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    Chapter 11 Unit Operations Problems 1. Particle Size in Dried Material

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    This document contains 5 problems related to unit operations: 1) Calculating the particle size of dried material given its surface area and density. The particle size is found to be 2.2 mm. 2) Examining the shape factors of cylinders and tetrahedra, finding the shape factors to be 0.83 and 2.4 respectively, with a mean of 1.6. 3) Calculating the energy requirements for grinding materials using Kick's, Rittinger's and Bond's laws, finding the energy needs for a size reduction to be 21 kJ/kg, 423 kJ/kg and 91 kJ/kg respectively. 4) Noting that oxidation rates will

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    Chapter 11 Unit Operations Problems 1. Particle Size in Dried Material

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    Anonymous m4rxS9rZe
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    This document contains 5 problems related to unit operations: 1) Calculating the particle size of dried material given its surface area and density. The particle size is found to be 2.2 mm. 2) Examining the shape factors of cylinders and tetrahedra, finding the shape factors to be 0.83 and 2.4 respectively, with a mean of 1.6. 3) Calculating the energy requirements for grinding materials using Kick's, Rittinger's and Bond's laws, finding the energy needs for a size reduction to be 21 kJ/kg, 423 kJ/kg and 91 kJ/kg respectively. 4) Noting that oxidation rates will

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    This document contains 5 problems related to unit operations: 1) Calculating the particle size of dried material given its surface area and density. The particle size is found to be 2.2 mm. 2) Examining the shape factors of cylinders and tetrahedra, finding the shape factors to be 0.83 and 2.4 respectively, with a mean of 1.6. 3) Calculating the energy requirements for grinding materials using Kick's, Rittinger's and Bond's laws, finding the energy needs for a size reduction to be 21 kJ/kg, 423 kJ/kg and 91 kJ/kg respectively. 4) Noting that oxidation rates will

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    375 views3 pages

    Chapter 11 Unit Operations Problems 1. Particle Size in Dried Material

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous m4rxS9rZe
    This document contains 5 problems related to unit operations: 1) Calculating the particle size of dried material given its surface area and density. The particle size is found to be 2.2 mm. 2) Examining the shape factors of cylinders and tetrahedra, finding the shape factors to be 0.83 and 2.4 respectively, with a mean of 1.6. 3) Calculating the energy requirements for grinding materials using Kick's, Rittinger's and Bond's laws, finding the energy needs for a size reduction to be 21 kJ/kg, 423 kJ/kg and 91 kJ/kg respectively. 4) Noting that oxidation rates will

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Chapter 11 Unit Operations Problems

    1. Particle Size in Dried Material


    Surface area = 1200m2
    Density = 1450 kgm-3
    Total weight = 360 kg
    = 1.75
    Volume = 0.24m3

    A = (6 m)/ (DP)
    1200 = (6 x 1.75 x 360)/(1450 x DP)

    DP = (6x 1.75 x 360)/(1450 x 1200) kg/kgm-3 x m2


    = 0.0022 m
    = 2.2 mm
    = 2200 microns

    2. Surface areas of cylinders and tetrahedra


    (a)Shape factor of a cylinder
    From its geometry, L = 2D
    Area = 2end areas + cylindrical surface
    = D2 /2 + 2D2
    = (5D2 /2)
    = 7.85D2

    Volume = end area x height


    = 1/2D3
    = 1.57D3

    And from equation 11.5


    Ap /Vp = 6 /Dp
    = 7.85D3 / 6 x1.57D3
    = 7.85/ (6 x 1.57)
    = 0.83

    (b)Shape factor of a tetrahedron with equilateral triangles of base Dp


    The length of the edge of all triangles is DP the height is H
    The area is 4 times the area of one triangle.
    Area = 4 x area of one triangle
    = 4 (base x vertical height)/2
    = 3 Dp2
    = 1.73 DP2

