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Energy Losses in Pipes: Experiment No. - 11

This document is a lab report for an experiment on energy losses in pipes conducted by a student. The experiment investigated head loss due to friction in water flowing through a pipe to determine the associated friction factor over a range of flow rates. The student set up the pipe friction apparatus, took measurements of flow rate, head loss and other variables at different flow rates, and calculated values like the Darcy friction factor. The results demonstrated that flow rate decreases with lower pressure and friction factor decreases with higher flow rates. The experiment helped understand energy losses in pipes which is important for applications like fluid transportation and hydropower.

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John Michael Menoza Zapanta
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154 views6 pages

Energy Losses in Pipes: Experiment No. - 11

This document is a lab report for an experiment on energy losses in pipes conducted by a student. The experiment investigated head loss due to friction in water flowing through a pipe to determine the associated friction factor over a range of flow rates. The student set up the pipe friction apparatus, took measurements of flow rate, head loss and other variables at different flow rates, and calculated values like the Darcy friction factor. The results demonstrated that flow rate decreases with lower pressure and friction factor decreases with higher flow rates. The experiment helped understand energy losses in pipes which is important for applications like fluid transportation and hydropower.

Uploaded by

John Michael Menoza Zapanta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING


HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

NAME

:______ZAPANTA, JOHN MICHAEL M.____________________

STUDENT NO.

: _____2013150752___________________________________

COURSE-SECTION

: _____CE142P C5_______________ GROUP NO. : ___3___

EXPERIMENT NO. _11_

ENERGY LOSSES IN PIPES______

_______

TITLE

DATE PERFORMED

: _______November 14, 2016_______

DATE SUBMITTED

: _______November 24, 2016______


GRADE

ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES


INSTRUCTOR

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
ENERGY LOSSES IN PIPES
I. INTRODUCTION
The problem of fluid flow in pipelines the prediction of flow rate
through pipes of given characteristics, the calculation of energy conversions
therein, and so forth is encountered in many areas of engineering practice;
they afford an opportunity of applying many of the foregoing principles to
(essentially one-dimensional) fluid flows of a comparatively simple and
controlled nature.
When fluids flow in a conduit, energy is lost due to different factors. These
loses can be generally classified as major loses and minor loses. Minor loses
are due to the change in shape of the conduit (bends on the conduit), change
in dimension (contraction or enlargement), due to fittings, entrances, and
exits. Major loses are due to friction which results from fluids in contact with
the conduit.
The solution of practical pipe flow problems results from application of the
energy principles and equations of fluid resistance.

II. OBJECTIVES
To investigate the head loss due to friction in the flow of water through s
pipe to determine the associated friction factor. Both variables are to be
determined over a range of flow rates and their characteristics identified for
both laminar and turbulent flows.

III. SKETCH OF THE APPARATUS

A. Hydraulic Bench - very useful apparatus in hydraulics and fluid mechanics.


Water from here is transported to other parts using pump.

B. Pipe Friction Apparatus allows the detailed study of the fluid friction
head loss which
occur when an incompressible fluid through pipes,
bends and valves.

C. Stopwatch a handheld time piece designed to measure the amount of


time elapsed from a particular time when it is activated to the time when the
piece is deactivated.

IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE


EQUIPMENT SET-UP
1. Mount the test rig on the hydraulic bench and, with a spirit level, adjust
the feet to ensure that the base plate is horizontal and, that the
manometers are vertical.
2. Check with the demonstrator that the mercury manometer is correctly
filled. Attach a
Hoffman clamp to each of two manometer-connecting
tubes and close them off.
SETTING-UP FOR HIGH FLOW RATES
1. The test rig outlet tube must be held by a clamp to ensure that the
outflow point is firmly fixed. This should be above the bench collection
tank and should allow enough space for insertion of the measuring
cylinder.

2. Join the test rig inlet pipe to the hydraulic bench flow connector with the
pump turned off.
3. Close the bench gate-valve, open the rig flow control valve fully and start
the pump. Now open the gate valve progressively and run the system
until all air is purged.
4. Open the Hoffman clamps and purge any air from the two-bleed points at
the top of the Hg manometer.

