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R
LEP
1.2.02
Modulus of elasticity
Related topics
Youngs modulus, modulus of elasticity, stress, deformation,
Poissons ratio, Hookes Law.
Principle and task
A flat bar is supported at two points. It is bent by the action of
a force acting at its centre. The modulus of elasticity is determined from the bending and the geometric data of the bar.
Equipment
Dial gauge 10/0.01 mm
Holder for dial gauge
Flat bars, set
Knife-edge with stirrup
Bolt with knife-edge
Weight holder f. slotted weights
Spring Balance 1 N
Tripod base -PASSSupport rod -PASS-, square, l 250 mm
Support rod -PASS-, square, l 630 mm
Right angle clamp -PASSSlotted weight, 10 g, black
Slotted weight, 50 g, black
Measuring tape, l = 2 m
03013.00
03013.01
17570.00
03015.00
02049.00
02204.00
03060.01
02002.55
02025.55
02027.55
02040.55
02205.01
02206.01
09936.00
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
5
10
6
1
Problems
1. Determination of the characteristic curve of the dial gauge
2. Determination the bending of flat bars as a function
of the force
of the thickness, at constant force
of the width, at constant force
of the distance between the support points at constant
force
3. Determination the modulus of elasticity of steel, aluminium
and brass.
Set-up and procedure

The set up is as shown in Fig. 1. The dial gauge is mounted on
the knife edge with stirrup. The flat bars must be positioned
accurately on the two supporting knife edges having the possibility to move in x and y direction. The geometric data of the
set up and the bars must be recorded several times or at different positions.
As the dial gauge possesses a restoring force which obeys
Hookes Law F ; s, its characteristic curve must first of all be
determined.
Fig.1: Experimental set-up for determining the molulus of elasticity.
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH 37070 Gttingen, Germany
21202
LEP
1.2.02
Fig. 2: Characteristic curve of a dial gauge.
Fig. 3: Deformation of a bar.
II
I
The resulting force Fr of the dial gauge is the sum of
Fr = Fh + Ff
where
Fh = Static friction force (constant)
Ff = restoring force (Ff ; s)
Since the static friction force always acts opposed to the
direction of motion, care should be taken of constant direction
of force while recording of the characteristic curve of the dial
gauge as well as during proformance of the experiment.
Additionally, the plunger is manually raised (the probe is unloaded) and then gently lowered. Due to this procedure the
resulting force Fr is:
Fr = Ff Fh .
The forces d F which act upon an element of volume of the

body whose edges are intersected parallel to the coordinate
t.
surfaces will be described by the stress tensor ^
R
This allocates a stress p to each area element dA defined by

R
the unit vector e in the direction of the normal.
R
dF
p =
dA
R
p =e p
^
t
^
From Hookes Law we optain the relationship between d

t:
and ^
tik = Sl,m c il,m
k dl m
a) Characteristic curve of the dial gauge.

Dynamometer and plunger of the dial gauge are so mounted,
that the dial gauge shows full deflection.
Through a reduction of the tension of force tof the dynamometer a force results according to the above conditions.
With the help of the spring balance the characteristic curve of
the dial gauge has to be recorded.
During experimentation the forces must be corrected accordingly. This means the resulting force Fr must be calculated.
Hence, the effective force is the sum of the weights of the
additional masses and the resulting force of the dial gauge.
The tensor ^
c is symmetrical for an elastic body so that of the
81 components only 21 remain. This number is reduced to 2
for the isotropic elastic body, i.e. the modulus of elasticity E
and either the shear modulus G or the Poisson ratio :
t11 =
(d +
1+ 11 12
1d11 + d22 + d33)2
1 E
t12 = G d12 =
d
2 1+ 12
(1)
and analogously for t22, t33, t13, t23.

If a force acts in only one direction then
Theory and evaluation

R
R
If a body is regarded as a continuum, and r0 or r defines the
local vector of a point P in its undeformed and deformed state
respectively, then, for small displacement vectors
R
u = r r0 [ ( u1, u2, u3 )
^
the deformation tensor d is:

]u
]u
dik = ] ki + ] ki
21202
t22 = t33 = 0,
so we obtain
(2)
t11 = E d11
If a bar of height b and width a, supported at both ends by
supports (separated by a distance L), is subjected to a force
Fy acting at its centre, it behaves like a bar supported in the
middle, its two ends being subjected to a force Fy/2 in the
opposing direction. In order to express the bending l as a
LEP
1.2.02
function of the modulus of elasticity E, let us first consider an

element of volume
from which we optain

dl =
dV = d a b
the upper layer of which is shortened on bending, and the bottom layer lengthened. The length of the central layer remains
unchanged (neutral fibre).
6Fy2
d
Eab3
and, after integration, the total bending

l=
1
4
1 bL2
1 Fy
.
a
E
In fig. 3, I and II denote the sides before and after deformation.

Using the symbols given in fig. 3, we optain:
2 s
dl = df =
.
b
The elastic force dF which produces the extension d l, according to (1), is
dl
dF
= E
ds
d
where ds = a dy is the area of the rotated layer.
The force produces a torque

dTz = y dF =
2Ea s 2
y dy
b d
Table 1: The modulus of elasticity for different materials

Material
Dimensions [mm]
E fN m-2g
Steel
10 31.5
2.059 1011
Steel
10 3 2
2.0631011
Steel
10 3 3
2.1711011
Steel
15 31.5
2.2041011
Steel
20 31.5
2.1111011
Aluminium
10 3 2
6.7021010
Brass
10 3 2
9.2221010
The sum of these torques produced by the elastic forces must

be equal to the torque produced by the external force Fy/2.
Fy
Easb2
=
6d
2
Fig. 4: Bending of a bar as a function of the force (steel,

L = 0.48 m, a = 10 mm, b = 1.5 mm).
Fig. 5: Bending of a bar as a function of its width, at constant

force (steel, thickness = 1.5 mm).
21202
LEP
1.2.02
Fig. 6: Bending of a bar as a function of its length, at constant

force.
21202
Fig. 7: Bending of a bar as a function of its thickness, at constant force (steel, width = 10 mm).

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R

Set-up and procedure

Fig.1: Experimental set-up for determining the molulus of elasticity.

Fig. 2: Characteristic curve of a dial gauge.

Fig. 3: Deformation of a bar.

The forces d F which act upon an element of volume of the

This allocates a stress p to each area element dA defined by

From Hookes Law we optain the relationship between d

a) Characteristic curve of the dial gauge.

1d11 + d22 + d33)2

and analogously for t22, t33, t13, t23.

Theory and evaluation

the deformation tensor d is:

function of the modulus of elasticity E, let us first consider an

from which we optain

and, after integration, the total bending

In fig. 3, I and II denote the sides before and after deformation.

The force produces a torque

Table 1: The modulus of elasticity for different materials

The sum of these torques produced by the elastic forces must

Fig. 4: Bending of a bar as a function of the force (steel,

Fig. 5: Bending of a bar as a function of its width, at constant

Fig. 6: Bending of a bar as a function of its length, at constant

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