GED Chemistry Note 2[Compounds and Solutions]

What is a chemical bond?

A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical
compounds.
What are ions?
If an atom becomes charged by gaining or loosing electron(s) it is called ions.
Loosing electron(s) makes an atom positively charged and is called cation(s). Name of the cations are
same as name of their atoms.
Gaining electron(s) makes an atom negatively charged and is called anion(s). Name of anions are
slightly changed than the name of their atoms. Generally and ide is added after the name.
Oxygen Oxide
Chlorine Chloride
What is ionic bond?
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. The ions are
atoms that have gained one or more electrons and atoms that have lost one or more electrons. An
example of ionic bond is the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride. The bonding is
shown below.

What is valency or valence?

The valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it
forms chemical compounds or molecules. Some typical valency for common group are shown below.

What is covalent bond?

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These
electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and
repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. Below on
the left is the example of formation of covalent bond in hydrogen molecule. On
the right are covalent bonds of oxygen and methane.
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Prepared by
Shahadat Hussain Parvez
 GED Chemistry Note 2[Compounds and Solutions]

What is metallic bond?

Metallic bonding arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons (in the
form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. It may be
described as the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of positively charged ions (cations).

Compound
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded
together. Two types of chemical bonds common in compounds are covalent bonds and ionic bonds.
The elements in any compound are always present in fixed ratios.
In some cases a compound can contain multiple bonds in it. For example sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
has covalent and ionic bond both in it.
You can see the sodium (Na) part on the left and the
hydroxide (-OH) part on the right. The bond that binds the
hydrogen (H) to the oxygen (O) is covalent. The sodium is
bonded to the hydroxide part of the compound with an
ionic bond. This is a good example of how there can be
different types of bonds within one compound.
What is Van-der-wall force?
Van der Waals force is the residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or atomic
groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or electrostatic interaction of ions or of ionic groups
with one another or with neutral molecules.
Mixture
A mixture is a material system made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are
not combined chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances
on which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and
colloids.
Difference between mixture and compound
A compound is a substance in which atoms of different elements are chemically held to one another.
A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials in such a way that no
chemical reaction occurs.
Compound Mixture
They are made up of two or more elements They are made up of two or more substances
combined chemically. mixed physically.
The constituents of a compound are present in a The constituents of a mixture are present in
fixed ratio. varying ratios.
Mixtures do not have fixed properties. Their
Compounds have fixed properties. For example, a
properties depend on the nature of their
particular compound will have fixed temperatures
components and the ratios in which they are
at which it melts and boils.
combined.
A compound can have properties different from
In mixtures, no new substance is formed. The
its constituents, as a new substance is formed
properties of a mixture are the same as the
when the constituents are chemically combined.
properties of its constituents.
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The constituents of a compound can be separated The constituents of a mixture can be separated
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only by chemical methods. easily by physical methods.

Prepared by
Shahadat Hussain Parvez
 GED Chemistry Note 2[Compounds and Solutions]

