11/3/2016 BuckboostconverterWikipedia

Buckboostconverter
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThebuckboostconverterisatypeofDCtoDCconverterthathasan
outputvoltagemagnitudethatiseithergreaterthanorlessthantheinput
voltagemagnitude.Itisequivalenttoaflybackconverterusingasingle
inductorinsteadofatransformer.[1]

Twodifferenttopologiesarecalledbuckboostconverter.Bothofthemcan Thebasicschematicofaninverting
producearangeofoutputvoltages,rangingfrommuchlarger(inabsolute buckboostconverter.
magnitude)thantheinputvoltage,downtoalmostzero.

Theinvertingtopology
Theoutputvoltageisoftheoppositepolaritythantheinput.Thisisaswitchedmodepowersupplywitha
similarcircuittopologytotheboostconverterandthebuckconverter.Theoutputvoltageisadjustablebased
onthedutycycleoftheswitchingtransistor.Onepossibledrawbackofthisconverteristhattheswitchdoes
nothaveaterminalatgroundthiscomplicatesthedrivingcircuitry.Anotherdrawbackisofany
consequenceifthepowersupplyisisolatedfromtheloadcircuit(if,forexample,thesupplyisabattery)
becausethesupplyanddiodepolaritycansimplybereversed.Theswitchcanbeoneitherthegroundsideor
thesupplyside.
Abuck(stepdown)convertercombinedwithaboost(stepup)converter
Theoutputvoltageistypicallyofthesamepolarityoftheinput,andcanbelowerorhigherthantheinput.
Suchanoninvertingbuckboostconvertermayuseasingleinductorwhichisusedforboththebuck
inductormodeandtheboostinductormode,usingswitchesinsteadofdiodes,[2][3][4]sometimescalleda
"fourswitchbuckboostconverter",[5]itmayusemultipleinductorsbutonlyasingleswitchasinthe
SEPICanduktopologies.

Contents
1 Principleofoperationofthe4switchtopology
2 Principleofoperationoftheinvertingtopology
2.1 Conceptualoverview
2.2 Continuousmode
2.3 Discontinuousmode
2.4 Limitbetweencontinuousanddiscontinuousmodes
3 Nonidealcircuit
3.1 Effectofparasiticresistances
4 Seealso
5 References
6 Furtherreading

Principleofoperationofthe4switchtopology
The4switchconvertercombinesthebuckandboostconverters.Itcanoperateineitherthebuckortheboost
mode.Ineithermode,onlyoneswitchcontrolsthedutycycle,anotherisforcommutationandmustbeoperated
inverselytotheformerone,andtheremainingtwoswitchesareinafixedposition.Itseemsthatyoucouldalso
builda2switchbuckboostconverterwiththetwodiodes,butupgradingthediodestoFETtransistorswitches
doesn'tcostmuchextrawhileduetolowervoltagedroptheefficiencyimproves.
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Principleofoperationoftheinvertingtopology
Thebasicprincipleoftheinvertingbuckboostconverterisfairlysimple
(seefigure2):

whileintheOnstate,theinputvoltagesourceisdirectlyconnected
totheinductor(L).ThisresultsinaccumulatingenergyinL.Inthis
stage,thecapacitorsuppliesenergytotheoutputload.
whileintheOffstate,theinductorisconnectedtotheoutputload
andcapacitor,soenergyistransferredfromLtoCandR.

Comparedtothebuckandboostconverters,thecharacteristicsofthe
invertingbuckboostconverteraremainly:

polarityoftheoutputvoltageisoppositetothatoftheinput
theoutputvoltagecanvarycontinuouslyfrom0to (foranideal
converter).Theoutputvoltagerangesforabuckandaboost
converterarerespectively to0and to .

Conceptualoverview

Likethebuckandboostconverters,theoperationofthebuckboostisbest
understoodintermsoftheinductor's"reluctance"toallowrapidchangein
current.Fromtheinitialstateinwhichnothingischargedandtheswitchis
open,thecurrentthroughtheinductoriszero.Whentheswitchisfirst
closed,theblockingdiodepreventscurrentfromflowingintotherighthand
sideofthecircuit,soitmustallflowthroughtheinductor.However,since Thebasicsofthe4switchtopology
theinductordoesn'tlikerapidcurrentchange,itwillinitiallykeepthe
currentlowbydroppingmostofthevoltageprovidedbythesource.
Overtime,theinductorwillallowthecurrenttoslowlyincreaseby
decreasingitsvoltagedrop.Alsoduringthistime,theinductorwill
storeenergyintheformofamagneticfield.

Continuousmode

IfthecurrentthroughtheinductorLneverfallstozeroduringa Fig.1:Schematicofabuckboost
commutationcycle,theconverterissaidtooperateincontinuous converter.
mode.Thecurrentandvoltagewaveformsinanidealconvertercanbe
seeninFigure3.

