Summary - Nadiah Oktarika 3

Active voice
Active voice is a form of the verb (verb form) in which the subject of the sentence is the actor of
the verb in the sentence.One of the easy ways to identify active and passive sentences is by
having "by" in the sentence. Active sentences do not use by, while passive sentences use "by".
Active Voice Formula

When paired in Indonesian, active voice uses a verb that has the affix me- or ber-.
Therefore, the formula for active voice sentences is: Subject (doer of the action) + verb (+ direct
object/receiver of the action).
So it can be said that the sentences that we usually say in the majority of conversations already
use active voice or active voice.
example :
She Drinks Milk Every Morning
He Will Buy A New Laptop Tomorrow
NOUNS
Nouns that denote a person, place, thing, or even an idea. Noun are usually the subject or object
of a clause.
The easiest way to recognize words that belong to nouns is that

they cannot be combined with the word "no". Let's look at the
following example:
Person
Place:
Thing
Idea
Plural Noun
Nouns can be singular nouns (singular nouns) or plural nouns
(plural nouns). To change a singular noun to a plural noun, we
often just have to add the letter -s/-es at the end of the word.
Noun -s , -ss , zz, -ch, -sh, -x
bus - buses
box - boxes
buzz - buzzes
Noun -O
Duo - Duos
Stereo - streos
Cameo - Cameos
Nouns ending in -o, preceded by a consonant

Usually added -es
Tomato -> Tomatoes
Echo -> Echoes
Sometimes added -s
Piano -> Pianos
Solo -> Solos
Photo -> Photos
Nouns ending in -y, preceded by a vowel
Added -s Donkey ->Donkeys
Day -> Days
Singuler From
• a bag
• a book

Plurar From
• five cats
• Seven group of tiger
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice is a relationship between the subject and the verb where the subject
receives the action of the verb. Passive sentences are often used in formal texts.
Subject + to be + Past Participle (Verb-3)
My car was stolen.

My car= Subject
Was= to be
Stolen= Past Participle
Forming a passive voice :
Passive sentences in English consist of two elements:
the appropriate form of the verb to be + past participle
Positif : The house was built in 1899.
Negatif : The house wasn't built in 1899.
Passive voice with infinitive

The passive infinitive is used after a modal verb, and other verbs are usually followed by an
infinitive.
Example :
A song is being sung by sara
She has been challenged by bica
The wall was being painted by tia
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the
situation is real and possible.
used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take
place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled.
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is

real.

○ If clauseMain clause
○ If + simple present simple future
(Verb1/is/am/are) (will+verb1/be)

○ If you’re not back by 5pm, give me a ring.
○ If we arrive late, we must get a taxi.
Take a break. if you’re tired.

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a
situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact.

If clause

If + simple past (verb2/were)
I’ll carry on doing this work, unless my boss tells me to do something else.

Main clause

Past future (would + verb1/be)
What would you do if you were offered a job in Canada?

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation
that is contrary to reality.

If clause
If + past perfect (had+verb3/been)
You could have been helped me if you’d stayed later.

Main clause
Past future Perfect (would have + verb 3 / been)

If you would have saved your jewelry and foreign currency in a safety deposit box,
they wouldn’t have gone.
Gerunds And Infinitives
gerund is formed by adding the ending -ing to a basic verb.

nfinitive is a word formed by adding "to" before the basic verb. Example:
Gerund = the present participle (-ing) form of the verb, e.g., singing, dancing,
running.
Infinitive = to + the base form of the verb, e.g., to sing, to dance, to run.

subject of sentence
The most important thing is to learn.
complement of sentence
He wants to learn.
object of sentence
Gerunds can be used after certain verbs including enjoy, fancy, discuss, dislike, finish, mind,
suggest, recommend, keep, and avoid.

•>Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with little difference in meaning.
Examples:
➢ Gerund: My goal is winning the badminton
Infinitive: My goal is to win the badminton.
⇒ Progressive forms are used to emphasize that an action is taking place now. Passive forms are
used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is being acted upon.
⇒ Perfect gerund and infinitive forms are used to emphasize completion in both the past and the
future. Study the examples below to help understand these concepts.
DEGREE
Definition
➢ Comparative adjectives are adjectives that compare differences between the attributes of two
nouns.
➢ These are often measurements, such as height, weight, depth, distance, etc., but they don’t
have to be.
➢ We can also use comparative adjectives to compare non-physical characteristics.
•>Adjective
tall
•>Comparative
Taller

Short” adjectives are adjectives that have only one syllable, or else have two syllables and end
in “-y.”
The rules:
First, if the adjective ends in “-e,” we just add “-r,” not “-er.” This is to avoid doubling the
letter
grey ⇒ greyer ⇒ greyest,
slow ⇒ slower ⇒ slowest
“e.” For example:

➢
come coming
date dating
dine dining
Second, if the last three letters of the adjective are in the pattern consonant, vowel, consonant,
we double the final consonant before adding “-er” to the word. For example:
➢ cheap becomes cheaper, not cheapest.
➢ Fat ⇒ fatter ⇒ fattest,
Using comparative adjective

Explicitly mentioning both nouns
Noun 1 + be + comparative adjective + than + noun 2
For example:
She said she likes black shoes by saying she likes all colors but white.
He said, you will not attend that birthday party.
Grandable And Ungradable

Gradable adjectives are adjectives that can move up and down on a scale of intensity.
For example, tall is a gradable adjective because something can be a little tall, tall, or very tall.
a bit, a little, much, a lot, and far
“Jane is much taller than Emily.”
Ungradable adjectives are adjectives that can’t move up and down on a scale of intensity.
For example, you cannot say “I am very married.” You are either married, or you aren’t. The
same can be said for the adjective dead: something is either dead or it isn’t.

Expressing Equality Andlnequality using as...as

There is another way to express similarities and differences between two nouns using adjectives
that aren’t comparative. To describe two things as equal, we can use the construction as +
adjective + as.
For example:
➢ “The watermelon is as big as the orange.” (The two are the same size.)
➢ “The clock is as heavy as the bag.” (The two are the same weight.)
Superlative Adjective
adjectives that describe the attribute of a person or thing that is the highest (or lowest) in degree
compared to the members of the noun’s group.
Superlative adjectives are similar to comparative adjective, except they express the most extreme
degree of comparison, and they are only used when talking about groups of three or more
people or things.
We form superlative adjectives either by adding “-est” to the end of the adjective, or by
adding the word most before the adjective.
⦿ Good – goodest
Strong – strongest
⦿ Taller – Tallest

The final consonant is not doubled if it is preceded by two vowels or another
consonant, as in:
⦿ Noist – noisiest
Old – oldest
⦿ Odd – oddest
Polite – politest

For example:
fera is more honest than her sister.
rizky is more handsome than his brother.

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Active voice

Active Voice Formula

The easiest way to recognize words that belong to nouns is that

Nouns ending in -o, preceded by a consonant

Subject + to be + Past Participle (Verb-3)

My car was stolen.

Passive voice with infinitive

A song is being sung by sara

She has been challenged by bica

The wall was being painted by tia

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is

Gerunds And Infinitives

gerund is formed by adding the ending -ing to a basic verb.

“e.” For example:

Using comparative adjective

Grandable And Ungradable

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