Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 102 views

    Thermo Cycles PDF

    Uploaded by

    Waseem Abbas Attari
    Thermodynamic cycles approximate real processes using ideal models. Some key cycles discussed include: - Otto cycle (spark ignition engine) and Diesel cycle (compression ignition engine) which are examples of power cycles that convert heat into work. - Carnot cycle is the most efficient ideal cycle but not a good model for real processes. Air-standard assumptions are used to develop more realistic ideal cycles. - The Otto and Diesel cycles both use the four processes of isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection but model the heat addition process differently (constant volume for Otto, constant pressure for Diesel). - This difference allows higher compression ratios to

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Thermo Cycles PDF

    Uploaded by

    Waseem Abbas Attari
    102 views29 pages
    Thermodynamic cycles approximate real processes using ideal models. Some key cycles discussed include: - Otto cycle (spark ignition engine) and Diesel cycle (compression ignition engine) which are examples of power cycles that convert heat into work. - Carnot cycle is the most efficient ideal cycle but not a good model for real processes. Air-standard assumptions are used to develop more realistic ideal cycles. - The Otto and Diesel cycles both use the four processes of isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection but model the heat addition process differently (constant volume for Otto, constant pressure for Diesel). - This difference allows higher compression ratios to

    Original Title

    Thermo-Cycles.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Thermodynamic cycles approximate real processes using ideal models. Some key cycles discussed include: - Otto cycle (spark ignition engine) and Diesel cycle (compression ignition engine) which are examples of power cycles that convert heat into work. - Carnot cycle is the most efficient ideal cycle but not a good model for real processes. Air-standard assumptions are used to develop more realistic ideal cycles. - The Otto and Diesel cycles both use the four processes of isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection but model the heat addition process differently (constant volume for Otto, constant pressure for Diesel). - This difference allows higher compression ratios to

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    102 views29 pages

    Thermo Cycles PDF

    Uploaded by

    Waseem Abbas Attari
    Thermodynamic cycles approximate real processes using ideal models. Some key cycles discussed include: - Otto cycle (spark ignition engine) and Diesel cycle (compression ignition engine) which are examples of power cycles that convert heat into work. - Carnot cycle is the most efficient ideal cycle but not a good model for real processes. Air-standard assumptions are used to develop more realistic ideal cycles. - The Otto and Diesel cycles both use the four processes of isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection but model the heat addition process differently (constant volume for Otto, constant pressure for Diesel). - This difference allows higher compression ratios to

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 29

    Thermodynamic Cycles

    Look at different cycles that approximate real


    processes
    You can categorize these processes several
    different ways
    Power Cycles vs. Refrigeration
    Gas vs. Vapor
    Closed vs. open
    Internal Combustion vs. External Combustion
    Power Cycles

    Otto Cycle
    Spark Ignition
    Diesel Cycle
    Brayton Cycle
    Gas Turbine
    Rankine Cycle

    These are all heat engines. They convert heat to work, so


    the efficiency is:
    Wnet
    th =
    Qin
    Ideal Cycles

    Well be using ideal cycles to analyze


    real systems, so lets start with the only
    ideal cycle weve studied so far

    Carnot Cycle
    Q
    W

    Q-W=0 Q=W
    In addition, we know that the efficiency for a
    Carnot Cycle is:
    TL
    th , Carnot = 1
    TH
    Carnot Cycle is not a good model for most real
    processes

    For example
    Internal combustion engine
    Gas turbine
    We need to develop a new model, that
    is still ideal
    Air-Standard Assumptions

    Air continuously circulates in a closed


    loop and behaves as an ideal gas
    All the processes are internally
    reversible
    Combustion is replaced by a heat-
    addition process from the outside
    Heat rejection replaces the exhaust
    process
    Also assume a constant value for Cp,
    evaluated at room temperature
    Terminology for Reciprocating Devices

    V max VBDC
    Compression Ratio r= =
    V min VTDC
    Mean Effective Pressure

    2
    W = PdV
    1

    W = PV
    v

    v
    1-2 Isentropic Compression
    2-3 Constant Volume Heat Addition
    3-4 Isentropic Expansion
    4-1 Constant Volume Heat Rejection
    Thermal Efficiency of the Otto Cycle

    Wnet Qnet Qin Qout Qout


    th = = = = 1
    Qin Qin Qin Qin
    Apply First Law Closed System to Process 2-3, V = Constant

    Qnet , 23 Wnet , 23 = U 23
    3
    Wnet , 23 = Wother , 23 + Wb , 23 = 0 + PdV = 0
    2

