CHAPTER-IV

PROTECTION OF 33KV FEEDER

Different protection relays are provided based on the voltage levels of the equipment. The
protection standards incorporated for feeder/power transformers of different voltage levels in
APTRANSCO were mentioned below:
Table 4.1: Protection standards in APTRANSCO
Equipment

Protection

220KV Feeder

2Nos. Distance Relays

132KV Feeder

1No.Distane Relay
3Nos. Directional Over current Relay +
1No.Directional Earth Fault Relay
3 Non Directional Over Current Relay+
1Non Directional Earth Fault Relay

220/132KV or

Purpose
Main-I, Main-II
Distance protection
Main Protection
Back Up Protection

Back Up Protection

132/33KV

for LV Side
3 Non Directional Over Current Relay+

Power Transformers

1Directional Earth Fault Relay

Back Up Protection

for HV Side
Differential Relay
3 Non Directional Over Current Relay+

Main Protection

33KV Feeder

1Non Directional Earth Fault Relay

Main Protection

Among these detailed aspects of protection of a 33KV Feeders is mentioned below:

Based on the design, application relays can be classified as:

Protection Relays

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Based on Application:
Based on design:
Voltage Actuated
Electro Mechanical
Relays
Relays
Current Actuated
Static Relays
Relays
Micro Processor
Both Voltages,
based Numerical
Based on application:
Current actuated
relaysrelays includes Overvoltage, Under Voltage,
Voltage actuated
over flux relays, etc.
relays.

Current actuated relay includes Non Directional Over current relays & Earth Fault relays,
differential current relays, etc.
Both Voltage & current actuated relays includes Directional Overcurrent, Directional Earth Fault
Relays, Distance Relays, Reverse Power Relays, etc.
Gas actuated relays includes Buccholz relay, Pressure relief valve of Power Transformer.
(4.1)Settings Of a Over Current & Earth Fault Protection:
For a 33KV Feeder, the protection includes 2Nos/3 Nos.Overcurrent relays for
monitoring faults on each phase & 1No.Earth fault relay for monitoring earth fault on any of the
phase. The basic terminal connections of 3O/C+1E/F relay, 2O/C+1E/F Relay is here mentioned
here below:

Settings related to the Over current and Earth fault protection, is explained below:
(a)Plug setting/Pick Up setting: It is the current setting of the relay beyond which the relay
should pick up for operation.
(b) Plug Setting Multiplier: Plug Setting Multiplier indicates the number of times the relay
current is in excess of the current setting.
PSM=
Primary current of CT
Relay current setting*C.T.Ratio
(c)Time Setting Multiplier (TSM): With Operating time of relay on abscissa, Plug Setting
Multiplier on Co-ordinate, it is the locus of operating time of the relay at different values of
PSM. Relay operating time at particular TSM (T 1) for a PSM (P1) can be obtained as shown
below:
[36]

Relay operating time at TSM (T1) = [Relay operating time at TSM=1 for PSM (P1)]*TSM (T1)

Where the relay operating time at different PSM are specified on the relay, by the manufacturer
at TSM=1.0.
(d)Operating Characteristic Curve: It is the curve which represents the operating time of relay
at different values of the PSM, at the given Time Setting Multiplier.
(e) High set current setting: It is the current setting of the relay beyond which the relay will
operate within a definite time (in special case instantaneously), instead of Inverse Operating time
characteristic.
Based on these settings an example is here demonstrated with the settings adopted for a relay
operation
Example: For a feeder whose CT Ratio is 400/1, and Relay nominal current of 1A, the operating
time of the relay for a fault current of 4000A on the feeder is shown with adopted relay settings,
relay characteristic as below:
Relay Characteristic specified by manufacturer at TSM=1.0
PSM
Operating
Time(sec)

1.5

10

15

19.4

10

6.2

4.3

3.9

3.35

2.5

Settings Adopted:
3 O/C: PS=100%, TSM=0.1
1 E/F: PS=20%, TSM=0.05

For a fault current of 4000Amps, the PSM = Primary current of CT

Relay current setting*C.T.Ratio
=
4000
=10
(100% of In=1Amp)*400/1
From the relay characteristic,
At PSM=10, Operating time of Relay =3.0 sec at TSM =1.0
At PSM=10, Operating time of Relay at TSM=0.1 is 0.1*3=0.3secs.
Hence the relay will operate after 0.3secs, after the occurrence of fault
(4.2)Time Gradation of Over Current Relays:

