The Effect of Aluminum Oxide, Iron Oxide On The Thermal Conductivity of (Epoxy-Aluminum Oxide, Epoxy-Iron Oxide) Composites

Iraqi Journal of Physics, 2008
Vol. 5, No. 1, PP 114-118
The effect of Aluminum Oxide, Iron Oxide on the

thermal conductivity of (Epoxy-Aluminum Oxide,
Epoxy-Iron Oxide) Composites
M. K. Jawad
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad
Abstract:
Thermal conductivity for epoxy composites filled with Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are
calculated, it found that increasing the weight ratio of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 lead to
increase in the values of thermal conductivity, but the epoxy composite filled with
Fe2O3, have values of thermal conductivity less than for epoxy composite filled with
Al2O3, for the same weight ratio. Also thermal conductivity calculated for epoxy
composites by contact to every two specimens (like sandwich) content same weight
ratio of alumina-oxide and ferrite-oxide, its found that the value of thermal
conductivity lays between the values of epoxy filled Al2O3 and of epoxy filled Fe2O3.
- )
( -

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.
) (

.
composite properties [2, 3]. The particle
fillers are distributed randomly in the
matrix material, this type of
distribution led the properties of
composite material being anisotropic.
The gross of particle sizes (greater than
1m) decrease the ratio of homogenate
of composite material, also decrease
the strengthening. It is evident that
thermo physical properties of the filled
composites are anisotropic, except for
Introduction
In order to obtain materials of
desired thermal, mechanical and
electrical properties. Fillers may be in
the form of fibers or in the form of
particles uniformly distributed in the
polymer matrix material [1] . The
choice of particle fillers depends on the
desired properties. Also we can note
here the size and geometry of particle
filler is an important role in the
114
M. K. Jawad
the very short randomly distributed
fibers. Whereas, thermo physical
properties of particle filled polymer are
isotropic. Many theoretical, numerical
and experimental studies exist about
thermal conductivity of micrometer
sized particles and fiber filled polymer
composites.
Material Used
Two types of filler were used ,
Al2O3 and Fe2O3,Epoxy resin used to
form composite materials.
Composites Preparation
In order to obtain a composite,
Al2O3 and Fe2O3 filler should be added
to epoxy resin in the filler range from
(10%, 20%, 40% and 50%) by weight
ratio. Hand lay out method was used to
prepare specimens as discs with
diameter (2cm).
Thermal conductivity of Particle

filled Polymer Composite
Thermal conductivity is a measure
of materials ability to transfer heat
through itself [4,5]. Polymers belong to
those substances which are poor
conductors of heat, their coefficient of
heat transfer not generally exceeding
0.5W/m.k, and in the case of
orientated, or partially crystalline and
on the range of temperature studied. In
the interpretation of the relationship
between the coefficient of heat transfer
of
the
crystalline
phase
and
temperature, use in made of the
phononic theory of heat transfer in the
crystalline phase description of heat
transfer in the amorphous phase uses
the theory of solid bodies, taking into
account the motion of combined
structural
elements
and
the
phenomenon of phonon scattering, or
the phenomenon of heat transfer by
chemical bonds. The irregular structure
of glass and plastics gives rise to large
amount of phonon scattering. The
mean free path will be very small and
it will be temperature in dependent
[6]
.The
thermal
conductivity
improvement is largely related to the
volume fraction of filler and its thermal
conductivity [7,8]. Thermal conduction
systems containing high volume
fractions of particles are "attached"
systems in which particles interact with
each other and affect the position of
particles in a composite. Therefore; it
is considered that powdery properties
of particles, greatly affect the thermal
conductivity of the composite [9].
Experimental Part
Steady State Testing Apparatus

The conductivity of the small thin
slabs of material has been determined
by lee's by a method which is
applicable over a wide rang of
temperature [10]. The arrangement is
shown in Fig. (1), the substance S was
contained between two copper blocks
or discs U and M, and the heating coil
between U and a third copper block C.
The temperatures of all the copper
blocks
were
measured
by
thermocouples. When the discs had
been assembled they, were varnished
to give them the same emissivity, and
the whole apparatus was suspected in
an enclosure of constant temperature.
The apparatus is calibrated with
materials
of
known
thermal
conductivity.
In the theory given below, the
following symbols are used:
H= rate of supply energy to the heating
coil, after the steady state has been
reavhed.
h= heat loss per second per sq. cm.
t= excess temperature over that
enclosure.
d= thickness of discs.
r= radius of discs.
The heat received per second
by the disc M and given up to the air is
pr 2 + 2prdm htm
(1)
The heat received per second by S
and given up to the air from it's
exposed surface or passed on to M is
115
(pr
Vol. 5, No. 1, PP 114-118
It can be reduce the thermal