    Qnet , 23 = U 23
    Qnet , 23 = Qin = mCv (T3 T2 )
    Apply First Law Closed System to Process 4-1,V = Constant

    Qnet , 41 Wnet , 41 = U 41
    1
    Wnet , 41 = Wother , 41 +W b , 41= 0 + PdV = 0
    4

    Qnet , 41 = U 41
    Qnet , 41 = Qout = mCv (T1 T4 )
    Qout = mCv (T1 T4 ) = mCv (T4 T1 )
    Qout (T4 T1 )
    th , Otto = 1 th , Otto = 1
    Qin (T3 T2 )

    mCv ( T4 T1 ) T1 ( T4 / T1 1)
    = 1 = 1
    mCv ( T3 T2 ) T2 ( T3 / T2 1)

    Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so


    k 1 k 1
    T2 v1 T3 v4 T2 T3
    = and = =
    T1 v2 T4 v3 T1 T4
    or
    T4 T3
    v3 = v2 and v4 = v1 =
    T1 T2
    (T4 T1 )
    th , Otto = 1
    (T3 T2 )
    T1 (T4 / T1 1)
    = 1
    T2 (T3 / T2 1)

    T1
    th , Otto = 1
    T2
    Is this the same as the Carnot efficiency?
    Efficiency of the Otto Cycle vs. Carnot Cycle

    There are only two temperatures in the


    Carnot cycle
    Heat is added at TH
    Heat is rejected at TL
    There are four temperatures in the Otto
    cycle!!
    Heat is added over a range of temperatures
    Heat is rejected over a range of temperatures
    Since process 1-2 is isentropic,

    k 1
    T1 V2 1
    = = 1
    T2 V1 r k 1
    th , Otto = 1 k 1
    r
    T1
    th , Otto = 1
    T2

    Typical Compression
    Ratios for Gasoline
    Engines
    Increasing Compression Ratio
    Increases the Efficiency
    Why not use higher compression Ratios?

    Premature Ignition
    Causes Knock
    Reduces the Efficiency
    Mechanically need a better design
    Diesel Engines

    No spark plug
    Fuel is sprayed into hot compressed air
    State Diagrams for the Diesel Cycle
    Diesel Cycle Otto Cycle

    The only
    difference
    is in
    process
    2-3
    Consider Process 2-3
    This is the step where heat is transferred into the
    system
    We model it as constant pressure instead of constant
    volume
    qin , 23 wb ,out = u = u3 u2
    qin , 23 = u + Pv = h = C p (T3 T2 )
    Consider Process 4-1
    This is where heat is rejected
    We model this as a constant v process
    That means there is no boundary work

    q41 w41 = u
    q41 = qout = u = Cv (T1 T4 )
    qout = Cv (T4 T1 )
    As for any heat engine

    wnet qout
    th = = 1
    qin qin
    qout = Cv (T4 T1 ) and qin = C p (T3 T2 )

    nth ,diesel = 1
    Cv (T4 T1 )
    = 1
    (T4 T1 )
    C p (T3 T2 ) k (T3 T2 )
    Rearrange

    T1 (T4 T1 1)
    nth ,diesel = 1
    kT2 (T3 T2 1)
    PV PV
    3 3
    = 2 2 where P3 = P2
    T3 T2
    T3 V3
    = = rc
    T2 V2

    rc is called the cutoff ratio its the ratio of


    the cylinder volume before and after the
    combustion process
    T1 (T4 T1 1)
    nth ,diesel = 1
    kT2 (rc 1)

    PV PV
    4 4
    = 1 1 where V4 = V1
    T4 T1
    T4 P4
    =
    T1 P1
    T1 (TP44 TP11 1)
    nth ,diesel = 1
    kT2 (rc 1)
    Since Process 1-2 and Process 3-4
    are both isentropic

    PV = P V and
    1 1
    k
    2 2
    k

    P V = PV
    4 4
    k
    3 3
    k

    k
    P4 V k
    P3 V V3 k
    = 4
    k
    = = rck 3
    k
    P1 V P2 V
    1 V2 2

    1 1
    nth ,diesel = 1
    (
    T1 r 1 c
    k
    )
    kT2 (rc 1)
    Finally, Since process 1-2 is
    isentropic

    k 1 The volume ratio


    T1 v2 from 1 to 2 is the
    = compression ratio, r
    T2 v1

    k 1
    T1 1
    =
    T2 r
    1 rc 1
    k
    th ,diesel = 1 k 1
    r k (rc 1)

    k=1.4
    The efficiency of the Otto cycle is always higher than the
    Diesel cycle

    Why use the Diesel cycle?


    Because you can use higher compression ratios

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy