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Lec 3

This document discusses crystal field theory and crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination complexes. It explains that in an octahedral field, the d-orbitals split into a lower-energy t2g set and higher-energy eg set. Factors like ligand type, metal oxidation state, and geometry affect the crystal field splitting energy Δ. Complexes with 4-7 electrons can be high-spin or low-spin depending on ligand strength. Tetrahedral splitting is smaller, and tetrahedral low-spin complexes are rare. Square planar complexes form from octahedral complexes with ligands removed along the z-axis.

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283 views14 pages

Lec 3

This document discusses crystal field theory and crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination complexes. It explains that in an octahedral field, the d-orbitals split into a lower-energy t2g set and higher-energy eg set. Factors like ligand type, metal oxidation state, and geometry affect the crystal field splitting energy Δ. Complexes with 4-7 electrons can be high-spin or low-spin depending on ligand strength. Tetrahedral splitting is smaller, and tetrahedral low-spin complexes are rare. Square planar complexes form from octahedral complexes with ligands removed along the z-axis.

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anuda09
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Crystal Field Splitting in an Octahedral Field

Energy

eg

3/5

o
o

2/5

t2g

eg - The higher energy set of orbitals (dz2 and dx2-y2)


t2g - The lower energy set of orbitals (dxy, dyz and dxz)
o or 10 Dq - The energy separation between the two levels
The eg orbitals are repelled by an amount of 0.6
0 6 o
The t2g orbitals to be stabilized to the extent of 0.4 o.

Tetrahedral Field
t2

Energy

2/5

3/5

The higher energy set of orbitals (dxz, dyz, dxy) is labeled


as t2 and the lower energy
gy set ((dz2 and dx2-y2) is labeled
as e.
The crystal field splitting in the tetrahedral field is intrinsically smaller than in the octahedral
field For most purposes the relationship may be represented as t = 4/9 o
field.

Energyy

Octahedral Vs Tetrahedral

[Ti(H2O)6]3+ a d1 system

The single electron in the t2g orbitals absorb energy in the form of light and gets excited to the eg
orbitals. In case of [Ti(H2O)6]3+, this corresponds to 520 nm (20,300 cm-1).
520 nm
(243 kJ/mol)

Factors Affecting the Magnitude of


1. Higher oxidation states of the metal atom correspond to larger .
=10,200 cm-1 for [CoII(NH3)6]2+ and 22,870 cm-1 for [CoIII(NH3)6]3+
=32,200 cm-1 for [FeII(CN)6]4- and 35,000 cm-1 for [FeIII(CN)6]32. In groups, heavier analogues have larger .
For hexaammine complexes [MIII(NH3)6]3+:
=
22 870 cm-11 (Co)
22,870
(C )
34,100 cm-1 (Rh)
41,200 cm-1 (Ir)
3. Geometry of the metal coordination unit affects greatly.
Tetrahedral complexes ML4 have smaller than octahedral ones ML6:
=
10,200 cm-1 for [CoII(NH3)6]2+
5,900 cm-1 for [CoII(NH3)4]2+
4. Nature of the ligands.
For [CoIIIL6],
] in cm-1: 13,100
13 100 (F-); 20
20,760
760 (H2O); 22
22,870
870 (NH3)
For [CrIIIL6], in cm-1: 15,060 (F-); 17,400 (H2O); 26,600 (CN-)

Spectrochemical Series
An arrangement of ligands according to their ability to increase for a given metal center

Weak I-, Br-, SCN-, Cl-, N3-, F-, H2NC(O)NH2, OH-, ox2-, O2-, H2O, NCS-, py, NH3, en , bpy,
phen, NO2-, CH3-, C6H5-, CN-, CO Strong

Strong
Field (Ligand)

Weak
Field

Distribution of Electrons in an Octahedral Complex


Strong field

Weak field

d1

Strong field

Weak field

Strong field

Weak field

d2

Net energy decrease is called crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)


For d1, CFSE = 1 0.4 = 0.4 o
For d2, CFSE = 2 0.4 = 0.8 o
For d3, CFSE = 3 0.4 = 1.2 o

d3

Distribution of Electrons in an Octahedral Complex


d4
2 u.e.
4 u.e.

