Utilization of Line Surge Arresters in Transmission Lines: Hetal Pranlal
Utilization of Line Surge Arresters in Transmission Lines: Hetal Pranlal
Utilization of Line Surge Arresters in Transmission Lines: Hetal Pranlal
Hetal Pranlal
Instituto Superior Tcnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract Surges generated by lightning strokes can
lead to failures in the supply of electricity, therefore they
have brought several concerns in the design and operation
of transmission lines due to the consequences of these for
the various components. This dissertation presents the
results of the work performed with the aim of studying the
use of line surge arresters on transmission lines, using the
simulation program ATPDraw. The physical phenomenon
associated to lightning is explained, as well as the
characterization of the discharge waveforms and the
establishment of an equivalent electric model for its
representation. The models of the components of the
electrical system that are considered relevant to the study of
the electromagnetic transients generated by the incidence of
lighting strokes were also analysed. Assuming that the
stroke hits the top of the transmission tower and
considering discharge currents with different peak values
and different characteristic times, several simulations were
performed with the aim of studying the influence of ground
resistance and the adjacent towers in the evolution of the
voltages in the phase conductors and in the insulators,
analyzing the backflashovers as well. It is also performed
the study of the voltages in the insulators when line surge
arresters are installed. Finally, the installation of line surge
arresters in uniform and non-uniform lines was simulated,
performing the analysis of the backflashovers that occurs
and studying the strategy of the installation of this devices
that leads to the reduction of backflashovers. It was found
that the installation of line surge arresters in three phases of
one of the circuits when uniform lines are considered leads
to best results. In non-uniform lines, the installation of
arresters in the transmission towers that have the highest
grounding resistances and in the adjacent towers presents a
significant reduction in backflashovers, eliminating
backflashovers in one of the line circuit.
Keywords: Lightning Stroke, Transmission Line,
Backflashover, Grounding Resistance, Line Surge
Arresters, ATPDraw
I. Introduction
A transmission line is designed to ensure an insulation
level higher than the maximum instantaneous voltage. The
insulation level is selected based on surges that are
predictable to occur, whether their source are internal or
external. Internal origin surges refer to those produced by
switching or disconnecting operations. On other hand, the
external surges are generally caused by lightning flashes.
When a lightning strikes a component of the power
system a current of high amplitude and short duration is
RT 10
No arresters
10 < RT 20
One phase
20 < RT 40
Two phases
RT > 40
Three phases
Table II
Grounding Resistance ()
400
350
Parameter
300
250
200
150
100
50
1
10
19
28
37
46
55
64
73
82
91
100
109
118
127
136
145
154
163
172
181
190
199
208
217
226
235
244
253
Tower
Fig. 2 - Sines-Tunes line grounding resistances.
(2)
2
Where M corresponds to the average value and to the
logarithmic standard deviation.
The expression of the probability distribution is given
by the equation (3).
(3)
2
Being the change of variables given by (5).
ln /
Peak Value
61 kA
1.33 kA
Rise Time
4.7 s
0.49 s
Growth Rate
29.4 s
0.55 s
Half-wave Time
30.2 s
0.93 s
(4)
(5)
Peak
(%)
Value
Rise Time
Growth
Rate
Halfwave
Time
80
20.0129
2.0483
12.5809
13.7716
60
28.5679
3.1706
19.9236
23.8425
40
38.8160
4.6192
29.6031
38.2527
20
55.4088
7.1499
46.8805
66.2261
10
72.3052
9.9127
66.1152
99.8361
90.0796
12.9828
87.8220
140.119
Voltage Angle
-60
60
180
180
60
-60
Table V
Table VII
Case
Ipeak (kA)
Tower Hit by
Lightning
39
74
Case
Ipeak (kA)
Grounding
Phases that
Resistance ()
Flashover
39
80
T,T
55
80
T,T',S'
Uniform Line
The same discharge currents presented in Table III are
used to perform the study of a uniform line. However, it is
necessary to establish a criterion for the selection of the
grounding resistances to be simulated.
Fig. 3 shows the probability of the grounding resistance
of Sines-Tines line being exceeded.
90
Lightning Current
Once the characteristic parameters of the discharge
current are calculated, it is possible to reconstruct that
current wave in ATPDraw, by using a current source with a
parallel resistance, which has the purpose to represent the
lightning path impedance as shown is Fig. 4. This
resistance value is taken to be 400 .
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
14
27
40
53
66
79
92
105
118
131
144
157
170
183
196
209
222
235
248
261
274
287
300
313
326
339
352
100
B. Modelling
Grounding Resistance ()
Transmission Line
Fig. 3 - Probability of the value of the grounding resistance being
exceeded.
