Present simple (base form of the verb)

USE. To talk about things that you always, rarely, never, often do. (Its a
routine)

Affirmative: You study every day. / He studies every day.

Negative: You dont study every day. / He doesnt study every day.
Interrogative: Do you study every day? / Does he study every day?
Yes, I do/ No, I dont Yes, he does /No, he doesnt

Always, usually, often, sometimes, never, rarely, once a , twice a ..., three times a ..., every day, all Fridays.

Present continuous (Be+ verb ing)

USE. To talk about things that are happening now.

Affirmative: You are studying now. /He is studying now.

Negative: You arenr studying now. /He isnt studying now.
Interrogative: Are you studying now? / Is he studying now?
Yes, I am. /No, I am not. Yes, he is/ No, he isnt.

Now, today, at the moment, right now.

Past simple
USE. To talk about things that happened in the past, and they have finished.
Irregular verbs ( second column)
Regular verbs (-ed)

Affirmative: I studied yesterday. / He studied yesterday.

Negative: I didnt study yesterday. /He didnt study yesterday.
Interrogative: Did you study yesterday? / Did he study yesterday?
Yes, I did / No, I didnt. Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.

Yesterday, two days ago, last week, last summer.

Past contiuous ( Was/ were + ing)

Affirmative: I was studying when he arrived home.

He was studying when he arrived home.

We were studying when he arrived home.

Negative: I wasnt studying when he arrived home.

He wasnt studying when he arrived home.

We werent studying when he arrived home.

Interrogative: Was I studying when he arrived home? Yes, I was/ No, I wasnt.

Was he studying when he arrived home? Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt.

Were we studying when he arrived home?Yes, we were/No, we werent.

When, while

Future
Two ways:
- Will: when you make a prediction about the future or you decide something at
the same time you speak.
Affirmative: I will go to the match. / He will go to the match.
Negative: I wont go to the match. / He wont go to the match.
Interrogative: Will I go to the match? Will he go to the match?
Yes, I will. No, I wont / Yes, he will. No He wont.

- Be going to / present continuous: when you talk about future plans or

arrangements.
Affirmative: I am going to the match. / He is going to the match.
Negative: I am not going to the match. / He is not going to the match.
Interrogative: Am I going to the match? / Is he going to the match?
Yes, I am. No, I am not. Yes, he is. No, he isnt.
You can also use present continuous and it has the same meaning.
I am going to do my homework tomorrow. = I am doing my homewok tomorrow.
I am not going to do my homework tomorrow= I am not doing my homework
tomorrow.

Tomorrow, next week, next day...

First conditional
It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future.
Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible
things, which could easily come true.

If + subject + present simple + .... , subject + will + infinitive + ... =

Subject + will + infinitive + ... , if + subject + present simple ...

Affirmative:
If I study English, I will pass the exam. = I will pass the exam, if I study English.
Negative:
If I dont study English, I wont pass the exam. = I wont pass the exam, if I dont
study English.
Interrogative:
Will I pass the exam if I study English? = If I study English, Will I pass the exam?

Second conditional
We can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true.
Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

If + subject + past simple + ..., subject + would + infinitive + ... =

Subject + would + infinitive + ... , if + subject + past simple + ...

Affirmative:
 If I studied English, I would pass the exam. = I would pass the exam, If I studied
English.

Negative:
If I didnt study English, I wouldnt pass the exam. = I wouldnt pass the exam, I f I
didnt study English.

Interrogative:
Would I pass the exam, if I studied English? = If I studied English, Would I pass the
exam?

Present perfect (Subject+ have/has+ past participle)

USE. To talk about:
- Things that started in the past and continue now. Example: I have
studied Primary Education for 6 years. (I started in the past and I
continue studying now)
- Things that are relevant in the moment you are talking. Example: (If
you are talking about food with your family someone can say: I
have eaten a salad today

Irregular verbs (third column)

Regular verbs (-ed)

Affirmative: You have studied / He has studied.

Negative: You havent studied. /He hasnt studied.
Interrogative: Have you studied? / Has he studied?
Yes, I have. No, I havent. Yes, He has. / No, he hasnt.

For and since.

For: period of time. I have studied Primary Education for five years.

Since: point in the time. I have studied Primary Education since 2011.
 I have practiced English since Monday.

Since: years (2011); months (April), days of the week ( Tuesday), hours (9
oclock); Christmas, Easter, my birthday, last summer, I was six, I was a baby.

Time words
Already: it goes between have/has and past participle. For affirmative and interrogative
sentences.
Example: I have already done my homework.
Have you already done your homework?

Never for negative sentences.

Just: it goes between have/has and past participle. For affirmative sentences.
Example: I have just done my homework. (I finished my homework some minutes ago)

Yet: it goes at the end of the sentence. For negative and interrogative sentences.
Example: I havent done my homework yet.
Have you done your homework yet?

Never for affirmative sentences.

Before: it goes at the end of the sentence. For affirmative and negative sentences.
Example: I have gone to Paris before.
I havent gone to Paris before.

MODALS + infinitive
Can/could
To express ability.
Can: in the present. Example: I can swim in the pool.
Could: in the present. Example: I could swim when I was six years old.

