Engineering Utilities 1: Engr. Jessica Laine M. Tumbaga

Engineering Utilities 1
NCE 2105
Engr. Jessica Laine M. Tumbaga

2
General Policies
• Absence in excess of 20% of total required number of meetings per
term will be given a mark of “D” – Dropped unofficially.
• Late in excess of 25% of the scheduled class duration will be
considered absent (15 minutes for a 1 hour class; 23 minutes for a 1-
1/2 hour class; 30 minutes for a 2 hour class). Reference time is
DOST’s JUAN TIME.
• Only missed major exams may be given a special make-up exam with
valid reasons and upon presentation of related documents. Missed
quizzes will be given a score of “0”.
• Cheating will be automatically penalized with a final grade of “5.0”.
• Going out of the class during exams is NOT ALLOWED.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

3
Grading System
Prelim Midterm Finals
Quizzes (Q) 33% Quizzes (Q) 33% Quizzes (Q) 33%
Prelim Exam (PE) 67% Midterm Exam (ME) 67% Final Exam (FE) 67%
Tentative Midterm 100 Tentative Final

100%
Grade (TMG) % Grade (TFG)
100
Prelim Grade (PG)
% 𝟐∗𝑻𝑴𝑮+𝑷𝑮 𝟐∗𝑻𝑭𝑮+𝑴𝑮
Midterm Grade= Final Grade=
𝟑 𝟑
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

4
Course Outline
1. Course Introduction
2. Electrical Theory
3. Electrical Materials
4. Electrical Systems
5. Electrical Design Principles
6. Sustainable/Future Systems
7. Light
8. Architectural Lamps
9. Lighting Design Principles
10. Architectural Lighting Design
11. Building Telecommunication Systems
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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References
• Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 11"edition.
Walter T. Grondzik, Alison G. Kwok, Benjamin Stein, John S.
Reynolds. John Wiley.
• Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Buildings, 5th edition.

William K. Y. Tao, and Richard R. Janis.· Pearson
Education/Prentice Hall.
• Pertinent Codes (Most recent edition): National Electrical Code.

Energy Conservation Code, International Code Council.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Course Introduction
• The course focuses on the environmental systems in buildings.
Lecture discussions include building electrical systems, natural
and artificial lighting, and building telecommunications.
• Reducing operational loads and integrating high performance

energy systems into buildings offers solutions towards achieving
a sustainable and secure energy future.
• Engineers must coordinate the work of the engineering

disciplines that carry the sustainability concept forward through
building design, construction, commissioning, operation and,
ultimately, demolition, recycling and reuse.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Electrical Theory
• Electricity is a form of energy tied to the existence of electrical
charge and, as a result, is related to magnetism. It plays a
fundamental role in all the technologies we use today. Everyday
work and play activities through manufacturing and scientific
research use electricity as a source of energy.
• In this module, the theory of electricity, fundamental units, and

costs are introduced.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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In 1600, English scientist William Gilbert described the

electrification of many substances. He coined the term electricity,
which is derived from the Latin term electricus, meaning to
“produce from amber by friction.” The Greek word for “amber” is
elektron. It has its roots in the Greek term elektor, which means,
“beaming sun.”
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Electricity is the movement of electrical charge through a circuit.
Two theories exist on how electricity behaves:

1. Classical theory
2. Modern theory
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Classical Theory: Flow of Electrons
Chemical elements are the fundamental materials that make up

matter; they are the building blocks of the universe.
Atoms are the smallest unit of an element and are composed of

several kinds of elementary particles, including protons, neutrons,
and electrons.
The proton of an atom is positively charged (+), the electron is

negatively charged (-), and the neutron is electrically neutral (o).
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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The Law of Charges states that opposite charges attract each other
and like charges repel each other.
Each atom of a single element has an equal number of protons and

electrons.
Electrically neutral - when an atom has an equal number of

electrons and protons.
Positively charged - An atom containing fewer electrons than

protons.
Negatively charged - an atom containing more electrons than

protons is.
Charged atoms are called ions. A positive ion is a positively charged

atom and a negatively charged atom is called a negative ion.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga
12
Orbital shells - electrons move in spherical paths that surround

the nucleus of an atom. Each orbital shell has a maximum
capacity of electrons.
Valence shell - The outermost orbital shell of an atom.
Valence electrons - Electrons found in the valence shell. The

outermost shell can contain no more than 8 electrons before the
next shell begins to fill.
In classical theory, electrical current is electron flow. If sufficient

additional energy is added, a valence electron can be forced out of
the atom. Such an electron is said to be free. These free electrons
make up electrical current flow.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

