
Plot and analyze structural orientation
(stereonet) data.

2-1

Range of rock mass characteristics.


2-2

Scale

2-3

Pervasive discontinuities
Favorably oriented

2-4

Strong rock widely spaced


joints.

2-5

Unfavorably oriented discontinuities control

2-6

Definition of Geological Terms


Standard

Definitions/Procedures Necessary for:

- Consistency and Compatibility Between Different


-

Data Collectors
Facilitate Communication Between Different Parties
Quantitative Basis for Engineering Evaluation and
Analysis
Completeness in Data Collection

2-7

Definition of Discontinuity Parameters


Figure 2-2
Page 2-6

2-8

A. - Rock Type
Deere

and Miller
Colorado School of Mines Quarterly
(Russell B Travis)

2-9

B Discontinuity Type
Contact

- (Continuous and Sometimes Low


Shear Strength e.g. Weathered Paleosurface
Dipping into Cut)
Fault/Shear - (Continuous, Potentially Low
Shear Strength)
Joint - (Cooling in Basalt, Tectonic Effects
Sedimentary/Igneous)
Bedding - (Sedimentary Layering)
2-10

B Discontinuity Type (contd)


Flow

Banding - (Igneous Flows; May Not be


Weakness)
Foliation/Schistosity/Cleavage - (Metamorphic
Layering)
Vein - (Includes Healed Joints - May Not be
Weakness)

2-11

Joints are controlling discontinuities

2-12

Bedding is
controlling
discontinuity
I40, NC/TN

2-13

C Discontinuity Orientation
Dip

- Angle of Steepest Inclination of Plane,


Measured Below Horizontal (two digits 00 to 90)
Dip Direction (Dip Azimuth) - Azimuth of the
Line of Dip (three digits 000 to 360)
Strike - Azimuth of a Horizontal Line (90
Degrees to Dip Direction) - Unsuitable for Rock
Slope Engineering

2-14

Definition of Dip, Dip Direction,


Strike

2-15

Structural Compass

2-16

D Discontinuity Spacing
Measure

True Spacing in Surface Mapping


Range:
Extremely close spacing (<20 mm)
Extremely wide spacing (>6000 mm)

Line

Mapping or Coreholes: Use Terzaghi


Correction for True Spacing

2-17

True and Apparent Spacing


Sapp

Fracture Set

Sapp

Sapp

Rock Face

S
S

2-18

Extremely close foliation


spacing
Will strongly influence rock
mass:
strength
deformability
permeability
excavatability

2-19

E Persistence
Document

Visible or Inferred Length

- Range:
Very low (<1 m)
Very high (>20 m)
Document

Termination of Joints (0, 1, 2)


Statistical Estimates of Length Distribution (e.g.
Pahl, page 2-8)
Persistence cannot be Measured in Core
2-20

Measurement of Persistence
(t)
(t)

(t)

(t)
(c)

(c)

(t)
(c)

(t) Scanline

(c)

(c)
(c)

(c)

(c)
H

L
2-21

Persistence of family of
faults will control abutment
design

2-22

Irregularity/Roughness

Descriptive

Shape:
Stepped
Undulating
Planar

Roughness:
Rough
Smooth
Slickensided

Semi

Quantitative - Joint Roughness Coefficient


(JRC)
Rough Undulating JRC 20 e.g. Tension Joints
Smooth Undulating JRC 10 e.g. Foliation/Joints
Smooth Planar
JRC 5 e.g. Bedding
2-23

Discontinuity Roughness
Measurement
Quantitative approach
i2d

id

i8d

i4d

8d

4d

Mean dip

2d
d
1
2

2-24

2-25

G Wall Rock Strength - (Joint


Compressive Strength - JCS)
Estimate

Compressive Strength Based on:

- Field Classification (ISRM) - Table 2-1:

Range:
Extremely weak (0.25-1MPa)
Extremely strong (>250 MPa)
Field Testing (Point-Load Test or Schmidt Hammer)
Laboratory Testing

2-26

H Weathering
ISRM

Weathering Classification - Table 2-2

Fresh
Slightly weathered
Moderately weathered
Highly weathered
Completely weathered
Residual soil

2-27

Differential shale weathering


2-28

Chemical decomposition
2-29

Aperture

Measure

Directly, Table 2-1:

Range:
Very tight (<0.1 mm)
Cavernous (>1000 mm)

2-30

Filling/Width

Measure

Width (Table 2-2)


Characterize Wall Rock
Infilling Characteristics
- Mineralogy
- Particle Size
- Water Content
- Stiffness

2-31

25 mm thick, continuous clay


infillings (bedding plane shears)
2-32

Controlling structure for slope design


Rocky Point Viaduct, OR
2-33

K Seepage
Document

According to Field Sheets

Tight and dry


Dry
Dry, rust staining
Damp
Seepage, drops
Continuous flow

2-34

Number of Joint Sets

Number

of Systematic Joint Sets

- Often three orthogonal sets


- Maximum four or five sets
- Record faults and shears separately from joints and
bedding

2-35

M Block Size/Shape
Use

code on Data Collection Sheet

SHAPE
- Blocky
- Tabular
- Columnar
- Shattered

SIZE
Very large (>8 m3)
Large (0.2 8 m3)
Medium (0.008-0.2 m3)
Small (0.0002 0.008 m3)
Very small (<0.0002 m3)

2-36

Blocky structure

2-37

Refer to Figure 2-2 of Reference Manual on page


2-6

2-38

Geotechnical Mapping
Line

Mapping

- Documenting All Structures that Intersect a Tape or


Painted Scan Line
Window

(Cell) Mapping

- Document All Structures Within a Representative


Areas or Windows

2-39

Geotechnical Drilling

2-40

Diamond Drilling
Triple

Tube or Double Tube with a Split Inner

Tube
Geotechnical Logs - RQD, Recovery, Fracture Frequency, Joint
Angle

(Cornerstone of Communication !!!)

Core

Photographs & Core Handling


Structural Orientation Data from Drilling
- Oriented Coring - Clay Impression Method
- Borehole Imaging

2-41

Core Photographs

2-42

2-43

Core Orientation Reference Line


Dip

Joint

Dip Vector
Top of Core

(In Situ)
Dip

Reference Angle

Side View

End View
2-44

2-45

2-46

Borehole Televiewer Logging

2-47

Core Orientation Borehole Camera


0

Trace of
joint

Core

90

180

270

360

Dip
Direction
Dip

Unwrapped Core
2-48

Project No. 052-2005 Date: May 2008

Comparable section of core quality and televiewer data.

Acoustical
Log

Borehole Televiewer Logging

Optical
Log

id# Dip DDR

DDR = dip direction

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