To express inability.
 Cant: in the present. Example: I cant swim in this pool because it is
closed.
Couldnt: in the past. Example: I couldnt swim in this pool when I was
six years.

Must/ mustnt/ have to /dont have to

MUST: personal obligation. MUSTNT: prohibition
Example: I must study every day. Example: I mustnt bring animals to the
school.
HAVE TO: external obligation. (A law, DONT/ DOESNT HAVE TO: it is not
the school...) necessary.
Example: I have to wear a uniform. Example: I dont have to do the
BE CAREFUL! He/she /it has to + homework today because tomorrow is
infinitive. Saturday.
Example: He has to wear a uniform.
BE CAREFUL! He/she/it doesnt have
to + infinitive
Example: He doesnt have to do the
homework today because tomorrow is
Satuday.

Should/ shouldnt
Should: to give an advice. Something is good for you.
Example: you should buy another coat. That is too small for you.
Shouldnt: to give an advice. Something is not good for you.
Example: you shouldnt go to sleep too late.

BE CAREFUL.
MODAL VERB + INFINITIVE
Example: I must study.
She must study.

QUANTIFIERS (express
You dont say: She must goesquantity)
to the dentist.

There is/there are

Affirmative: She must go to the dentist.
There is a/ an + noun: singular countable noun.
There is some + noun: uncountable noun.
Example: There is an apple. (Singular countable)
There is some milk. (Uncountable noun).

There are some + noun: plural countable noun.

Example: There are some books on the table. (Plural countable)
 Negative:
There isnt any + noun: singular countable noun.
There isnt any + noun: uncountable noun.
Example: There isnt any gym in my neighbourhood. (singular countable)
There isnt any juice in the fridge. (uncountable)

There arent any + noun: plural countable noun.

Example: There arent any tables in this room. (plural countable)

Interrogative:
Is there any + noun: singular countable noun.
Is there any + noun: uncountable noun.
Example: Is there any shop in your street? Yes, there is. No, there isnt.
(singular countable)
Is there any sugar in your coffee? Yes, there is. No there isnt.
(uncountable)

Are there any + noun: plural countable noun.

Example: Are there any pencils in your bag? Yes, there are. No, there arent.
(plural countable)

Some/any
Some and any: for countable an uncountable nouns.

Some: affirmative sentences.

Example: There is some money in my pocket.
Some: requests and offers.
Example: Can you give me some money, please? (Request)
Do you like some milk? (Offer)
Any: negative and questions.
Example: I dont have any books.
Is there any milk?

Much/ Many/a lot of: big quantity

Much: negative and questions. Uncountable.
Examples: There isnt much sugar. Is there much milk?
Many: negative and questions. Countable.
Examples: There arent many books. Are there many books?
A lot of. Affirmative. Countable and uncountable.
Example: There is a lot of sugar. There are a lot of books.

A few/ a little: small quantity

A few: countable.
Example: He has a few dollars.
 A little: uncountable.
Example: He has a little money.

DEMONSTRATIVES
NEAR FAR
SINGULAR This is That is
PLURAL These are Those are

This is a pencil.

That is a pencil.

These are books.

Those are books.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
We use pronouns instead of names and nouns that have already been mentioned.
Example: I went with Alice to my village. She (Alice) bought some pop corn.
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

OBJECT PRONOUNS
We use object pronouns in place of the object of the verb.
Examples:
- I dont have your pen. I dont have it.
- I cant see Ral. I cant see him.
- David is between you and me. David is between us.
 Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them

PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of Time.

Preposition Time Nature

In 1.Month or Year.
e.g. in January, in 1985
2. Particular time of day or month or year
e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in
winter
3. Century or specific time in past etc
e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present
4. Seasons
e.g. in spring, in summer
5. Cities
e.g. in Madrid
On 1. Day of the week
e.g. on Monday
2. Date
e.g. on 5th of March, March 5
3. Particular day
e.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday, on Christmas day
At 1. Time of clock
e.g. at 5 Oclock, at 7:30 PM
2. Short and precise time
e.g. at noon, at sunset, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time,
at Christmas, at Easter
3. Lunch time
e.g. at lunch time, at dinner, at breakfast
From 1.To show the beginning of an action
e.g. I will be in Paris from Wednesday.
Fromto 1.To express when an action starts and finishes
e.g. The museum opens from 10 a.m to 6 p.m
Examples:
He was born in 1945.
She will go to New York on 25th of March.
The concert will begin at 7 Oclock.

Preposition of Place.

Preposition Place Nature

In Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary)

Examples.
In hall
In school
In a building
In a box

On Surface of something.
Examples.
On a table
On blackboard
On a page
On the wall
On the roof
On a map

At Specific Place.
Examples.
At the entrance
At the bottom of glass
At front of the chair
At bus stop
At the edge of roof
Under Example.

The ball is under the table.

Behind Example.

the cow is behind the fence.

In front of Example.

The elephant is in front of the chair.

Next to Example.

The boy is next to the table.

Opposite Example.
Between Example.

The yellow house is between the

brown and the blue houses.

Near Example.

The house is near the tree.

Example:
Students study in library.
There are some books on the table.
There was a huge gathering at bus stop.