International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-5, May 2014

Investigating 802.11A Wireless Standard for High

Speed Network Using Different Modulation
Techniques
Suman, Mr. Rambir Singh
integral of numbers of symbol duration, which can effectively
Abstract In an OFDM system, typical sub-carrier counteract pulse interference by dispersing effect of
modulation schemes include Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK) interference. Thereby, multi-carrier modulation technology
Quadrate Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), and Quadrature is one effective high-speed transmission technology in
Amplitude Modulation (QAM). High level of modulation is
wireless environment. Multicarrier modulation techniques,
used in order to increase the data rate of the OFDM system. In
this paper the analysis of high level of modulations techniques
including orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM)
such as BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK, QAM using MATLAB and wavelet packet division are among the promising
SIMULINK on OFDM system is presented. Here AWGN techniques. The Orthogonal Frequency Division
channels have been used for analysis purpose and their effect Multiplexing (OFDM) is a MCM technique that is widely
on BER for high data rates and signal to noise ratio (SNR) to be adopted and most commonly used today. In OFDM system,
improved in a noisy channel at the cost of maximum data the modulation and demodulation can be implemented easily
transmission capacity have been presented. by means of IDFT and DFT operators. In such a system,
however, the input data bits are actually truncated by a
Index Terms OFDM ,MC-FDMA ,AWGN,BER,PAR,SNR rectangular window and the envelope of the spectrum takes
the forms of sinc (w) which create rather high side lobes.
I. INTRODUCTION This leads to rather high interference when the channel
Recently, intense interest is focused on modulation impairments cant be fully compensated. Time
techniques which can provide broadband transmission over synchronization errors originating from misalignment of
wireless channels for applications including wireless symbols at demodulator is a serious OFDM design
multimedia, wireless local loop, and future generation consideration. This is because they cause Inter Symbol
mobile communication systems such as Interference (lSI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) which
CDMA,WCDMA,3G. While standard single carrier severely degrade the OFDM performance [2].
modulation techniques (PSK, QAM ...) take advantage of a
flat (narrowband) channel, multicarrier modulation is a II. OFDM SPECTRUM
technique to deal with non-flat broadband channels. It splits
up the channel into a large number of sub channels which all Another way to view the Orthogonality property of OFDM
can be considered flat, so standard QAM or PSK can be used signals is to look at its spectrum. In the frequency domain
in each sub channel [1]. Multicarrier modulation (MCM) is a each OFDM subcarriers has a sinc, sin(x)/x, frequency
spectral efficient modulation scheme which transforms the response, as shown in Figure1.The sinc shape has a narrow
single high speed serial signal to multiple parallel low-speed main lobe, with many side-lobes that decay slowly with the
signals with different carriers, and then combines these magnitude of the frequency difference away from the centre.
signals to one serial signal for the further transmission. By Each carrier has a peak at the centre frequency and nulls
transmitting simultaneously N data symbols through N evenly spaced with a frequency gap equal to the carrier
carriers the symbol rate is reduced to the one of the original spacing. The orthogonal nature of the transmission is a result
symbol rate, and therefore the symbol duration is increased of the peak of each subcarriers corresponding to the nulls of
by N times. This leads to a transmission system which is all other subcarriers.
robust against channel dispersions/fading, impulse noise and
multipath interference. At the receiver port, it firstly
demodulates the received signal to multiple low speed signals
with the help of the relevant carriers, and then transforms the
multiple parallel low-speed signals to the high-speed original
signal. The one way symbol duration of the MCM is longer
than that of the single-carrier modulation, which can
effectively counteract the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and
signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ration(SINR) caused by
multipath transmission. MCM technique carries out the

Manuscript received May 20, 2014.

Suman, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mata
Rajkaur Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rewari,
Mr. Rambir Singh, MD University (Rohtak), Haryana, India.

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 Investigating 802.11A Wireless Standard for High Speed Network Using Different Modulation Techniques

III. ISSUES IN OFDM IV. WORK METHDOLOGY

OFDM though has to contend with other problems besides

multipath distortion. Two of the most important are
frequency offset and phase noise :

A. Frequency Offset and Phase noise

These are, at heart, both engineering problems. Both can
happen when the receiver's voltage-controlled oscillator
(VCO) is not oscillating at exactly the same carrier frequency
as the transmitter's VCO. When the problem is permanent,
its called frequency offset; when it varies over time, it's called
phase noise jitter. In either case, it causes more errors
because the no-longer orthogonal sub-carriers can interfere
with each other. The solution that IEEE 802.11a uses is to
include a training sequence at the beginning of every packet
and using four pilot carriers of 802.11a's 52 subcarriers.
These carriers let both sides determine the frequency offset
and phase noise jitter between the transmitter and the
receiver. Once known, adjusting the VCO's frequency and
adaptively correcting for the current state of interference can
deal with the interference.