SETTING UP FOR LOW FLOW RATES


1. Attach a Hoffman clamp to each of the two manometer connecting tubes
and close them off.
2. With a system fully purged of air, close the bench valve, stop the pump,
close the outflow valve and remove Hoffman clamps from the water
manometer connections.
3. Disconnect test section supply tube and hold high to keep it fluid-filled.
4. Connect bench supply tube to header tank inflow, run pump and open
bench valve to allow flow. When outflow occurs from header tank snap
connector, attach test section supply tube to it, ensuring no air entrapped.
5. When outflow occurs from header tank overflow, fully open the outflow
control valve.
6. Slowly open air vents at the top of water manometer and allow air to
enter until manometer levels reach a convenient height, then close air
vent. If required, further control of levels can be achieved by the use of
hand-pump to raise manometer air pressure.

TAKING A SET OF RESULTS RUNNING HIGH FLOW RATE TESTS


1. Apply a Hoffman clamp to each of the water manometer connection tubes
(essential to prevent a flow path parallel to the test section).
2. Close the test rig flow control valve and take a zero flow reading from the
Hg manometer, (may not be zero because of contamination of mercury
and/or tube wall).
3. Determine the flow rate by timed collection and measure the temperature
of the collected fluid. The kinematic viscosity of water as atmospheric
pressure can then be determined from the table.
4. Repeat the procedure to give at least nine flow rates; the lowest to give
height of Hg = 300mmHg, approximately.

RUNNING LOW FLOW RATE TESTS


1. Repeat procedure given above but using water manometer throughout.
2. With the flow control valve fully open, measure the head loss h shown by
the manometer.
3. Determine the flow rate by the timed collection and measure the
temperature of the collected fluid. The kinematic viscosity of water at
atmospheric pressure can then be determined from the table.
4. Obtain data for a least eight flow rates, the lowest to give h=30mm,
approximately.

VI. SAMPLE COMPUTATION


Given:

Trial 1 (Turbulent flow)


V = 0.0005 m3

t = 378.18 sec

T = 20 C

D = 0.003 m

= 1.002 x 10-6 m2 /s

Solution:

V 0. 0005 m3
m3
Qt = =
=1.3221 x 106
t
378.18 s
s

v=

Q t 1.3321 x 106
m
=
=0 .187042
A
s
2
(0 .003 m)
4

m
0.187042 )(0.003)
(
s
vD
R= =
=560.005988
e

1.002 x 106

m2
s

VII. CONCLUSION
Energy Losses in Pipes is done in order to determine the head loss due
to friction in the flow of water through pipe. Energy is lost due to different
factors. There are minor and major losses. This experiment demonstrate that
the flow rate decreases as the pressure in the pipe decreases.
The overall experiment was very successful since our obtained Darcy
friction factor values was coming close to the friction factor using its
Reynolds number. They also established that flow velocity generally
decreases with flow rate due to force reduction. According to the data
gathered, it can be seen that as the flow rate increases, the friction factor
decreases. The Reynolds number of each flow also agree with the set flow by
the group. One error may be caused by improper execution of the procedure.
We could minimize these errors by being extra careful in performing them.
After conducting the experiment, we found out that the possible error
is the inaccurate measurement of time. Furthermore, we can minimize the
error if we follow the procedures thoroughly.

VIII. APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING


Energy losses in pipes are used for the transportation of fluids such as
water, petroleum, gas and etc. Research pertaining to energy loss coefficients
has been a topic investigated since the early 1960s. The reason for such
interest in this topic is because of the impact of K-factors have on pipeline
design and analysis.

Another, natural flows in river bend are important activity, friction loss
in a stream bed has an effect on the height of flow. In hydropower
applications, the energy loss to skin friction in flume and penstock is not
available for useful work and generating electricity.

IX. REFERENCES
A. Uy,F. A., Tan, F., & Monjardin, C. E. (2015). Laboratory Manual in Fluid
Mechanics
B. http://www.gunt.de/static/s4563_1.php
C. http://www.advantageengineering.com/fyi/156/advantageFYI156.php

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