From to ,theconverterisinOnState,sotheswitchSisclosed.Therateofchangeintheinductor
current(IL)isthereforegivenby

AttheendoftheOnstate,theincreaseofIListherefore:

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Disthedutycycle.ItrepresentsthefractionofthecommutationperiodT
duringwhichtheswitchisOn.ThereforeDrangesbetween0(Sisneveron)
and1(Sisalwayson).

DuringtheOffstate,theswitchSisopen,sotheinductorcurrentflows
throughtheload.Ifweassumezerovoltagedropinthediode,andacapacitor
largeenoughforitsvoltagetoremainconstant,theevolutionofILis:

Therefore,thevariationofILduringtheOffperiodis:
Fig.2:Thetwooperatingstatesof
abuckboostconverter:Whenthe
switchisturnedon,theinput
voltagesourcesuppliescurrentto
theinductor,andthecapacitor
Asweconsiderthattheconverteroperatesinsteadystateconditions,the suppliescurrenttotheresistor
amountofenergystoredineachofitscomponentshastobethesameatthe (outputload).Whentheswitchis
beginningandattheendofacommutationcycle.Astheenergyinaninductor opened,theinductorsupplies
isgivenby: currenttotheloadviathediode
D.

itisobviousthatthevalueofILattheendoftheOff
statemustbethesamewiththevalueofILatthe
beginningoftheOnstate,i.e.thesumofthevariations
ofILduringtheonandtheoffstatesmustbezero:

Substituting and bytheirexpressions

Fig3:Waveformsofcurrentandvoltageinabuckboost
converteroperatingincontinuousmode.

Thiscanbewrittenas:

Thisinreturnyieldsthat:

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Fromtheaboveexpressionitcanbeseenthatthepolarityoftheoutputvoltageisalwaysnegative(becausethe
dutycyclegoesfrom0to1),andthatitsabsolutevalueincreaseswithD,theoreticallyuptominusinfinitywhenD
approaches1.Apartfromthepolarity,thisconverteriseitherstepup(aboostconverter)orstepdown(abuck
converter).Thusitisnamedabuckboostconverter.

Discontinuousmode

Insomecases,theamountofenergyrequiredbythe
loadissmallenoughtobetransferredinatimesmaller
thanthewholecommutationperiod.Inthiscase,the
currentthroughtheinductorfallstozeroduringpartof
theperiod.Theonlydifferenceintheprinciple
describedaboveisthattheinductoriscompletely
dischargedattheendofthecommutationcycle(see
waveformsinfigure4).Althoughslight,thedifference
hasastrongeffectontheoutputvoltageequation.It
canbecalculatedasfollows:

Becausetheinductorcurrentatthebeginningofthe
cycleiszero,itsmaximumvalue (at )is

Fig4:Waveformsofcurrentandvoltageinabuckboost
converteroperatingindiscontinuousmode.
Duringtheoffperiod,ILfallstozeroafter.T:

Usingthetwopreviousequations,is:

Theloadcurrent isequaltotheaveragediodecurrent( ).Ascanbeseenonfigure4,thediodecurrentis

Replacing andbytheirrespectiveexpressionsyields:

Therefore,theoutputvoltagegaincanbewrittenas:

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Comparedtotheexpressionoftheoutputvoltagegainforthecontinuousmode,thisexpressionismuchmore
complicated.Furthermore,indiscontinuousoperation,theoutputvoltagenotonlydependsonthedutycycle,but
alsoontheinductorvalue,theinputvoltageandtheoutputcurrent...

Limitbetweencontinuousanddiscontinuousmodes

Astoldatthebeginningofthissection,theconverter
operatesindiscontinuousmodewhenlowcurrentis
drawnbytheload,andincontinuousmodeathigher
loadcurrentlevels.Thelimitbetweendiscontinuous
andcontinuousmodesisreachedwhentheinductor
currentfallstozeroexactlyattheendofthe
commutationcycle.withthenotationsoffigure4,this
correspondsto:

Inthiscase,theoutputcurrent (outputcurrentat
thelimitbetweencontinuousanddiscontinuousmodes)
isgivenby:

Fig5:Evolutionofthenormalizedoutputvoltagewiththe
normalizedoutputcurrentinabuckboostconverter.

Replacing bytheexpressiongiveninthe
discontinuousmodesectionyields:

As isthecurrentatthelimitbetweencontinuousanddiscontinuousmodesofoperations,itsatisfiesthe
expressionsofbothmodes.Therefore,usingtheexpressionoftheoutputvoltageincontinuousmode,theprevious
expressioncanbewrittenas:

Let'snowintroducetwomorenotations:

thenormalizedvoltage,definedby .Itcorrespondstothegaininvoltageoftheconverter
thenormalizedcurrent,definedby \scriptstyle
.Theterm
isequaltothemaximumincreaseofthe
{\frac
inductorcurrentduringacyclei.e.,theincreaseoftheinductorcurrentwithadutycycleD=1.So,insteady
stateoperationoftheconverter,thismeansthat equals0fornooutputcurrent,and1forthemaximum
currenttheconvertercandeliver.