B. Peak to average Ratio

Another problem with OFDM is that, like any multi-carrier
system, it has vast variations between its peaks and valleys of
signal power: the peak-to-average ratio (PAR). PAR's large
dynamic range poses a real problem for power amplifier (PA)
designs. One interesting class of approaches reduces PAR by
constraining the modulation sequences for the
sub-carriers.There are many ways to deal with PAR and
because of this OFDM implementations tend to use
incompatible methods. On packet-based networks, like
802.11a, the approach is simply to limit power output and
retransmit packets if data goes missing with these problems
taken care of, a variety of different encoding methods can be
used to transmit data. In 802.11a, these include BPSK for 6 to
9 Mbps, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) for 12 to 18
Mbps and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) for
speeds from 24 to 54 Mbps[4].

V. . SCATTER PLOT FOR BPSK

To draw the scatter plots for BPSK in OFDM system layout
the used value of m=2, means two symbols are used , one for
0 degree and another for 180 degree and used different
channel different channel are (1) Without channel (2) With
AWGN channel (3) With AWGN and multipath channel.

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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-5, May 2014

B. SCATTER PLOTS FOR QPSK To draw and used

different channel different channel are (1) Without channel
(2) With AWGN channel (3) With AWGN and multipath

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 Investigating 802.11A Wireless Standard for High Speed Network Using Different Modulation Techniques

mm=1/2 N [W/Hz] (2)

Where N is a constant and called the noise power density[5]
.
SNR performance of OFDM is similar to a standard single
carrier digital transmission. This is to be expected, as the
transmitted signal is similar to a standard Frequency
Division Multiplexing (FDM) system. Figure 10 shows the
results from the simulations. The results show that using
QPSK the transmission can tolerate a SNR of >18-25 dB.
However, using BPSK allows the BER to be improved in a
noisy channel, at the expense of transmission data capacity.
Using BPSK the OFDM transmission can tolerate a SNR of
>18-23 dB. If the SNR is >25 dB 16PSK can be used,
doubling the data capacity compared with QPSK. If SNR is
>28 dB QAM can be used for data capacity. Fig.4.8 shows the
comparisons of BER Vs SNR graph with different
modulation schemes with AWGN channel and 64 carriers.

C. BER PERFORMANCE

The PSK-based digital modulation scheme (BPSK, QPSK

etc.) that gives the best BER performance in a multipath
fading environment using computer simulation .The
comparison study showed that BER for BPSK, QPSK, MPSK
and QAM are similar and they give the lowest BER under
multipath fading. While these modulation schemes shows
high robustness under multipath fading channel, a
modulation scheme that can increase transmission rate. In
the study of communication systems, the classical (ideal)
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)channel, with
statistically independent Gaussian noise samples corrupting
data samples free of inter symbol interference (ISI), is the Eb/No (the energy per bit to noise power spectral density
usual starting point for understanding basic performance ratio) is an important parameter in digital communication or
relationships.In constructing a mathematical model for the data transmission. It is a normalized signal-to-noise ratio
signal at the input of the receiver, the channel is assumed to (SNR) measure, also known as the "SNR per bit". It is
corrupt the signal by the addition of white Gaussian noise as especially useful when comparing the bit error rate (BER)
shown in Figure 9 below, therefore the transmitted signal, performance of different digital modulation schemes without
white Gaussian noise and received signal are expressed by taking bandwidth into account. The graph compares the
the following equation with s (t), n(t) and r(t) representing bit-error rates of BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK and QAM. It
those signals respectively: is seen that higher-order modulations exhibit higher
r(t)=s(t)+n(t) (1) error-rates; in exchange however they deliver a higher raw
data-rate. Figure 4.9 shows the comparisons of BER Vs
Eb/No graph with different modulation schemes with
AWGN channel and 64 carriers.

Where n (t) is a sample function of the AWGN process with

probability density function (pdf) and power spectral density
as follows:

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-5, May 2014
[6] Al-Mahmoud M. and Zoltowski M.D., Performance evaluation of
Code-Spread OFDM with error control coding, IEEE Military
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[11]J.G. Proakis, Digital Communications,4th edition McGraw-Hill 2001.

VI. CONCLUSION

From the simulation results, it is observed that the BPSK

allows the BER and signal to noise ratio (SNR) to be
improved in a noisy channel at the cost of maximum data
transmission capacity. As we investigate different
modulation techniques allows higher transmission capacity,
but at the cost of slight increase in the probability of error.
From the results, the use of 802.11a wireless standard with
QPSK is beneficial for short distance transmission link,
whereas for long distance transmission link OFDM with
BPSK will be preferable. In simulation bit error rate and
frame error rate in OFDM system are within the allowable
range, which shows that computer simulation has achieved
the expected results. The simulation results show that OFDM
has a strong anti multipath interference capability in a
high-speed data transfer conditions and has high spectral
efficiency.

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331 www.erpublication.org