13
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Modern Theory: Flow of Charged Particles
In modern theory, electricity is tied to even smaller subatomic

particles that possess either a positive or negative electromagnetic
charge. Not all subatomic particles have a charge. It is only the
subatomic charged particles, those with an electromagnetic charge,
that are associated with electricity.
As in the classical theory, charged particles with like charges repel

one another and charged particles with unlike charges attract one
another. The electromagnetic force between two charged particles
is greater than the gravitational force between the two, so flow of
electricity is the flow of charged subatomic particles caused by
these repelling and attracting forces.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Electrical Current
In both classical and modern theories, electricity is the movement
of subatomic particles (electrons or charged particles) that is
attributable to the existence of a charge.
Electrical current - A flow of electric charge through a conductor.

When opposite charges are placed across a conductor, negatively
charged subatomic particles move from the negative charge to the
positive charge.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
Conductor carries electrical current without providing too much

resistance to current flow. It has less than 4 valence electrons.
Metallic elements are good conductors of electricity.
Insulators are materials that resist the flow of electricity. They

have electrons that tend to retain electrons on their original atoms,
making it difficult for electrons to move and conduct electricity. It
consists of more than 4 valence electrons. Insulators are
nonmetallic elements and compounds such as glass and other
ceramic materials.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Semiconductors are materials that are neither good conductors nor

good insulators. Its valence electron is equal to 4. They behave like
good conductors at high temperature and insulators at low
temperature. Heat has the opposite effect on conductors.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Producing Current Flow

There are six primary ways that current
can be forced to move through a
conductor:
a. Static electricity from friction.

Simply rubbing two materials
together produces a charge of static
electricity. Heat energy caused by
friction frees electrons near the
surface of one material and they
move to the other material.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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b. Thermoelectricity is electricity from heat. When two dissimilar

metals are joined, a thermoelectric charge is created when the
joined metals are heated. This device is called a thermocouple.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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c. Piezoelectricity is electricity from pressure. Certain crystalline

materials produce a piezoelectric charge when a force deforms
or strains the material. The pressure forces the electrons to one
side of the material, causing it to be negatively charged while
the side losing the electrons becomes positively charged..
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

23
d. Electrochemistry is electricity from a chemical reaction. A

galvanic reaction produces opposite electrical charges in two
dissimilar metals when they are placed in certain chemical
solutions. Battery uses this principle thru redox reaction.
Oxidation is loss of electrons. Reduction is gain of electrons.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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e. Photoelectricity is electricity from light. When small particles

of light called photons strike a material, they release energy
that can cause atoms to release electrons.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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f. Magnetoelectricity is electricity from magnetism. The force of

a magnetic field can drive electron flow.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

26
Ray Charles
~The End~
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

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Engineering Utilities 1

Engr. Jessica Laine M. Tumbaga

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Quizzes (Q) 33% Quizzes (Q) 33% Quizzes (Q) 33%

Tentative Midterm 100 Tentative Final

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

• Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Buildings, 5th edition.

• Pertinent Codes (Most recent edition): National Electrical Code.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

• Reducing operational loads and integrating high performance

• Engineers must coordinate the work of the engineering

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

• In this module, the theory of electricity, fundamental units, and

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

In 1600, English scientist William Gilbert described the

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Electricity is the movement of electrical charge through a circuit.

Two theories exist on how electricity behaves:

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Classical Theory: Flow of Electrons

Chemical elements are the fundamental materials that make up

Atoms are the smallest unit of an element and are composed of

The proton of an atom is positively charged (+), the electron is

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Each atom of a single element has an equal number of protons and

Electrically neutral - when an atom has an equal number of

Positively charged - An atom containing fewer electrons than

Negatively charged - an atom containing more electrons than

Charged atoms are called ions. A positive ion is a positively charged

Orbital shells - electrons move in spherical paths that surround

Valence shell - The outermost orbital shell of an atom.

Valence electrons - Electrons found in the valence shell. The

In classical theory, electrical current is electron flow. If sufficient

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Modern Theory: Flow of Charged Particles

In modern theory, electricity is tied to even smaller subatomic

As in the classical theory, charged particles with like charges repel

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Electrical current - A flow of electric charge through a conductor.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors

Conductor carries electrical current without providing too much

Insulators are materials that resist the flow of electricity. They

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Semiconductors are materials that are neither good conductors nor

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Producing Current Flow

a. Static electricity from friction.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

b. Thermoelectricity is electricity from heat. When two dissimilar

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

c. Piezoelectricity is electricity from pressure. Certain crystalline

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

d. Electrochemistry is electricity from a chemical reaction. A

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga