Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook: Try Yourself Questions

2017
WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Electrical Engineering
Measurements
Error Analysis & Basics
T1 : Solution
(d)
2
Probable error,
Here,
So,
I =
I = I1 + I2
=
=1
1
2
I =
therefore,

2
2
1 + 2
1
2
(1)2 (1)2 + (1)2 (2)2
= 2.24 A
I = 300 2.24 A
T3 : Solution
Bridge is under balanced condition.
So,
R1R4 = R2R3
R4 =
(500 5%) (200 5%)

= 400 15%
(250 5%)
T4 : Solution
Req. = R1 + R2 + R3
= (37 2%) + (50 2%) + (75 2%)
= 162 2%
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Indicating Instruments
T1 : Solution
Sdc =
1
1
=
= 1000 /v
Ifs
1 103
Rm = Sdcv = 1000 1 = 1000

Rs = 0.45 1000 10 1000
Rs = 3.5 k
T2 : Solution
(d)
1
(12 2 T ) + (52 T ) ; 9.2
2T
Average volts = 9.2 10 = 92 V
The MI meter will read 92 V.
Average value of rectangular current wave =
T3 : Solution
For the range extension of electrostatic voltmeter the capacitor is connected in series with meter and its
value is given by
Cs =
Cv
m 1
Where
m=
V 20 kV
=
= 10
v
2 kV
So,
Cs =
0.5
= 0.05 pF
10 1
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Measurement of
Power & Energy
T1 & T2 : Sol.
Total power in the circuit,
P = W1 + W2 = 500 W + (100) W = 400 W
W W2
Power factor of the circuit, cos = cos tan1 1

. 3
+
W
W
2
1
0.5 (0.1)
. 3
= cos tan1
0.5 + (0.1)
= cos tan1 (1.5 3) = 0.359

Load current per phase,
Load impedance per phase,
IP =
Zp =
P
3 VL cos
Vp
lp
400
= 1.462 A
3 440 0.359
440 / 3
= 173.76
1.462
Load resistance per phase, Rp = Zp cos = 62.38

Load reactance per phase, Xp = Zp sin = 162.18
Reading of wattmeter B will be zero when p.f. = cos = 0.5
or
= 60
Since there is no change in resistance,
Reactance in the circuit per phase,
X p = Rp tan
Xp = 62.38 3 = 108.045
value of capacitive reactance to be introduced in each phase = Xp Xp
= 162.18 108.045
= 54.135
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Measurements
T3 : Solution
Case-1:
p.f.
Pm
Pm
PT
=
=
=
=
% error =
1 = 0
VL IL sin( )
VL IL sin(88 0)
VL IL sin(90 0)
Pm PT
100
PT
sin(88) sin(90)
100 = 0.061%
sin(90)
=
=
=
=
=
0.5 = 60
VL IL sin(88 60)
VL IL sin(28)
VL IL sin(90 60)
VL IL sin30
Case-2:
p.f.
Pm
Pm
PT
PT
% error =
sin(28) sin(30)
100 = 6.1%
sin(30)
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Power Factor Meter,

Potentiometer, Flux Meter,
Instrumentation Transformers
4
T1 : Solution
(c)
Phase angle error for CT is =
Kt =
Here,
180 Im cos Ie sin

degree

K t Is
1000
= 200, Is = 5 A
5
Im = 11 A
Ie = 6.5 A
= 30
So, phase angle error =
180 11cos30 6.5sin30
= 0.359

200 5
T2 : Solution
(b)
Secondary circuit phase angle,
or,
1
= tan1
= 33.69
1.5
cos = cos 33.39 = 0.835

sin = sin 33.69 = 0.555
Turn ratio,
Kt =
Ns
300
=
= 300
Np
1
Magnetizing current,
Im =
Magnetising mmf 100

=
= 90 A
Np
1
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Measurements
Secondary circuit burden impedance =
(1.5)2 + (1.0)2 = 1.8
Secondary induced voltage,
Es = 5 1.8 = 9 V
Primary induced voltage,
Ep =
Es
9V
=
300 300
Loss component,
Iw =
iron loss
1.2
=
= 40 A
Ep
(9 / 300)
Phase angle,
180 I m cos I w sin
Kt Is

180 100 0.835 40 0.555
= 2.34

300 5
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Measurement of
R, L, C Bridges
T1 : Solution
Schering bridge D-factor = Cx Rx after substituting Cx and Rx.
D-factor = R1C1
= 2 103 103 0.5 106
= 3.14
T2 : Solution
(b)
At balance,
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3
3
10 10 X C
10 103 + X C
XC =
as,
Z = 500 103
j104 105
5
104 j 10
1
1
105
j
=
=
j c
j 100 100 109
2 = 5 105
j103
(R + jX ) = 5
1000 j104
and
jR + X = 5 j5 10
R = 50
L=
5
= 50 mH
2 50
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Measurements
T3 : Solution
Since r is negligible and P, Q, p and q have large values, the effect of ratios arms can be neglected for the
purpose of calculation of current,
I=
R=
and
I=
From equation (1),
E
Rb + R + S
...(1)
1000
P
0.001 = 0.001
S =
1000
Q
100
20 A
5 + 0.001 + 0.001
T4 : Solution
R3 =
C=
R1 =
R2 =
By using balance equation,
5 ,
1 mF,
160 ,
20
R2R1
R= R
3
L = R2 R1C
and
quality factor = Q =
L
R
20 160
= 640
5
L = 20 160 1 103 = 3.2 H
R=
So,
Q=
2 50 3.2
= 1.57
640
T5 : Solution
Measured value of resistance = 90
Resistance of voltmeter,
Rv = 2000
V = 180
Voltage across voltmeter,
Current through voltmeter =
V
180
=
= 0.09 A
RV
2000
Current through resistance,
(R) = IR = 2 IV = 2 0.09
IR = 1.91 A
True value of resistance,
V
180
=
= 94.24
IR
1.91
% error =
=
Measured value True value

100
True value
90 94.24
100 = 4.5%
94.24
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CRO, Q-meter
T1 : Solution
Using the equation,
volts no. of div

Vp p =
div
1
Vp p = 0.5 V 3 = 1.5 V
T2 : Solution
The period of the signal is calculate using the equation
time no. of div
T=
div cycle
T = 2 s 4 = 8 s
Hence, frequency is
f=
1
1
=
= 125 kHz
8 s
T
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2017

Try Yourself Questions

Error Analysis & Basics

(1)2 (1)2 + (1)2 (2)2

(500 5%) (200 5%)

Rm = Sdcv = 1000 1 = 1000

Average value of rectangular current wave =

P = W1 + W2 = 500 W + (100) W = 400 W

Power factor of the circuit, cos = cos tan1 1

= cos tan1 (1.5 3) = 0.359

Load impedance per phase,

Load resistance per phase, Rp = Zp cos = 62.38

Power Factor Meter,

Phase angle error for CT is =

180 Im cos Ie sin

180 11cos30 6.5sin30

cos = cos 33.39 = 0.835

Magnetising mmf 100

Secondary circuit burden impedance =

(1.5)2 + (1.0)2 = 1.8

Secondary induced voltage,

Primary induced voltage,

180 I m cos I w sin

180 100 0.835 40 0.555

From equation (1),

Current through resistance,

True value of resistance,

Measured value True value

volts no. of div

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