WAS - WERE toze-Past Tense (W777 AFFIRMATIVE | |_NEGATIVE | I was happy. I wasn't sad. He was hungry. He wasn’t thirsty. wasn't = She was anurse. She wasn’t ateacher. wasnot It was big. It wasn’t small. We were early. We FEE ite. ‘weren't = You were atschool. You weren’t athome. jot They were quiet. They weren’t noisy. 8 | QUESTIONS + Affirmative They were happy. She was rich. 2) Question Were they happy ? wis Xe rich? Short Answer _ Yes, they were / No, they weren’t Yes, she was / No, she wasn't © Woodward English ) Spares ) a I/he/she/it a ; ‘tired ‘When + (were + we/you/they ‘ready’... -Why was he angry? - When was she nervous? - Where were you yesterday? - Who were those people? www.grammar.cl www.woodwardenglish.com — www.vocabulary.cl _)E> A-An- Some - Any A/AN + singular countable nouns SOME/ ANY + plural countable nouns & uncountable nouns @ affirmative A + consonanrsouno AN + vowet souno O negative ANY @ questions* ANY There is a bottle on the table. There is an apple on the table. SINGUENS SOME There is some |cheese in the fridge. There isn’t any cheese in the fridge. Is there any cheese in the fridge? Ode ;) affirmative A/AN negative A/AN questions * A/AN questions 1.offer Would youlike some...? SOME SOME questions 2.ask for Can!..some...? SOME SOME questions 3.suggest Why don‘twe..some-?| SOME SOMEAdjectives - Word Order U7 English Grammar The general order of adjectives before a noun is the following: Opinion Size Shape Condition Age Colour Pattern Origin Material Purpose Noun ugly small thin dirty old red _ striped Italian cotton sleeping bag beautiful - long — ~- white — French silk wedding dress - large — broken ancient — - Greek clay flower vase EEIONED Attitude / Observations Colour / Approximate Colour delicious, lovely, nice, cool green, blue, reddish, purple Size/ Height Pattern / Design big, small, tall, huge, tiny spotted, checked, flowery, zigzag Shape/Weight/ Length Whereis it from? round, square, long, fat American, British, Arabic, Turkish CENPMTND Condition state NEA What is it made oft clean, wet, rich, hungry gold, wooden, plastic, synthetic How old is it? UResaD What is it used for? old, young, new, antique gardening, shopping, riding Before adjectives + noun we normally have a determiner: -a,an, the, my, your, her, four, this, those, some etc. www.grammar.cl__www.woodwardenglish.com _www.vocabulary.cl__(ges, _ ADJECTIVES Ending in -ED and -ING ADJECTIVES / Ss *) Describe the characteristic of a person, THETEND IN a thing or a situation. It CAUSES a feeling. The books are boring. We are describing a characteristic of these books. What do these books cause? They make people feel bored. ADJECTIVES “ED _ Describe a feeling or an emotion. THATENDIN It is how we FEEL about something. Heis bored. This is his feeling right now. This feeling was caused by the books. Heis not going to be bored for etermity. He feels bored for now. (It is temporary) Example Sentences (compare the difference) 1am tired right now. My flight was tiring (because it was a twelve-hour flight). Public toilets are sometimes disgusting. | am disgusted by the smell of them. Your speech was inspiring. 'm now inspired to do great things with my life. NSr ENGLISH - COL en A-AN The difference between A and AN = And AN have the same meaning. A and AN are indefinite articles. The difference depends on the sound at the beginning of the next word. When the next word starts with a When the next word starts with a CONSONANT SOUND VOWEL SOUND A CAND ‘a book a frog an apple an orange a car a lemon an egg an) umbrella adog a truck an insect an) actor BE CAREFUL!) The SOUND of the letter is important ~~ The Hat the beginni ahouse BUT anhour ~~ fhourissilent. anuncle BUT auniversity | TheU atthe beginning of _ pe university sounds like YOU. This rule applies to all words after A or AN (including adjectives, adverbs...) a cold day an) easy lesson a very crazy person an interesting class \S y/s — sas, COUNTRY - NATIONALITY TOBE)+ FROM + ciTyY ) lam from Sydney. TOBE )+ FROM + COUNTRY 1am from Australia. TOBE + NATIONALITY lam Australian. He is (from Venice). He is from ) Vancouver). He is from Italy . He is (from ) Canada). He is Italian . He is Canadian. Where are you from?Both - Either - Neither Both = the two Either = one of the Neither = none alternatives two alternatives =not this AND = this AND that = this OR that not the other NEITHER I can speak both I can speak either I can speak neither English and Spanish. English or Spanish. French nor Arabic. Which is easier for you to understand? cc cr ec mee rer one Woodward English( Television or The television When do we use the article THE? When we talk about television in the sense of television programs (UK = programmes) that are broadcast (= transmitted), we DO NOT use the article THE. - Television became widely available in the 1950s. - | wonder what is on television tonight. We use the article THE when we refer to television as a device or the ‘piece of furniture’. - The television didn't fit in the wall unit. - Dont sit so close to the