+ 2prdm htm+ 2prdsh1 2(t m + t u ) (2)
condictivity by adding Al2O3 to one of
If k is the thermal conductivity of
the
insulator polymers, like epoxy resin
the discs S, the heat flowing through it
to form a composite with alow thermal
is
condictivity, as shown in Fig. (3), the
2
pr kt u - t m / ds
(3)
value of the thermal condictivity was
We may assume that the flowing
increased with the increasing of the
through S is the mean of the quantities
weight ratio of the Al2O3, that can be
of the heat flowing into it and out of it,
explane because particles begin to
i.e that the third of the above quantities
form conductive Al2O3 chains, and
is half the sum of the other two. We
heat flows not only through the formed
have, therefore, on dividing by r2,
conductive Al2O3 chains, but also
1
k (t u - t m / ds ) = h t m + 2 r (dm + ds )t m + 2 rdst uthrough the epoxy itself .The thermal
conduction systems in polymers filled
(4)
with high conductive particles vary
Methods of test
with the volume content of particles
Two method of test are used, first
and can be classified into two systems ,
method is done by put the preparation
one is a system with low content of
specimens in part (3-2) in place of
particles in which dispersed particles
substance S Fig. (1). The second
hardly touch each other (dispersed
method of test is done by put to type of
system), while the other is a system
specimens in place of substance S, like
with higher content , in which
sandwich Fig. (2), every two
conductive chains formed by particles
specimens tested have the same ratio of
and contribute to alarge increase in
filler as example; first specimen
thermal conductivity of composite
(EP90%/Al2O310%), second specimen
[12]
(attached system)
. Another
(EP90%/Fe2O310%).
explanation is based on solid state
theory deals with the cooperative
motion of monomers and the
phenomenon of a phonon scattering
which limit the region of energies of
transfer [13]. According to this theory,
the modification may cause reduction
in molecular mobility at considerable
distance from the filler surface.Since
the ends of many chains segments are
firmly anchored at the filler surface.
The reduced molecular mobility in the
Fig. (1): Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
boundary layers will influence the
intermolecular vibrations .So the
thermal conduvtivity is increased [14].
2
Thermal conductivity of epoxy filled

with Fe2O3
As shown in Fig. (3) the thermal
conductivity of epoxy filled with Fe2O3
was stabilaze, although there is a smole
increace with the increasing of weight
ratio of Fe2O3 in specimens, indded
there is alow varaition in values of the
Fig. (2): show two specimens as sandwich
Results and Discussion

Thermal Conductivity of epoxy filled
with Al2O3
116
M. K. Jawad
thermal conductivity. Also we can see
from Fig. (3) that the value of thermal
conductivity of epoxy filled with
Fe2O3 is less than of epoxy filled with
Al2O3 which they have the same
weight ratio of filler , because the
thermal conductivity of Fe2O3 is 12.5
W/m.k. [11] which lead to reduce the
value of thermal conductivity of EP/
Fe2O3 composite .
0.7
0.6
K (W /m .k.)
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0%
Sandw ish
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Precent of filler to Ep
Fig. (4): Thermal conductivity of sandwich

composites
Thermal conductivity of Sandwich

The results of the thermal
conductivity
of
the
sandwich
(EP/Al2O3) with (EP/ Fe2O3) Fig. (4)
show that the increasing of weight ratio
to Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in the speciemens
lead to increasing in the thermal
conductivity , also we can see that the
value of the thermal condictivity lays
between the value of epoxy filled with
Al2O3 and epoxy filled with Fe2O3,that
can be explain by the effect of the air
cap between the tested speciemens
which lead to increasing of the heat
transfer across the specimens, and at
high
filler
concentration,
the
conduction is the main mechanism of
heat transfer [15].
Conclusions
1- It found that increasing the weight
ratio of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 lead to
increase in the values of thermal
conductivity, but the epoxy
composite filled with Fe2O3, have
values of thermal conductivity less
than for epoxy composite filled
with Al2O3, for the same weight
ratio.
2- Thermal conductivity calculated
for epoxy composite by contact to
every
two
specimens
(like
sandwich) content same weight
ratio of alumina-oxide and ferriteoxide, its found that the value of
thermal conductivity lays between
the values of epoxy filled with
Al2O3 and of epoxy filled with
Fe2O3.
0.7
0.6
K(W/m.K.)
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Al2o3 +Ep
0.1
Fe2O3+Ep
0
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
References
[1] Putnam, S. A. ,David G.Cahili,
D. G. , Ash, B. J. &Schadler, L.
S. (2003),High precision thermal
conductivity measurements as a
probe of polymer/nanoparticle
interfaces.
[2] M.M. Bever, "Encyclopedia of
Materials
Science
and
Engineering". Vol. 3, Pergamon
Press ,LTD. New York,(1986).
[3] H. I. Jaffer "Investigation of
Interlaminar
Toughness
of
Reinforced Polymer Blends"
PhD. Thesis University of
Baghdad,(2000).
60%
percent of filler to Ep
Fig. (3): Thermal conductivity of EP filled

with Al2O3 and Fe2O3 composites
117
Vol. 5, No. 1, PP 114-118

[11] A. L. Edwards "A compilation of
Thermal Property Data for
computer
Heat
conduction
Calculations"
UCRL-50569
University
of
California
Lawrence
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[12] Benedetta
Marmiroli."Thermal
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based
solid
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[15] Y. Agari, A.Ueda,M.Tanaka & S.
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[5] L. E. Nielsen, J.Appl. Polym. Sci.
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[6] E. Piorkowska and A. Galeski,
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No.10,
p.102-107,
(1985).
[7] L. E. Nielsen, Ind. Eng. Chem.
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[8] R. C. Progelhof, J. L. Throne&
R. R. Ruetsch, Polym. Eng. Sci.
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in solids" Clarendon Press
Oxford,(1976).
118

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Iraqi Journal of Physics, 2008

Vol. 5, No. 1, PP 114-118