These settings for the over current relays have to selected in such a way, that it should
achieve properly co-ordination with the relays connected in the adjacent section of the feeder. To
achieve selectivity and coordination by time grading two philosophies are available, namely:
(4.2.1). Definite time lag (DTL), or
(4.2.2). Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT).
(4.2.1).Definite Time Characteristic:

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The relays are graded using a definite time interval of approximately 0.5 s. The relay R3
at the extremity of the network is set to operate in the fastest possible time, whilst its upstream
relay R2 is set 0.5 s higher. Relay operating times increase sequentially at 0.5 s intervals on each
section moving back towards the source as shown in Fig.(4.1)

Fig (4.1): Definite Time Relay protection

Draw Back:
The problem with this philosophy is, the closer the fault to the source the higher the Fault
current, the slower the clearing time exactly the opposite to what we should be Trying to
achieve.
(4.2.2)Inverse Time Characteristic:

A relay having IDMT Characteristic will incorporate lower operating time for higher fault
currents. Various inverse characteristic curves can be selected among Normal Inverse, Very
Normal Inverse, and Extreme inverse curves. For a radial feeder, time grading by means of
relays having IDMT characteristics is shown in fig: (4.2)

Fig ( 4.2 ): IDMT relay protection

[38]

The characteristic of IEC Standard Normal Inverse 3.0 sec curve used for the Over
current and Earth Fault protection can be expressed as:
Relay Operating time (in secs) = (0.14*TL) / (PSM0.02-1)
Where TL=Time Setting Multiplier adopted.
Plug Setting Multiplier = Fault current on CT Primary
(CT Ratio Adopted)*(Current Setting Adopted on relay)
(4.3)Combined IDMT and high set instantaneous over current relays:
A high-set instantaneous element can be used where the source impedance is small in
comparison with the protected circuit impedance. This makes a reduction in the tripping time at
high fault levels possible. It also improves the overall system grading by allowing the
'discriminating curves' behind the high set instantaneous elements to be lowered.
One of the advantages of the high set instantaneous elements is to reduce the operating
time of the circuit protection by the shaded area below the 'discriminating curves'. If the source
impedance remains constant, it is then possible to achieve high-speed protection over a large
section of the protected circuit. The rapid fault clearance time achieved helps to minimize
damage at the fault location. Figure (4.3) also illustrates a further important advantage gained by
the use of high set instantaneous elements.

Fig( 4.3).Combined IDMT Characteristics along with High set Setting

(4.4)Relay Coordination:
These settings for the over current relays have to selected in such a way, that it should
achieve properly co-ordination with the relays connected in the adjacent section of the feeder.
The practical way of achieving the relay coordination is explained by considering the settings
adopted for Over current &Earth Fault Relays, in a system as shown below whose settings are
mentioned below as shown below:
Relay
Settings

Relay-1

Relay-2
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Relay-2

Relay-3

CT Ratio
O/C
PS &
TSM:
Relay In:

400/1

400/1

400/1

400/1

100%,0.20

100%,0.1
5

100%,0.10

100%,0.07
5

1A

1A

1A

1A

The relay Characteristic curve for all these relays are as follows:
Relay Characteristic specified by manufacturer at TSM=1.0
PSM
Operating
Time(sec)

1.5

10

15

19.4

10

6.2

4.3

3.9

3.35

2.5

Based on these settings for a fault current of 4000Amps, the respective relay time of
operation can be calculated and ascertain the relay co-ordination as shown below:

Example showing the Co-ordination of Relay settings

Relay
Calculations
CT Ratio
O/C PS &
TSM:
Relay In:

Relay-1

Relay-2

Relay-2

Relay-3

800/1

800/1

800/1

800/1

100%,0.20

80%,0.15

50%,0.10

50%,0.075

1A

1A

1A

1A

Fault Current

4000Amps

PSM

4000/(1*800)=5

4000Amps
4000/
(0.8*800)=6.25

4000Amps
4000/
(0.5*800)=10

4000Amps
4000/
(0.5*800)=10

4.3secs

3.9 secs

3 secs

3 secs

4.3*0.2=0.86secs

3.9*0.15=0.585secs

3*0.1=0.3secs

3*0.075=0.2925

Operating
time at TL=1.0
at PSM
obtained
above
Operating
Time at TSM
adopted:

(4.5)ASHIDA (ADR141A/ADR131A) Numerical Over Current & Earth Fault Relay:

The ADR141A is member of Ashida Numerical Relay family (Aditya Series) design to
meet demand of low and medium switchgear control. The ADR141A is a 3 OC and 1 EF relay
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with Instantaneous high set and programmable output to simplify feeder protection wiring. The
ADR141A continuously monitors all 3 phase and earth current, through CT connections. The
high-s peed micro-controller samples this current through a 12-bit A/D converter. The microcontroller performs powerful Digital Algorithms to find out Amplitude of current signal, and then
this value is use for protection and metering function. All measurement is tuned to fundamental
frequency. Each input current is also displayed on 16 x 2 LCD display for metering. It can be
either Definite or IDMT.
The features of the ASHIDA Make, ADR141A relay are:

4 Element ( 3 Phase+1 E/F) Over current IDMT with instant trip.

Programmable operating time in instantaneous element.
Back lit LCD display for settings.
Display of primary fault current/load current.
Selection of curve: six selectable curves (normal inverse1 (c1),normal inverse2 (c2),
very inverse (c3), extremely inverse (c4),long time inverse (c5) & definite time (c6).
Separate curve selection for phase and EF.
Design using DSP technology.
Latching of fault current up to last 5 fault.
Password protection for setting.
Site selectable CT secondary (in model AM00103)
Relay can be made either IDMT or Define time.
The Relay is having main three functions
1) Protection
2) Self-Supervision
3) Measurement.

(1)Protection Functions:

The ADR141A give all the advantage of numerical relay at affordable cost. Following is
summery of different protection functions provided by relay.
[41]

ANSI
50
50N
51

IEC
I >>
IE>>
I>t, Ip

Protection Functions
Instantaneous Over current Protection (OC-Inst.)
Instantaneous Earth Fault Protection (EF-Inst.)
Time Over current Protection (Phase) (OC-IDMT.)

51N

IE>t, I EP

Time Over current Protection (Earth) (EF-IDMT.)

Over Current / EF Protection: -

The ADR141A has 4 sensing element 3 OC and 1 EF. The tripping current can be set
from 50% to 200% for phase and 5% to 80% for Earth fault in steps of 1% by Keys switch
provided on front panel. The unit has got selection among six curves C1-C4 IDMT characteristic
of international IEC standard Very inverse / Extremely Inverse / Long Inverse and Standard
inverse (both 3.0 sec and 1.3sec at 10 times) whose characteristics are shown at the end of this
Chapter.
Curve Selection

Characteristics

C1
C2
C3
C4

IDMT 3.0secs curve

IDMT 1.3 secs Curve
Very Inverse 1.5secs curve
Extreme Inverse 0.8secs curve

The unit also has Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) from x0.01 to x1.0 for IDMT delay
multiplication. The instantaneous tripping function is having range of 100% - 3000% for phase
and 100% - 1200% for EF and can be set in steps of 100%.
The high speed CPU continuously monitors the all four current inputs and compare with
IDMT as well as instantaneous setting. If any one current is above instantaneous setting the relay
provide immediate trip command bypassing IDMT delay. If input current is less than
instantaneous setting but more than IDMT setting, CPU calculate IDMT delay as per selected
IDMT characteristic multiply it with TMS setting and provide trip command if fault is persist
even after this time delay.

(2)Supervision Function:

The relay supervision function continuously keeping track on its internal hardware and
the movement it detect any failure of any component, it give message on LCD display, This

[42]

feature is very useful to give pre information to avoid any mal-operation. In such situation it uses
some default setting and remains in protection mode.
(3) Measurement Function:

In normal condition this display shows all settings. Via keyboard the display can be
program to show the actual current flowing through the relay. If current excesses set value the
relay gives trip command. The type of fault is displayed on LCD display.
During the fault condition the relay measure the fault current and store in non-volatile
memory. The fault current can be read via keyboard on LCD display, last 5 fault values along
with tripping counter can be view via key-board. All settings are save in electrically erasable
read only memory

Fig (4.4): Front Panel & Control buttons of ASHIDA ADR141A

Legend

Function

On

Power On Indicator

Pkp

Relay Pick Up Indicator

Legend

-/

Fault
Faultrequired
Indicatorsettings:
Hand Reset
Flow
Chart for adopting
Trip
MODE

+/

Trip Indicator Self Reset

Push button used to select settings
parameters while setting & to
Save Settings.
Push Button to increment the values
in setting mode &
Used to scroll the Main Menu.

TEST
BYPASS
TEST.
RESET
relay.
LCD
Display

[43]

Function

Push Button to decrement the values

in setting mode & used to view the
Settings.
Push button used for online Tesing
Push button to Block Trip Command
during trip
Push button to Reset Hardware of
the
All the settings, the measuring
values as well as the Fault
data is shown on LCD display 16 x 2
char

Flow Chart to view settings:

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