television. When we talk about more than one television, or televisions in a general sense, we do not use the article THE. - While televisions were available in the 1930s, their popularity only increased during the late 1940s. Sometimes we informally call the television Tele or TV. The word TV (written with capital letters) is pronounced as the individual letters T-V.Conditionals “CONDON = RESULT ZERO. fyoustand inthe rain, you get wet. conditional _|f you heat ice, it melts. PRESENT SIMPLE = + PRESENT SIMPLE USES: Facts which are generally true or scientific facts The condition always has the same result FIRST If it rains, we will cancel the trip. conditional _ If you study, you will pass the exam. PRESENTSIMPLE | (+) | WILL/WON'T+VERB USES: A possible situation in the future Predicting a likely result in the future (if the condition happens) SECOND Ifl won the lottery, 1 would travel a lot. conditional _If they sold their house, they would be rich. | PASTSIMPLE (+) © WOULD + VERB USES: Hypothetical or unlikely situations Unreal or improbable situation now or in the future THIRD If you had studied, you would have passed the exam. conditional If! hadn’t been sick, I would have gone to your party. PASTPERFECT (+ WOULD HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE USES: Thepersonis imagining a different past Imaginary situation that did not happen odware www.grammar. PI)) 2 Do - Does - Did - Done | To Do - VERB ; ) ( |/you/we/they DO he/she / it DOES Be coe -1do exercises - He|does exercises - I did my homework - He did his homework -Ihave'done many things - He has done many things | Do/Does/Did - AUXILIARY (To make questions) _ AULGIEl BUJeG BS) 4 | 1 aes . a ® “J he/she / it SUByect! + 1/you/we /they he/she / it The ONLY difference between a question in the present tense and a question in the past tense is the auxiliary (Do/Does or Did). you speak Englist 1?) he speak En lish) Oo oes) git: ou speak En lish?) h IK Engli: @id)y Pp 1g! (Did) je speak Eng) ish?) www.grammar.cl Poetic Len aL ce a. ©) May- Might Uses of May and Might: Possibility J May or Might? - It might rain later so take an umbrella. | May and Might can normally Gi so be interchanged withouta SS Den SSO) ee significant difference in - You may have another cookie if you like. meaning. However, Might = F often implies a smaller chance Askfor permission ot something happening ~ May | borrow your pen please? (when expressing possibility). er eee ee E Express wishes (70% chance) | It might rain, (40% chance) - May the New Year bring you happiness. When expressing wishes or Speculate about past actions | | giving permission, only May - She is late. She may have missed her plane. & WERE www.grammar.cl www. iwardenglish.com _www.vocabulary.cl _] If | were you... You imagine yourself in the position MEANING: or situation of the other person. Itis used TO GIVE ADVICE. fl were you, ( Twould+verb | 2 If were you, I would study more. %) ie If | were you, | wouldn't do that. Iwould+verb + | iflwereyou Iwould go tothe doctor _ if | were you. I wouldn't go there if | were you. Why /f/ were and not If! was? This is the SUBJUNCTIVE mood which is used for HYPOTHETICAL situations. It is a condition which is contrary to fact (the fact is, !am NOT you). J would be careful if | were you. With TO BE, use WERE for all subjects in the SUBJUNCTIVE. www.grammar.cl wi odwardenglish.com www.vocabulary.clEvery day - Everyday Liza Phrase that acts every day as an adverb Itdescribes the frequency... =on all of the days, on each day All of these days ft £ Ake Mon Tue) Wed) Thur) Fri Sat/Sun» Examples: | study English every day. Woodward English puts a new word everyday Adjective It describes something as... = ordinary, regular, normal, common piace (everyday) + | everyday acti (everyday occurrence Example: Even though he had won the lottery, it hadn't changed his everyday life. with its definition on twitter every day. —_, ire! See it at @WoodwardEnglish www.grammar.cl www.woodwardenglish.com | www.vocabulary.clFamily Members Members of the Family in English grandfath « uncle father + mother aunt “1 _uncle sister-in- ir brother) sister — You. >) cousin cousin gnarried, nephew niece son eT grandson granddaughter ‘andmother irrENGLISH MUCH - MANY |Weeeware” | a ALOT OF - LOTS OF =a large quantity of something Muchand Many are mainly used in negative sentences and questions. They are not common in affirmative sentences though still possible. Muchis used with uncountable nouns. Many is used with plural countable nouns. MUCH — MANY + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS - 1 don't have much time. - There aren’t many chairs in the room. - He doesn’t need much money. -1 don‘thave many friends. - Does it use much electricity? -Do you think many people will go? With affirmative sentences, we prefer a lot of instead of much/many. Alot of /lots of are not common in negative sentences or questions. Alot of can be used with countable nouns and uncountable nouns. a lot of = lots of ALOT OF ALOT OF + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS - [need a lot of coffee. - She has a lot of friends. (| need lots of coffee.) (© She has lots of friends.) - There is a lot of traffic today. - There are a lot of cars on the street.Must Uses of Must: eT Obligation MUST vs. HAVE TO -You must wear a seatbelt when you drive. Must expresses obligation iz =m ae imposed by the speaker while (Deduction (certain somethingistrue) Have to expresses external - Look at all that snow. It must be cold outside. | obligations. Fi = aa Teacher: You must complete (EmphasizeNecessity CATE) (recy Syrian -Plants must have light and water to grow. | Student: We have to complete (Strong Recommendation | SOE AEE -We must get together for dinner soon. | Itis more common to use Have to instead of Must in _Mustn’t = Prohibition questions. - Does he have to do the test? -You mustn't use your phone while driving We use Had to instead of Must in the past tense. See our chart about ~| had to pay my speeding ticket yesterdar Mustn't vs. Don't have to. ieee oils eS Led nue ce elQuestions with Do / Does We use Do or Does to make a question in the * * Exceptions: Questions with To Be and simple present tense. Modal Verbs (can, might, should etc.) Auxiliary) SH D)S5 — | go + I/you/we/th | 7 ee + |want... @ + he/she /it | likes... @ Affirmative: You speak English. “The base form : f the infiniti Question: (00 you\speak English?) 2 onan! ee t6 speak, to live Affirmative: He speaks English. | Question: Does he speak English?) verbs lose the final Nr Look: Third person _s" in questions www.grammar.cl_ __ www.woodwardenglish.com Pac ee‘sas, SO-TOO SO and TOO are used to show agreement with positive statements (said by Person A). SO + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT —_Theauniliary verb (or To Be/To Have) (or BE / HAVE) needs to agree with the verb tense in Person A Person B __ theoriginal statement (by Person A). | am happy. Soaml. =lam happy too. You are making a noise. So are you. = You are making a noise too. | need more money. Sodol. =Ineed more money too. Steve likes pizza. So does Mary. = Mary likes pizza too. | was tired this morning. So was |. = Iwas tired too. We were late. Sowere they. = They were late too. | watched a movie last night. So did |. =I watched a movie too, She can play the guitar. Socanl. =I can play the guitar too. We could see the stars. So could |. =I could see the stars too. She will win an award. So will | =| will win an award too. | would like a cup of coffee. So would. =I would like a cup too. He should study more. So should |. =Ishould study more too. They have finished early. So have |. =I have finished early too. He had eaten too much. So had |. =I had eaten too much too. Sometimes you can use So+ Auxiliary + Subject as a continuation of the first part of the sentence. John can sing well, and socan his brother. = John can sing well, and his brother can sing well too. \S y/(gus! There is - There are Meaning: To say that something exists (or doesn't. eis) SS £ 3) + singular noun: There (is) a book on the desk. i & There (are)+ |p There are * There (is) + There (is) some |milk in the fridge. mem y Theres E t arg ee P | I : There ‘isn’t + [uncountable noun There isn't any juice in the fridge. wzo-4umeo ST There's = There is there|in your class? There’s not = There is not There isn't = There is not There aren't = There are not iC www.grammarcl__www.woodwardenglish.com _www.vocabulary.cl »/ ere in February?This - That - These - Those Demonstratives [Pepensman singular Thisisa red pen. __ Pronouns pliral» These are blue pens. Demonstrative Pronoun + Verb” + or by itself, -@.g. Do you want this? here this these ey ‘singular’ This penis red. Adjectives plural’) These pens areblue. Demonstrative Adjective + Noun this book we that book (here/close) (there /not close) these books c( those books ing (here/ close) (there /not close) www.grammar.cl _ www.woodwardenglish.com —_ www.vocabulary.ct gular plural there that those‘Rapid Decision | -|'m thirsty. | think | will buy a drink. Grr ( - Don't worry, | won't tell anyone. ‘Thr ‘Refusal = wont =willnot = She won't listen to anything I say. -| think it will rain tomorrow. - | haven't made any plans. | think | will probably watch TV. I'm probably going to watch TV. Will and going to are both possible here. We are “predicting” what will \€ - That looks heavy. | will help you with it. -If you don't stop, | will tell your mother. happen because nothing is planned. (ais WILL vs. GOING TO Gazz Prior Plan = The decision was made before the moment of speaking. -I'm going to the beach next weekend with my friends. Evidence / Signs = When there are signs that something is likely to happen. ~My stomach hurts a lot and | think | am going to throw up. - It’s 70-0, They’re going to win. You can use both Will and Going to for making predictions. -| think it is going to rain tomorrow. COMPARE: Are you busy this evening? - Yes, I'm going to the movies. Only Going to is possible because this is a prior plan. In spoken English Going to is often pronounced as “gonna”