2.0 o

0.0 o

There are two possibilities for metal ions having d4-d7


electronic configuration. Depending on the nature of the
ligands and the metal they could be high-spin or lowspin
i complexes.
l
For the d4 system, CFSE =
For high-spin,
g p
((3 0.4)) ((1 0.6)) = 0.6 o and
for low-spin, 4 0.4 = 1.6 o
2.4 o

0.4 o

d5

1 u.e.

5 u.e.

1.8 o

0.8 o

d6

0 u.e.

4 u.e.

d7

1 u.e.

3 u.e.

Distribution of Electrons in an Octahedral Complex


d8

2 u.e.

2 u.e.

d9

1 u.e.

1 u.e.

d10

0 u.e.

0 u.e.

For d8, CFSE = (6 0.4) (2 0.6) = 1.2 o


For d9, CFSE = (6 0.4) (3 0.6) = 0.6 o
For d10, CFSE = (6 0.4) (4 0.6) = 0.0 o
In all electronic configurations involving two electrons in the same orbital, the actual CFSE is
reduced by the energy spent on pairing the electrons.
Metal ions with 4 7 electrons in the d orbital can exist as high-spin
high spin or low-spin
low spin
complexes. Weaker ligands tend to give high-spin complexes, whereas stronger ligands
tend to give low-spin complexes.

Distribution of Electrons in an Octahedral Complex


High-spin

Low-spin

d1

t2g1eg0 0.4 o

t2g1eg0 0.4 o

d2

t2g2eg0 0.8 o

t2g2eg0 0.8 o

d3

t2g3eg0 1.2 o

t2g3eg0 1.2 o

d4

t2g3eg1 0.6 o

t2g4eg0 1.6 o

d5

t2g3eg2 0.0 o

t2g5eg0 2.0 o

d6

t2g4eg2 0.4 o

t2g6eg0 2.4 o

d7

t2g5eg2 0.8 o

t2g6eg1 1.8 o

d8

t2g6eg2 1.2 o

t2g6eg2 1.2 o

d9

t2g6eg3 0.6
0 6 o

t2g6eg3 0.6
0 6 o

d10

t2g6eg4 0.0 o

t2g6eg4 0.0 o

Distribution of Electrons in a Tetrahedral Complex


Tetrahedral
T
t h d l splitting
litti is
i seldom
ld
large
l
enoughh to
t result
lt in
i pairing
i i off the
th electrons.
l t
As a result, low-spin tetrahedral complexes are not common.
A rare example is Cr[N(SiMe3)2]3[NO]
d1

e1 t20

0.6 t

d2

e2 t20

1.2 t

d3

e2 t21

0.8 t

d4

e2 t22

0.4 t

d5

e2 t23

0 0 t
0.0

d6

e3 t23

0.6 t

d7

e4 t23

1.2 t

d8

e4 t24

0.8 t

d9

e4 t25

0.4 t

d10

e4 t26

0.0 t

When to Expect Tetrahedral Geometry

If ligands are large; so as to avoid ligand


ligand-ligand
ligand repulsion
In case of metal ions with zero CFSE (d0, d5 and d10) or
MnO4- ((d0)), FeCl4- ((d5, h.s.),
) ZnCl42- ((d10)
In case of metal ions with small CFSE (d2 and d7)
CoCl42- (d7, h.s.) 0.8 o vs 1.2 t

Square Planar Field

Energy

Ligands along the Z


axis are removed from
an octahedral complex
to get a square planar
complex

When to Expect Square Planar Geometry

In the case of d8 metals and strong ligands:


Ni2+, in the presence of strong field ligands such as CN- forms a square planar complex.
2nd and 3rd row d8 metals form square planar geometry irrespective of the nature of the
ligand:
With Pd2+ (which already generates a strong field) even a weak field ligand such as Cl2.
l d to
leads
t the
th formation
f
ti off a square planar
l
complex,
l for
f example,
l [PdCl4]2-

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