Solution
Solution is a type of mixture. Before we dive into solutions, let's separate
solutions from other types of mixtures. Solutions are groups of molecules that
are mixed and evenly distributed in a system. Scientists say that solutions are
homogenous systems. Everything in a solution is evenly spread out and
thoroughly mixed. Heterogeneous mixtures have a little more of one thing
(higher concentration) in one part of the system when compared to another.
Let's compare sugar in water (H2O) to sand in water. Sugar dissolves and is
spread throughout the glass of water. The sand sinks to the bottom. The
sugar-water is a homogenous mixture while the sand-water is a heterogeneous mixture. Both are
mixtures, but only the sugar-water can also be called a solution.
Types of solution
Solutions can be solids dissolved in liquids. Solutions can also be gases dissolved in liquids, such as
carbonated water. There can also be gases in other gases and liquids in liquids. If you mix things up
and they stay at an even distribution, it is a solution. You probably won't find people making solid-
solid solutions. They usually start off as solid/gas/liquid-liquid solutions and then harden at room
temperature. Alloys with all types of metals are good examples of solid solutions at room
temperature.
SOLUTION EXAMPLE
Gas-Gas Air
Gas-Liquid Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Soda
Gas-Solid Hydrogen (H2) in Palladium (Pd) Metal
Liquid-Liquid Gasoline
Liquid-Solid Dental Fillings
Solid-Solid Metal Alloys Such as Sterling Silver
Making Solutions
A simple solution is basically two substances that are evenly mixed together.
One of them is called the solute and the other is the solvent. A solute is the
substance to be dissolved (sugar). The solvent is the one doing the dissolving
(water). As a rule of thumb, there is usually more solvent than solute. Be
patient with the next sentence as we put it all together. The amount of solute
that can be dissolved by the solvent is defined as solubility. That's a lot of "sol"
words.
So, How do you make that solution? Mix the two liquids and stir. It's that
simple. Science breaks it into three steps. When you read the steps,
remember...
Solute=Sugar, Solvent=Water, System=Glass.
1. The solute is placed in the solvent and the concentrated solute slowly
breaks into pieces. Stirring the liquid, the mixing process happens much faster.
2. The molecules of the solvent begin to move out of the way and they make
room for the molecules of the solute. Example: The water has to make room
for the sugar molecules to spread out.
3. The solute and solvent interact with each other until the concentration of the two substances is
equal throughout the system. The concentration of sugar in the water would be the same from a
sample at the top, bottom, or middle of the glass.
Colloids
Science has special names for everything. They also have names for the different types of
homogenous mixtures. Solution is the general term used to describe homogenous mixtures with
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small particles. Colloids are solutions with bigger particles. Colloids are usually foggy or milky when
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you look at them. In fact, milk is an emulsified colloid.

Prepared by
Shahadat Hussain Parvez
 GED Chemistry Note 2[Compounds and Solutions]

Solubility
Sure. All sorts of things can change the concentrations of substances in solution. Scientists use the
word solubility. Solubility is the ability of the solvent (water) to dissolve the solute (sugar). You may
have already seen the effect of temperature in your classes. Usually when you heat up a solvent, it
can dissolve more solid materials (sugar) and less gas (carbon
dioxide). If your friend was mixing sugar and water, she would be
able to dissolve a lot more sugar into hot water rather than cold.
Next on the list of factors is pressure. When you increase
the surrounding pressure, you can usually dissolve more gases in
the liquid. Think about your soda can. It is able to keep the fizz
inside, because the contents of the can are under higher
pressure. Think about a bottle of soda. The first time you open
the bottle, a lot of bubbles come out. If you open and close it
over a few hours, fewer and fewer bubbles will come out of the
solution. When you opened the bottle the first time, you lost the high pressure that was keeping the
carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in solution.
Last is the structure of the substances. Some things dissolve easier in one kind of substance
as opposed to another. Sugar dissolves easily in water and oil does not. Water has a low solubility
when it comes to oil. Since oil is not soluble in water, it will never truly dissolve. Oil and water is a
mixture, not a solution. The two types of molecules (oil and water) are not evenly distributed in the
system.
Saturation
Saturation is the point at which a solution can dissolve no more of that substance and any additional
amount of solute will appear as undissolved particles. There are three degrees of saturation.
Unsaturated: If more solute is added to the liquid it would keep dissolving.
Saturated: If the liquid has dissolved the maximum amount of solute it can dissolve at a specific
temperature it is called to be saturated.
Supersaturated: The liquid contains more solute than it can theoretically dissolve at a given
temperature.
Weak and strong solution (concentration)
A solution can be described as dilute (Weak) or concentrated (Strong). Dilute means that a small
amount of solute is dissolved in the solvent. Concentrated means a large amount of solute is
dissolved in the solvent. This strength of a solution is known as the concentration of the solution.
Concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a solution.
Formulas and names of compounds
Below are some compounds you may need to know.
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Prepared by
Shahadat Hussain Parvez