    Volume = 1/3 area of one triangle x vertical height of tetrahedron


    And working from the equilateral and right-angled triangles
    = Dp/3 [(3DP2 )/4 x (2/3)]
    = (DP3 2)/12
    = 0.118 DP3
    Ap /Vp = 6 /Dp
    = 1.73 DP3 / 6 x 0.118 DP3
    = 2.4
    Mean value = (2.4 + 0.83)/2
    = 1.6
    (c)Specific surface area of powder
    Number of particles = 4 x 103 kg-1
    Density cylinders = 1330 kgm-3
    Density tetrahedra = 1500 kgm-3

    This is the surface area in m2kg-1, so work on 1kg powder


    So there are 0.5kg of cylinders and of tetrahedra. 2000 particles of each

    For cylinders: volume of one particle = 0.5/(2000 x 1330)


    = 1.88 x 10-7 m3
    and this = 1.57 DP3
    Therefore Dp = 4.95 x 10-3m
    Surface area of particle A = 7.85D2
    = 1.93 x 10-4m2
    2
    for 2000 particles A = 0.39m

    And for tetrahedra: volume of one particle = 0.5/(2000 x 1330)


    = 1.88 x 10-7m3
    and this = 0.118D3
    Therefore Dp = 0.011m
    Surface area of partcle A = 1.73D2
    = 2.09 x 10-4m2
    for 2000 particles A = 0.42m2
    So total surface area of the 4000 particles = 0.39 + 0.42
    = 0.81m2
    Specific volume = 0.81 m2 kg-1

    3. Energy requirement in grinding


    Reduction in particle size (1) 1cm to 0.3cm Energy 11kJkg-1
    (2) 0.1cm to 0.01cm

    (a) Kicks Law


    E = Kk fc ln (L1 /L2)
    But it is the same material so:
    E1 / E2 = ln (L1 /L2)/ ln (L1 /L2)
    11 / E2 = ln (1 /0.3)/ ln (0.1 /0.01)
    = ln (3.3)/ ln (10)
    = 1.19 /2.30
    = 0.517
    E2 = 11/0.517
    = 21kJkg-1
    (b) Rittingers Law
    E = KR fc (1/L2 1/L1 )

    E1 / E2 = (1/L2 1/L1 )/(1/L2 1/L1 )


    11/ E2 = (1/0.3 1/1)/(1/0.01 1/0.1)
    = (3.3 1)/(100 10)
    = 2.3/90
    = 0.026
    E2 = 11/0.026
    = 423 kJkg-1
    (c) Bonds Law
    E = Ei(100/L2 )0.5 [ 1 (1/q)0.5]
    E = Ei(100/L2 )0.5 [ 1 (L2 /L1)0.5]
    E1/ E2 = (100/L2 )0.5 [1 (L2 /L1)0.5]/ (100/L2 )0.5 [ 1 (L2 /L1)0.5]
    11/E2 = [(100/0.3)0.5 (1 (1/0.3)0.5)]/ [(100/0.01 )0.5 (1 -.(01)0.5)]
    = [18.3 x 0.45]/[100 x 0.68]
    = 0.121
    E2 = 11/0.121
    = 91 kJkg-1

    4.Oxidation rate with different surface areas


    Assuming that the rate is controlled by surface reactions, then the surface areas will be in the
    ratios of, in the first case, 12/0.32 10:1; and in the second case 0.12 /0.012 = 100:1 with shelf
    lives accordingly. If the shape is broadly retained, then the shape factor will not affect the
    result.

    5. Separation of milk
    7 days = 7 x 24 x 60 x60 = 6.048 x 105 s
    g = 9.81 ms-1 cream = 1010 kgm-3 milk = 1030 kg m3 = 2.12 x 10-3 Nsm-2
    H = 10cm = 0.1m

    v = D2 g ( cream -milk )/18


    0.1/6.048 x 105 = D2 x 9.81 (1010 1030))/18 x 2.12 x 10-3
    D2 = [0.1 x 18 x 2.12 x 10-3]/ [6.048 x 105x 9.81 x 20]
    = [3.816 x 10-3] / [1186.6 x 105]
    = 0.00322 x 10-8
    D = 0.0567 x 10-4 m
    = 5.67 microns

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