Usingthesenotations,wehave:

incontinuousmode,
\scriptstyle
\left|V_{o}\right|=
indiscontinuousmode,
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indiscontinuousmode, \scriptstyle

\left|V_{o}\right|=
\scriptstyle
thecurrentatthelimitbetweencontinuousanddiscontinuousmodeis .
I_{{o_{{{\text{lim}}}}}}=
Thereforethelocusofthelimitbetweencontinuousanddiscontinuousmodesisgivenby \scriptstyle.
{\frac{1}
Theseexpressionshavebeenplottedinfigure5.Thedifferenceinbehaviorbetweenthecontinuousand
discontinuousmodescanbeseenclearly.

Nonidealcircuit
Effectofparasiticresistances

Intheanalysisabove,nodissipativeelements(resistors)have
beenconsidered.Thatmeansthatthepoweristransmitted
withoutlossesfromtheinputvoltagesourcetotheload.
However,parasiticresistancesexistinallcircuits,duetothe
resistivityofthematerialstheyaremadefrom.Therefore,a
fractionofthepowermanagedbytheconverterisdissipated
bytheseparasiticresistances.

Forthesakeofsimplicity,weconsiderherethattheinductoris
theonlynonidealcomponent,andthatitisequivalenttoan
inductorandaresistorinseries.Thisassumptionisacceptable
becauseaninductorismadeofonelongwoundpieceofwire,
soitislikelytoexhibitanonnegligibleparasiticresistance
(RL).Furthermore,currentflowsthroughtheinductorbothin
Fig6:Evolutionoftheoutputvoltageofabuck
theonandtheoffstates. boostconverterwiththedutycyclewhenthe
parasiticresistanceoftheinductorincreases.
Usingthestatespaceaveragingmethod,wecanwrite:

V_{i}={\bar
V}_{{{\text{L}}}}+
where and arerespectivelytheaveragevoltageacrosstheinductorandtheswitchoverthecommutation
cycle.Ifweconsiderthattheconverteroperatesinsteadystate,theaveragecurrentthroughtheinductoris
constant.Theaveragevoltageacrosstheinductoris:

{\bar
V}_{{{\text{L}}}}=L{\frac
{{\bar
Whentheswitchisintheonstate, \scriptstyle
.Whenitisoff,thediodeisforwardbiased(weconsiderthecontinuous
modeoperation),therefore .Therefore,theaveragevoltageacrosstheswitchis:

Theoutputcurrentistheoppositeoftheinductorcurrentduringtheoffstate.theaverageinductorcurrentis
therefore:

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Assumingtheoutputcurrentandvoltagehavenegligibleripple,theloadoftheconvertercanbeconsideredpurely
resistive.IfRistheresistanceoftheload,theaboveexpressionbecomes:

Usingthepreviousequations,theinputvoltagebecomes:

Thiscanbewrittenas:

Iftheinductorresistanceiszero,theequationabovebecomesequaltotheoneoftheidealcase.ButwhenRL
increases,thevoltagegainoftheconverterdecreasescomparedtotheidealcase.Furthermore,theinfluenceofRL
increaseswiththedutycycle.Thisissummarizedinfigure6.

Seealso
ukconverter
SEPICconverter

References
1.TheFlybackConverter(http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen4517/materials/flyback.pdf)LecturenotesECEN4517
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineeringUniversityofColorado,Boulder.
2."NoninvertingBuckBoostRegulator"(p.9)(http://ecee.colorado.edu/copec/book/slides/Ch6slides.pdf)
3.STAN2389:"AnMCUbasedlowcostnoninvertingbuckboostconverterforbatterychargers"(http://www.st.com/stw
ebui/static/active/en/resource/technical/document/application_note/CD00116928.pdf)
4.MotorolaSemiconductor."ApplicationnoteAN954:AUniqueConverterConfigurationprovidesstepup/down
functions"(http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dataframe.php?file=DSA457120.pdf&dir=Datasheets23&part=AN954).
1985."...auniquestepup/downconfigurationcanbecreated...whichstillemploysasingleinductorforthevoltage
transformation."
5.HaifengFan."WideVINandHighPowerChallengeswithBuckBoostConverters"(http://powerelectronics.com/dcdcc
onverters/widevinandhighpowerchallengesbuckboostconverters).2015.

Furtherreading
DanielW.Hart,"IntroductiontoPowerElectronics",PrenticeHall,UpperSaddleRiver,NewJerseyUSA,1997ISBN0
023511826
ChristopheBasso,SwitchModePowerSupplies:SPICESimulationsandPracticalDesigns.McGrawHill.ISBN007
1508589.

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