Grounding Resistance ()
30
22
20
31
15
40
10
54
80
136
338
(7)
Where ld corresponds to the insulators electrodes, E0 to
the electric field, which value is taken to be 750 V/km and
V(t) to the instantaneous voltage value.
Fig. 5 presents the model used in ATPDraw.
900
[kV]
680
460
240
R
20
-200
10
20
30
-S
v :TOP
40
-R
v :TOP
50
[us]
60
-T
(1)
3
Where Vm represents the line voltage level. The
multiplicative factor derives from the fact that during the
line operation the voltage of the line can get a value 10%
above of the line voltage level.
The surge arresters are represented in ATPDraw by a
MOV block, Fig. 6, modelled by a current dependent
exponential resistance, which follows equation (1).
12
[kA]
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
0
10
20
30
c:TOP
40
-R
c:TOP
50
[us]
60
-T
S
680
R
240
T
20
TOV
MCOV
(kV)
(kV)
for 1
sec
98
138
5kA
10kA
20kA
40kA
294
311
349
398
-200
0
10
20
30
-T'
v :TOP -R'
40
50
[us]
60
v :TOP -S'
S
5
Surge Arresters
T
1
-1
R
-3
0
10
20
30
c:TOP -R'
40
50
[us]
60
c:TOP -S'
(MV)
One Tower
Maximum
Voltage in the
Tower Hit by
Uniform Line
the Discharge
Reduction (%)
20
1.02
1.01
0.98
29
1.26
1.24
1.59
39
1.66
1.47
11.4
55
2.28
1.99
12.7
72
2.84
2.38
16.2
90
3.50
2.80
20.0
Table IX
Surge Arresters
900
Table XII
[kV]
680
With Arresters
Case2R0=80,Ipico=55kA
460
NoArresters
Without Arresters
F
240
a
s
20
e
-200
0.00
0.02
0.04
-S'
0.06
0.08
[ms] 0.10
v :TOP3 -S'3
Fig. 11 - Phase S' insulator voltage with and without arresters for
case 2.
4000
[A]
3500
N
-
3000
Table XIII
2500
2000
1500
Case2R0=80,Ipico=55kA
1000
500
0
0.00
Arrester in phase S
R
0.02
F
0.04
0.06
c:TOP3 -PHAA
0.08
[ms] 0.10
c:TOP3 -PHAB
a
s
e
Table XIV
Table XI
No arresters
Configuration 2
Arrester in phase S
Configuration 3
Configuration 4
s
e
Table XV
1.6
*10 6
1.3
Tower
1.0
0.7
0.4
0.1
Phase
-0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
*10 -6
60
v :T_N
Fig. 13 - Tower and phase (T') potential in the tower N for the
simulation of the case 2 without arresters.
1.2
*10 6
1.0
Tower
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Table XVI
0.0
Phase
-0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
*10 -6
60
v :T_N2C
Fig. 14 - Tower and phase (T') potential in the tower N-2 for the
simulation of the case 2 without arresters.
Case1R0=80,Ipico=39kA
NoArresters
F
a
s
e
Table XVII
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
s
e
S
R
T
T
R
S
Table XVIII
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
s
e
S
R
T
T
R
S
Table XIX
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
s
e
S
R
T
T
R
S
Resistance
Adjacent
of the
Towers
Tower Hit
Grounding
by
Resistance
Lightning
()
()
F
70
Grounding
(kA)
Case 1 Ipeak = 55 kA
Arresters in Towers 73-76
69
Table XX
Ipeak
Since these results are very complex, a simplified nonuniform line was simulated, where only one tower, the
tower that is hit by the lightning has a higher resistance,
while the other towers have grounding resistance of 22 ,
to understand when it is necessary to install arresters in the
adjacent towers to eliminate flashovers in RST circuit.
In Table XX are presented the values of the grounding
resistances, for different lightning currents, which need the
installation of arresters in the adjacent towers, besides the
towers with high grounding resistances.
39
170
22
13%
55
77
22
29%
72
49
22
45%
90
37
22
59%
[1] CIGR Working Group 33.01, Guide to Procedures for Estimating the
Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines, 1991.
[2] Oscar Kastrup, Luiz Cera Zanetta Jr., Lightning Performance Assessment
with Line Arresters, Transmission and Distribution Conference, pp: 288,
1996.
[3] Karthik Munukutla, Vijay Vittal, Gerald T. HEydt, Daryl Chipman, Brian
Keel, A Practical Evaluation of Surge Arrester Placement for
Transmission Line Lighntning Protection, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 25, pp: 1743, 2010.
[4] E. J. Tarasiewicz, F. Rimmer, A. S. Morched, Transmission Line Arrester
Energy, Cost, and Risk Analysis for Partially Shielded Transmission
Lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, n 3, pp. 919
924, 2000
10
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